+def ip_v4_sort_key(txt: str) -> Tuple[int]:
+ """Turn an IPv4 address into a tuple for sorting purposes.
+
+ >>> ip_v4_sort_key('10.0.0.18')
+ (10, 0, 0, 18)
+
+ >>> ips = ['10.0.0.10', '100.0.0.1', '1.2.3.4', '10.0.0.9']
+ >>> sorted(ips, key=lambda x: ip_v4_sort_key(x))
+ ['1.2.3.4', '10.0.0.9', '10.0.0.10', '100.0.0.1']
+
+ """
+ if not is_ip_v4(txt):
+ print(f"not IP: {txt}")
+ return None
+ return tuple([int(x) for x in txt.split('.')])
+
+
+def path_ancestors_before_descendants_sort_key(volume: str) -> Tuple[str]:
+ """Chunk up a file path so that parent/ancestor paths sort before
+ children/descendant paths.
+
+ >>> path_ancestors_before_descendants_sort_key('/usr/local/bin')
+ ('usr', 'local', 'bin')
+
+ >>> paths = ['/usr/local', '/usr/local/bin', '/usr']
+ >>> sorted(paths, key=lambda x: path_ancestors_before_descendants_sort_key(x))
+ ['/usr', '/usr/local', '/usr/local/bin']
+
+ """
+ return tuple([x for x in volume.split('/') if len(x) > 0])
+
+
+def replace_all(in_str: str, replace_set: str, replacement: str) -> str:
+ """Execute several replace operations in a row.
+
+ >>> s = 'this_is a-test!'
+ >>> replace_all(s, ' _-!', '')
+ 'thisisatest'
+
+ """
+ for char in replace_set:
+ in_str = in_str.replace(char, replacement)
+ return in_str
+
+