2 %%Creator: dvips 5.512 Copyright 1986, 1993 Radical Eye Software
4 %%CreationDate: Thu May 18 00:16:31 1995
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10 %DVIPSSource: TeX output 1995.05.18:0011
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52 N}B /eos{SS restore}B end
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3278 b(is)i(dev)o(elop)q(ed.)324 1485 y(The)j(concept)g(of)h(uncertain)o(t)o(y)d
3279 (is)i(encorp)q(orated)i(in)o(to)d(the)i(ev)m(aluation)262 1543
3280 y(function)11 b(and)i(a)g(close)e(connection)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(static)h
3281 (ev)m(aluation)g(and)h(searc)o(h)262 1601 y(decision)i(making)g(is)h(sho)o
3282 (wn)h(to)g(b)q(e)f(e\013ectiv)o(e.)324 1695 y(The)e(ideas)g(dev)o(elop)q(ed)f
3283 (are)h(com)o(bined)e(in)o(to)i(a)g(c)o(hess)g(program)g(encorp)q(o-)262
3284 1753 y(rating)k(man)o(y)f(state)h(of)h(the)e(art)i(tec)o(hniques.)25
3285 b(The)18 b(program)g(is)g(sho)o(wn)h(to)262 1811 y(p)q(erform)10
3286 b(at)i(the)g(exp)q(ert)f(lev)o(el)f(of)i(abilit)o(y)e(b)q(oth)j(tactically)d
3287 (and)i(p)q(ositionally)l(.)324 1905 y(The)23 b(trade)g(o\013)h(b)q(et)o(w)o
3288 (een)e(kno)o(wledge)g(and)i(searc)o(h)e(is)h(examined)e(and)262
3289 1963 y(conclusions)d(ab)q(out)i(the)f(e\013ectiv)o(eness)e(of)i(reducing)g
3290 (searc)o(h)f(e\013ort)h(b)o(y)g(in-)262 2021 y(creasing)d(kno)o(wledge)g(con)
3291 o(ten)o(t)f(are)h(dra)o(wn.)p eop
3293 1 2 bop 692 1168 a Fr(Ac)n(kno)n(wledgemen)n(ts)262 1303 y
3294 Ft(I)10 b(w)o(ould)h(lik)o(e)e(to)i(thank)g(m)o(y)e(pro)s(ject)i(sup)q
3295 (ervisor,)h(Neil)d(Da)o(v)o(ey)l(,)h(for)h(the)g(man)o(y)262
3296 1361 y(in)o(teresting)17 b(discussions)h(throughout)i(the)e(y)o(ear)g(and)h
3297 (Piet)e(T)l(utelaers,)h(for)262 1419 y(designing)e(c)o(hess)g(fon)o(ts)g
3298 (whic)o(h)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(used)f(in)g(L)1195 1413 y Fq(a)1219
3299 1419 y Ft(T)1246 1434 y(E)1273 1419 y(X)g(do)q(cumen)o(ts.)967
3302 2 3 bop 262 639 a Fo(Con)m(ten)m(ts)262 912 y Fu(1)45 b(In)n(tro)r(duction)
3303 1022 b(7)335 970 y Ft(1.1)50 b(A)16 b(Brief)f(History)34 b
3304 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3305 (:)f(:)g(:)74 b Ft(8)335 1028 y(1.2)50 b(My)16 b(Bac)o(kground)24
3306 b Fs(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3307 (:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(10)335 1087 y(1.3)g(Aims)14 b(of)j(the)f(Pro)s(ject)j
3308 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3309 (:)50 b Ft(10)262 1193 y Fu(2)45 b(Basic)18 b(Ov)n(erview)924
3310 b(11)335 1252 y Ft(2.1)50 b(Mac)o(hine)15 b(Represen)o(tation)43
3311 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3312 b Ft(11)335 1310 y(2.2)g(Mo)o(v)o(e)15 b(Generation)38 b Fs(:)24
3313 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
3314 50 b Ft(13)335 1368 y(2.3)g(Ev)m(aluation)17 b(F)l(unctions)28
3315 b Fs(:)c(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3316 b Ft(14)335 1426 y(2.4)g(Lo)q(ok)17 b(Ahead)29 b Fs(:)c(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3317 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3318 b Ft(15)335 1484 y(2.5)g(Selectiv)o(e)13 b(Searc)o(hing)37
3319 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3320 (:)g(:)50 b Ft(17)335 1542 y(2.6)g(F)l(ull)15 b(Width)h(Searc)o(hing)25
3321 b Fs(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3322 b Ft(19)335 1600 y(2.7)g(Quiescence)15 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3323 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3324 b Ft(20)335 1658 y(2.8)g(Horizon)16 b(E\013ect)k Fs(:)k(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3325 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3326 b Ft(20)262 1765 y Fu(3)45 b(Adv)m(anced)18 b(T)-5 b(opics)889
3327 b(22)335 1823 y Ft(3.1)50 b(T)l(ree)16 b(Searc)o(hing)c Fs(:)24
3328 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3329 (:)g(:)50 b Ft(22)447 1881 y(3.1.1)56 b(Alpha)16 b(Beta)g(Searc)o(h)g
3330 (Algorithm)34 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3331 b Ft(22)447 1940 y(3.1.2)56 b(Aspiration)16 b Fs(\013\014)j
3332 Ft(Searc)o(h)i Fs(:)j(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3333 b Ft(25)447 1998 y(3.1.3)56 b(Principle)15 b(V)l(ariation)h
3334 Fs(\013\014)i Ft(Searc)o(h)33 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3335 b Ft(25)447 2056 y(3.1.4)56 b(Iterativ)o(e)14 b(Deep)q(ening)21
3336 b Fs(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3337 b Ft(28)447 2114 y(3.1.5)56 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)15 b(Ordering)43 b
3338 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3339 b Ft(28)447 2172 y(3.1.6)56 b(Null)15 b(Mo)o(v)o(es)45 b Fs(:)25
3340 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3341 b Ft(29)447 2230 y(3.1.7)56 b(Razoring)19 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3342 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b
3343 Ft(31)335 2288 y(3.2)g(Ev)m(aluation)21 b Fs(:)j(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3344 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3345 b Ft(33)447 2346 y(3.2.1)56 b(Piece)15 b(Square)h(T)l(ables)e
3346 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3347 b Ft(33)447 2405 y(3.2.2)56 b(Static)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)32
3348 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3349 b Ft(34)967 2574 y Fp(2)p eop
3351 3 4 bop 447 307 a Ft(3.2.3)56 b(Incremen)o(tal)13 b(Ev)m(aluation)20
3352 b Fs(:)k(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b
3353 Ft(35)447 365 y(3.2.4)56 b(Phases)17 b(of)g(Pla)o(y)12 b Fs(:)24
3354 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3355 b Ft(36)447 423 y(3.2.5)56 b(Planning)19 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3356 (:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b
3357 Ft(37)335 482 y(3.3)g(Learning)25 b Fs(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
3358 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3359 b Ft(37)447 540 y(3.3.1)56 b(Rote)16 b(Learning)21 b Fs(:)j(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3360 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(38)447
3361 598 y(3.3.2)56 b(Advice)15 b(T)l(aking)h Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
3362 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(38)447 656
3363 y(3.3.3)56 b(Induction)43 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h
3364 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(39)447 714 y(3.3.4)56
3365 b(Learning)17 b(b)o(y)f(Analogy)31 b Fs(:)24 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3366 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(39)447 772 y(3.3.5)56 b(P)o(arameter)15
3367 b(Adjustmen)o(t)26 b Fs(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3368 b Ft(39)335 830 y(3.4)g(Time)14 b(Con)o(trol)39 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3369 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3370 b Ft(40)262 937 y Fu(4)45 b(The)18 b(Ev)m(aluation)g(F)-5 b(unction)695
3371 b(42)335 995 y Ft(4.1)50 b(De\014nition)16 b(1)g(:)22 b(Material)35
3372 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3373 b Ft(44)335 1053 y(4.2)g(De\014nition)16 b(2)g(:)22 b(Game)15
3374 b(Phase)27 b Fs(:)e(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3375 b Ft(46)335 1111 y(4.3)g(General)16 b(P)o(ositional)g(Ev)m(aluation)35
3376 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3377 b Ft(47)447 1170 y(4.3.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(3)h(:)k(Mobilit)o(y)32
3378 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3379 b Ft(47)447 1228 y(4.3.2)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(4)h(:)k(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t)11
3380 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(49)447
3381 1286 y(4.3.3)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(5)h(:)k(Cen)o(tre)15 b(Con)o(trol)49
3382 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(50)447 1344
3383 y(4.3.4)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(6)h(:)k(Square)16 b(Con)o(trol)46
3384 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(52)335 1402
3385 y(4.4)g(P)o(a)o(wn)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)42 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3386 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(53)447
3387 1460 y(4.4.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(7)h(:)k(Doubled)16 b(P)o(a)o(wns)38
3388 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(53)447 1518
3389 y(4.4.2)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(8)h(:)k(Isolated)16 b(P)o(a)o(wns)49
3390 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(54)447 1576
3391 y(4.4.3)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(9)h(:)k(W)l(eak)16 b(P)o(a)o(wns)21
3392 b Fs(:)j(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(54)447
3393 1634 y(4.4.4)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(10)h(:)k(P)o(assed)c(P)o(a)o(wns)48
3394 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(56)447 1693
3395 y(4.4.5)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(11)h(:)k(P)o(a)o(wn)c(T)l(able)e
3396 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(58)447
3397 1751 y(4.4.6)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(12)h(:)k(P)o(a)o(wn)c(V)l(alue)c
3398 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(58)335
3399 1809 y(4.5)g(Knigh)o(t)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)49 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3400 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(60)447
3401 1867 y(4.5.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(13)h(:)k(Knigh)o(t)16 b(V)l(alue)21
3402 b Fs(:)k(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(60)335 1925
3403 y(4.6)g(Bishop)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)51 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3404 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(61)447 1983
3405 y(4.6.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(14)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(A)o(ttac)o(k)37
3406 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(61)447 2041
3407 y(4.6.2)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(15)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(on)h(Kings)f(Diagonal)j
3408 Fs(:)24 b(:)g(:)50 b Ft(61)447 2099 y(4.6.3)56 b(De\014nition)16
3409 b(16)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(P)o(air)g Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3410 g(:)50 b Ft(62)447 2158 y(4.6.4)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(17)h(:)k(Horrwitz)16
3411 b(Bishops)51 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(62)447
3412 2216 y(4.6.5)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(18)h(:)k(Enem)o(y)14 b(P)o(a)o(wn)j
3413 (Obstruction)23 b Fs(:)h(:)g(:)50 b Ft(63)447 2274 y(4.6.6)56
3414 b(De\014nition)16 b(19)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(T)l(able)25 b Fs(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3415 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(64)447 2332 y(4.6.7)56 b(De\014nition)16
3416 b(20)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(V)l(alue)23 b Fs(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3417 (:)50 b Ft(64)335 2390 y(4.7)g(Ro)q(ok)17 b(Ev)m(aluation)47
3418 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3419 (:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(66)447 2448 y(4.7.1)56 b(De\014nition)16
3420 b(21)h(:)k(Ro)q(ok{King)c(Closeness)42 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3421 b Ft(66)967 2574 y Fp(3)p eop
3423 4 5 bop 447 307 a Ft(4.7.2)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(22)h(:)k(Connected)16
3424 b(Ro)q(oks)50 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(67)447
3425 365 y(4.7.3)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(23)h(:)k(Ro)q(ok)c(on)g(Op)q(en)f(File)c
3426 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(68)447 423 y(4.7.4)56
3427 b(De\014nition)16 b(24)h(:)k(Ro)q(ok)c(on)g(Sev)o(en)o(th)e(Rank)44
3428 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(68)447 482 y(4.7.5)56 b(De\014nition)16
3429 b(25)h(:)k(Ro)q(ok)c(V)l(alue)i Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3430 (:)50 b Ft(69)335 540 y(4.8)g(Queen)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)23 b
3431 Fs(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3432 g(:)50 b Ft(70)447 598 y(4.8.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(26)h(:)k(Queen{King)16
3433 b(Closeness)i Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(70)447 656 y(4.8.2)56
3434 b(De\014nition)16 b(27)h(:)k(Queen)16 b(P)o(o)o(w)o(er)23 b
3435 Fs(:)i(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(71)447 714
3436 y(4.8.3)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(28)h(:)k(Queen)16 b(V)l(alue)33
3437 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(71)335
3438 772 y(4.9)g(King)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)h Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3439 (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(72)447
3440 830 y(4.9.1)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(29)h(:)k(King)16 b(On)h(Op)q(en)f(Files)26
3441 b Fs(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(72)447 888 y(4.9.2)56 b(De\014nition)16
3442 b(30)h(:)k(W)l(eak)16 b(Squares)h(around)g(King)30 b Fs(:)24
3443 b(:)50 b Ft(73)447 946 y(4.9.3)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(31)h(:)k(Mating)16
3444 b(Net)k Fs(:)k(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(75)447
3445 1005 y(4.9.4)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(32)h(:)k(Chec)o(k)15 b(Threats)33
3446 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(76)447 1063
3447 y(4.9.5)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(33)h(:)k(King)16 b(T)l(able)30
3448 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(77)447
3449 1121 y(4.9.6)56 b(De\014nition)16 b(34)h(:)k(King)16 b(V)l(alue)28
3450 b Fs(:)c(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(77)335
3451 1179 y(4.10)26 b(Static)16 b(T)l(actical)f(Ev)m(aluation)41
3452 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50
3453 b Ft(79)447 1237 y(4.10.1)32 b(De\014nition)16 b(35)h(:)k(Pinned)16
3454 b(Pieces)46 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b
3455 Ft(79)447 1295 y(4.10.2)32 b(De\014nition)16 b(36)h(:)k(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed)14
3456 b(Pieces)43 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(81)335
3457 1353 y(4.11)26 b(Planning)c Fs(:)i(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
3458 f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(82)447
3459 1411 y(4.11.1)32 b(De\014nition)16 b(37)h(:)k(Pressure)16 b(on)h(King)e
3460 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(83)447 1469 y(4.11.2)32
3461 b(De\014nition)16 b(38)h(:)k(Plan)c(Selection)38 b Fs(:)24
3462 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(84)447 1528 y(4.11.3)32
3463 b(De\014nition)16 b(39)h(:)k(P)o(a)o(wn)c(Square)f(T)l(able)46
3464 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(86)447 1586 y(4.11.4)32
3465 b(De\014nition)16 b(40)h(:)k(Knigh)o(t)16 b(Square)g(T)l(able)g
3466 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(88)447 1644 y(4.11.5)32
3467 b(De\014nition)16 b(41)h(:)k(Bishop)16 b(Square)h(T)l(able)g
3468 Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(89)447 1702 y(4.11.6)32
3469 b(De\014nition)16 b(42)h(:)k(King)16 b(Square)h(T)l(able)22
3470 b Fs(:)i(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(90)447 1760 y(4.11.7)32
3471 b(De\014nition)16 b(43)h(:)k(Square)16 b(Con)o(trol)h(T)l(able)41
3472 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(92)335 1818 y(4.12)26 b(De\014nition)16
3473 b(44)h(:)k(T)l(otal)c(Ev)m(aluation)g(F)l(unction)f(V)l(alue)32
3474 b Fs(:)24 b(:)g(:)50 b Ft(94)262 1925 y Fu(5)45 b(T)-5 b(ree)18
3475 b(Searc)n(hing)940 b(96)335 1983 y Ft(5.1)50 b(Main)16 b(Searc)o(h)22
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3478 b(Extensions)i Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3479 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)50 b Ft(99)447 2099 y(5.2.1)56 b(Threats)44
3480 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3481 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(100)447 2158 y(5.2.2)56 b(Threat)17 b(Execution)25
3482 b Fs(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3483 Ft(103)335 2216 y(5.3)50 b(Quiescence)14 b(Decision)g Fs(:)25
3484 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3485 Ft(106)335 2274 y(5.4)50 b(Quiescence)14 b(Searc)o(h)h Fs(:)24
3486 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
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3488 2439 y Ft(6.1)50 b(Program)16 b(History)g(and)h(En)o(vironmen)o(t)40
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3493 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3494 Ft(111)335 365 y(6.3)50 b(Data)17 b(Structures)24 b Fs(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
3495 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3496 Ft(113)447 423 y(6.3.1)56 b(P)o(osition)16 b(Represen)o(tation)46
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3498 482 y(6.3.2)56 b(Game)15 b(T)l(ree)e Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
3499 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(115)447 540
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3501 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(115)447 598 y(6.3.4)56
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3503 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(118)447 656 y(6.3.5)56 b(The)16
3504 b(History)g(Heuristic)c Fs(:)24 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3505 (:)g(:)h Ft(119)447 714 y(6.3.6)56 b(Incremen)o(tal)13 b(A)o(ttac)o(k)i(T)l
3506 (ables)29 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3507 Ft(119)447 772 y(6.3.7)56 b(Game)15 b(History)26 b Fs(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3508 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(121)335
3509 830 y(6.4)50 b(The)16 b(Algorithms)26 b Fs(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3510 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(122)447
3511 888 y(6.4.1)56 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)15 b(Generation)36 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)
3512 f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(122)447 946 y(6.4.2)56
3513 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)15 b(Ordering)43 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3514 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(124)447 1005 y(6.4.3)56 b(T)l(ree)16
3515 b(Searc)o(hing)48 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3516 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(127)447 1063 y(6.4.4)56 b(Ev)m(aluation)19
3517 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3518 (:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(131)447 1121 y(6.4.5)56 b(Time)14 b(Allo)q(cation)i(and)h
3519 (Con)o(trol)c Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3520 Ft(133)335 1179 y(6.5)50 b(E\016ciency)14 b(Asp)q(ects)j Fs(:)24
3521 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3522 Ft(139)447 1237 y(6.5.1)56 b(Algorithms)47 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3523 g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(139)447
3524 1295 y(6.5.2)56 b(Data)17 b(Structures)22 b Fs(:)j(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
3525 h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(139)447 1353 y(6.5.3)56
3526 b(Co)q(de)17 b(Pro)q(duction)39 b Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h
3527 (:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(140)262 1460 y Fu(7)45 b(Program)17
3528 b(P)n(erformance)733 b(141)335 1518 y Ft(7.1)50 b(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)16
3529 b(T)l(ests)k Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)
3530 f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(142)335 1576 y(7.2)50 b(Computer)15 b(Opp)q(osition)i
3531 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3532 Ft(146)335 1634 y(7.3)50 b(Human)15 b(Opp)q(osition)36 b Fs(:)25
3533 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3534 Ft(152)335 1693 y(7.4)50 b(Kno)o(wledge)16 b(v)o(ersus)g(Searc)o(h)23
3535 b Fs(:)h(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3536 Ft(158)335 1751 y(7.5)50 b(In)o(ternal)15 b(Statistics)24 b
3537 Fs(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
3538 g(:)h Ft(160)335 1809 y(7.6)50 b(Summary)14 b(of)i(P)o(erformance)e
3539 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3540 Ft(162)262 1916 y Fu(8)45 b(Conclusion)1007 b(164)335 1974
3541 y Ft(8.1)50 b(Review)18 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3542 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h
3543 Ft(164)335 2032 y(8.2)50 b(Ac)o(hiev)o(em)o(e)o(n)o(ts)33 b
3544 Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3545 (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(166)335 2090 y(8.3)50 b(Implications)14
3546 b(and)j(F)l(uture)f(Prosp)q(ects)e Fs(:)24 b(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f
3547 (:)g(:)h Ft(168)262 2197 y Fu(A)31 b(Glossary)1063 b(175)262
3548 2304 y(B)33 b(Pseudo)19 b(F)-5 b(unctions)844 b(176)262 2411
3549 y(C)33 b(Time)16 b(Allo)r(cation)i(Graphs)681 b(202)967 2574
3552 6 7 bop 262 307 a Fu(D)30 b(Bratk)n(o-Kop)r(ec)17 b(T)-5 b(est)18
3553 b(P)n(ositions)572 b(208)262 414 y(E)36 b(T)-5 b(est)18 b(Games)f(Pla)n(y)n
3554 (ed)805 b(221)335 472 y Ft(E.1)41 b(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(5.0)h(v)o(ersus)g
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3556 Ft(222)447 530 y(E.1.1)47 b(Game)15 b(1)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)
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3558 588 y(E.1.2)47 b(Game)15 b(2)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3559 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(223)447
3560 647 y(E.1.3)47 b(Game)15 b(3)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3561 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(224)447
3562 705 y(E.1.4)47 b(Game)15 b(4)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3563 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(225)447
3564 763 y(E.1.5)47 b(Game)15 b(5)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3565 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(226)447
3566 821 y(E.1.6)47 b(Game)15 b(6)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3567 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(227)335
3568 879 y(E.2)41 b(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(5.0)h(v)o(ersus)g(Mark)g(Uniac)o(k)o(e)21
3569 b Fs(:)j(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(228)447
3570 937 y(E.2.1)47 b(Game)15 b(1)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3571 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(228)447
3572 995 y(E.2.2)47 b(Game)15 b(2)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3573 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(229)335
3574 1053 y(E.3)41 b(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(5.0)h(v)o(ersus)g(NOKNO)o(W)45
3575 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(231)447
3576 1111 y(E.3.1)47 b(Game)15 b(1)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3577 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(231)447
3578 1170 y(E.3.2)47 b(Game)15 b(2)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3579 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(233)447
3580 1228 y(E.3.3)47 b(Game)15 b(3)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3581 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(234)447
3582 1286 y(E.3.4)47 b(Game)15 b(4)44 b Fs(:)25 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g
3583 (:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)h Ft(235)967
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3599 b(epitomises)e(man)o(y)e(of)i(the)i(problems)e(facing)f(the)j(\014eld)e(of)h
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3601 (represen)o(tation,)h(retriev)n(al)e(and)g(application)f(of)h(kno)o(wl-)262
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3603 (solving)f(using)i(inexact)g(information.)262 1815 y(Chess)h(therefore)h(pro)
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3606 b(most)g(other)i(problem)e(domains,)g(progress)i(can)g(b)q(e)g(accurately)262
3607 1914 y(measured,)g(see)i([19)o(].)j(Ideas)c(can)g(easily)f(b)q(e)h(put)g(to)f
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3609 y(computer)g(opp)q(osition)f(in)h(comp)q(etition;)g(and)g(in)g(sp)q(ecially)g
3610 (designed)i(exp)q(erimen)o(ts.)k(F)m(or)262 2014 y(these)c(reasons,)g(c)o
3611 (hess)h(is)e(an)g(excellen)o(t)h(researc)o(h)i(en)o(vironmen)o(t)c(in)h(whic)
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3613 (and)i(arti\014cial)e(in)o(telligence.)23 b(In)16 b(fact,)f(winning)g(the)h
3614 (h)o(uman)262 2114 y(w)o(orld)c(c)o(hess)k(c)o(hampionship)11
3615 b(w)o(as)j(de\014ned)g(as)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(fundamen)o(tal)d(aims)h(of)h
3616 (arti\014-)262 2163 y(cial)g(in)o(telligence.)20 b(It)15 b(is)g(a)f(testimon)
3617 o(y)f(to)i(the)g(problem's)e(complexit)o(y)g(that)i(after)g(more)262
3618 2213 y(than)e(fort)o(y)h(y)o(ears)g(of)g(concerted)h(e\013ort)g(this)f(aim)e
3619 (is)h(still)g(far)h(from)e(b)q(eing)i(realised.)967 2574 y(7)p
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3623 y Fp(On)12 b(Marc)o(h)h(9th)f(1949,)f(Claude)h(E)h(Shannon,)e(a)h(researc)o
3624 (her)j(at)d(Bell)h(T)m(elephone)f(Lab)q(ora-)262 483 y(tories,)i(presen)o
3625 (ted)j(a)d(pap)q(er)i(titled)e("Programming)d(a)j(Computer)g(for)g(Pla)o
3626 (ying)g(Chess")262 533 y([53)o(].)21 b(This)15 b(w)o(as)g(the)h(\014rst)g
3627 (pap)q(er)g(of)f(its)g(kind)f(and)h(ev)o(en)h(to)q(da)o(y)f(most)f(computer)h
3628 (c)o(hess)262 583 y(programs)e(o)o(w)o(e)i(m)o(uc)o(h)e(to)i(Shannon's)g
3629 (original)e(ideas.)21 b(Essen)o(tially)m(,)13 b(Shannon)i(put)g(for-)262
3630 633 y(w)o(ard)e(three)i(di\013eren)o(t)g(t)o(yp)q(es)g(of)e(program:)312
3631 709 y(1.)20 b(T)o(yp)q(e)d Fl(A)p Fp(:)f(A)h(program)d(that)j(do)q(es)g(a)f
3632 (full)f(width)i(searc)o(h)g(to)g(a)f(giv)o(en)g(depth)h(and)365
3633 759 y(uses)e(a)f(simple)e(terminal)h(ev)n(aluation)f(function.)312
3634 839 y(2.)20 b(T)o(yp)q(e)e Fl(B)p Fp(:)f(A)h(program)e(that)h(do)q(es)i(a)e
3635 (selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h)f(of)f(the)h(most)f(promising)365
3636 889 y(lines.)312 968 y(3.)j(T)o(yp)q(e)13 b Fl(C)p Fp(:)g(A)g(program)e(that)
3637 h(is)h(goal)e(orien)o(ted,)i(although)f(little)g(detail)g(ab)q(out)h(this)365
3638 1018 y(approac)o(h)h(w)o(as)g(giv)o(en.)262 1095 y(Alan)j(T)m(uring)g(built)h
3639 (further)h(on)f(some)f(of)h(these)h(ideas)g(and)f(in)f(1950)g(wrote)i(a)f
3640 (pap)q(er)262 1144 y(ab)q(out)h(his)g(w)o(ork)h(on)f(computer)g(c)o(hess)i
3641 (at)e(Manc)o(hester)j(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)d([60)o(].)35 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262
3642 1194 y(Shannon's)17 b(ideas)g(w)o(ere)i(not)e(actually)g(incorp)q(orated)h
3643 (in)o(to)f(a)g(c)o(hess)i(pla)o(ying)d(program)262 1244 y(un)o(til)d(1956)h
3644 (when)i(a)e(Shannon)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(A)g(program)e(w)o(as)i(dev)o(elop)q(ed)h
3645 (at)e(the)i(Los)f(Alamos)262 1294 y(Scien)o(ti\014c)d(Lab)q(oratory)640
3646 1279 y Fk(1)658 1294 y Fp(.)18 b(In)12 b(1957,)e(Bernstein)k(and)e(Rob)q
3647 (erts)g(wrote)h(a)e(t)o(yp)q(e)i(B)f(program)262 1344 y(for)j(the)h(IBM)g
3648 (704)f([9)o(].)22 b(Most)16 b(notably)f(New)o(ell,)g(Simon)f(and)h(Sha)o(w)g
3649 (wrote)i(a)e(Shannon)262 1393 y(t)o(yp)q(e)d(C)h(program)d(in)i(1958)f([42].)
3650 17 b(This)12 b(w)o(as)g(the)h(\014rst)g(ev)o(er)g(practical)f(application)f
3651 (of)h(the)262 1443 y(alpha-b)q(eta)f(algorithm.)k(A)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)h
3652 (programs)f(follo)o(w)o(ed,)g(but)h(all)f(pla)o(y)o(ed)h(v)o(ery)h(p)q(o)q
3653 (or)262 1493 y(c)o(hess.)25 b(Despite)16 b(this,)g(man)o(y)e(researc)o(hers)
3654 19 b(in)c(the)h(\014eld)g(of)f(arti\014cial)g(in)o(telligence)h(w)o(ere)262
3655 1543 y(v)o(ery)e(con\014den)o(t)g(ab)q(out)g(the)h(p)q(oten)o(tial)e(of)g
3656 (their)i(mac)o(hines.)365 1619 y("Within)d(10)g(y)o(ears)h(a)g(digital)e
3657 (computer)i(will)e(b)q(e)i(the)h(w)o(orld's)e(c)o(hess)i(c)o(ham-)365
3658 1669 y(pion,)f(unless)i(rules)f(bar)g(it)g(from)e(comp)q(etition")1088
3659 1734 y Fm(Herb)n(ert)h(Simon,)j(1957.)324 1846 y Fp(It)h(w)o(as)h(not)f(un)o
3660 (til)g(1966)f(that)i(real)g(progress)g(w)o(as)g(made)e(b)o(y)h(Ric)o(hard)g
3661 (Green)o(blatt)262 1895 y(at)g(MIT)g([23)o(].)27 b(His)17 b(program)f(MacHac)
3662 o(k-6,)h(w)o(as)h(the)f(\014rst)h(program)e(whic)o(h)h(could)g(b)q(e)262
3663 1945 y(considered)g(to)g(pla)o(y)e("real)h(c)o(hess".)27 b(It)17
3664 b(pla)o(y)o(ed)e(in)h(v)n(arious)g(h)o(uman)f(tournamen)o(ts)h(and)262
3665 1995 y(established)e(p)q(erformance)f(ratings)h(in)f(the)h(1250)f(to)g(1640)g
3666 (USCF)g(range.)19 b(This)13 b(is)h(quite)262 2045 y(an)f(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o
3667 (t,)g(particularly)g(when)h(one)h(considers)g(it)e(w)o(as)h(in)f(1966.)324
3668 2130 y(In)i(1968,)f(v)n(arious)h(AI)g(researc)o(hers,)j(encouraged)f(b)o(y)e
3669 (Green)o(blatt's)g(progress)i(made)262 2180 y(a)f(2500)f(dollar)g(b)q(et)i
3670 (with)f(Da)o(vid)f(Levy)m(,)h(an)g(In)o(ternational)g(Master,)h(that)g(a)f
3671 (computer)262 2230 y(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)j(able)e(to)g(b)q(eat)i(him)c(in)i(a)h
3672 (matc)o(h)e(within)h(10)g(y)o(ears.)30 b(Encouraged)18 b(b)o(y)g(suc)o(h)262
3673 2280 y(activities)13 b(v)n(arious)g(scien)o(tists)h(from)e(the)i
3674 (arti\014cial)f(in)o(telligence)g(\014eld)g(got)h(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(and)262
3675 2329 y(in)i(1970)g(the)h(\014rst)h(United)f(States)g(Computer)g(Chess)h
3676 (Championship)c(w)o(as)j(held.)21 b(This)262 2379 y(ev)o(en)o(t)14
3677 b(has)g(con)o(tin)o(ued)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(held)g(ann)o(ually)f(to)g(the)i
3678 (presen)o(t)g(da)o(y)m(.)p 262 2411 573 2 v 308 2437 a Fj(1)325
3679 2449 y Fi(only)10 b(dev)o(elop)q(ed)f(for)i(a)g(6x6)g(b)q(oard)f(with)i(no)f
3680 (bishops.)967 2574 y Fp(8)p eop
3682 9 10 bop 324 307 a Fp(In)14 b(1974,)f(the)i(\014rst)h(W)m(orld)d(Computer)h
3683 (Chess)h(Championship)e(w)o(as)h(held)g(in)g(Sto)q(c)o(k-)262
3684 357 y(holm.)25 b(This)17 b(ev)o(en)o(t)h(w)o(as)f(w)o(on)g(b)o(y)g(a)g
3685 (Russian)g(program)e(called)i(Kaissa,)h(essen)o(tially)f(a)262
3686 407 y(Shannon)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h(A)g(program)e(with)i(n)o(umerous)f(enhancemen)o
3687 (ts.)31 b(Kaissa's)17 b(rating)h(w)o(as)262 457 y(somewhere)c(in)f(the)i
3688 (1500)e(to)h(1700)f(ELO)h(range;)g(impressiv)o(e)g(for)f(a)h(program,)e(but)i
3689 (v)o(ery)262 506 y(lo)o(w)d(in)g(w)o(orld)h(c)o(hess)h(terms.)k(This)12
3690 b(compares)g(with)g(a)g(t)o(ypical)f(2500)g(ELO)h(Grandmaster)262
3691 556 y(rating,)g(ev)o(en)j(Da)o(vid)e(Levy)h(w)o(as)f(rated)i(at)f(ab)q(out)f
3692 (2350)g(ELO.)324 641 y(In)i(1977,)f(real)h(progress)h(w)o(as)f(made)f(when)i
3693 (Chess)g(4)p Fh(:)p Fp(5)e([4],)g(an)h(American)f(program)262
3694 691 y(written)d(at)g(the)h(North)o(w)o(estern)h(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)m(,)d(comp)q
3695 (eted)i(in)e(the)i(Minnesota)f(Op)q(en)h(Chess)262 741 y(Championship)h(and)i
3696 (w)o(on)g(the)g(ev)o(en)o(t)h(with)f(a)g(5-1)g(score.)23 b(This)16
3697 b(success)h(w)o(as)f(v)o(ery)f(sig-)262 791 y(ni\014can)o(t)h(b)q(ecause)i
3698 (sev)o(eral)f(Exp)q(erts)h(and)e(Class)h("A")f(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(comp)q(eted.)
3699 26 b(It)16 b(w)o(as)h(not)262 841 y(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)12 b(as)g(one)h(migh)o(t)d
3700 (exp)q(ect)k(b)o(y)e(a)f(breakthrough)i(in)f(c)o(hess)i(algorithms,)9
3701 b(but)k(rather)262 891 y(through)h(the)i(use)g(of)e(one)h(of)f(the)i(latest)f
3702 ("sup)q(er-computers")g(-)g(a)g(CD)f(Cyb)q(er)i(170.)k(In-)262
3703 940 y(evitably)m(,)8 b(Chess)j(4)p Fh(:)p Fp(6)e(later)h(w)o(on)f(the)h
3704 (triennial)f(W)m(orld)g(Computer)g(Chess)i(Championship)262
3705 990 y(with)i(a)h(p)q(erfect)h(4-0)e(score.)324 1075 y(In)j(Septem)o(b)q(er)i
3706 (1978,)d(Chess)j(4)p Fh(:)p Fp(7)e(c)o(hallenged)g(Da)o(vid)g(Levy)h(for)f
3707 (the)h(b)q(et)h(made)d(10)262 1125 y(y)o(ears)f(earlier,)g(the)g(program)e
3708 (did)i(w)o(ell,)f(but)h(lost)f(b)o(y)h(a)g(score)h(of)e(3)1336
3709 1109 y Fk(1)p 1336 1116 17 2 v 1336 1140 a(2)1357 1125 y Fp(-1)1397
3710 1109 y Fk(1)p 1397 1116 V 1397 1140 a(2)1418 1125 y Fp(.)324
3711 1210 y(Programs)h(based)i(on)g(a)f(Shannon)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h(A)g(approac)o(h)f
3712 (with)g(little)g(kno)o(wledge,)g(but)262 1260 y(v)o(ery)20
3713 b(fast)g(searc)o(hing)h(had)e(b)q(een)j(dominating)17 b("in)o(telligen)o(t")h
3714 (selectiv)o(e)k(searc)o(hers)g(for)262 1310 y(some)14 b(5)g(y)o(ears.)22
3715 b(In)15 b(1978,)f(using)h(this)g(principle)g(of)f(fast)h(sp)q(eed)h(with)f
3716 (little)f(kno)o(wledge,)262 1360 y(sp)q(ecial)f(c)o(hess)h(hardw)o(are)f(w)o
3717 (as)g(designed)g(and)g(built)f(b)o(y)h(Ken)g(Thompson)f(and)h(Jo)q(e)g(Con-)
3718 262 1410 y(don)i([14)o(].)24 b(The)16 b(program,)f(Belle,)h(from)e(Bell)i
3719 (Lab)q(oratories,)g(running)g(on)f(this)h(sp)q(ecial)262 1460
3720 y(hardw)o(are)e(ended)h(up)f(winning)e(the)j(1980)e(W)m(orld)f(Computer)i
3721 (Chess)h(Championship.)324 1545 y(By)f(1983,)f(the)i(strength)g(of)f(deep)h
3722 (brute)g(force)f(searc)o(hers)j(w)o(as)d(further)h(emphasised)262
3723 1595 y(when)20 b(the)g(program)e(Cra)o(y)h(Blitz)g([31)o(],)h(running)g(on)f
3724 (a)g(2)g(pro)q(cessor)j(Cra)o(y)d(XMP/48)262 1644 y(computer,)d(w)o(on)g(the)
3725 h(4th)f(W)m(orld)f(Computer)h(Chess)h(Championship.)23 b(The)17
3726 b(follo)o(wing)262 1694 y(y)o(ear)h(an)g(exhibition)g(matc)o(h)f(w)o(as)h
3727 (arranged)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(Cra)o(y)e(Blitz)g(and)g(Da)o(vid)f(Levy)m(.)
3728 262 1744 y(In)j(the)g(matc)o(h,)g(Da)o(vid)f(Levy)h(crushed)i(the)f(mac)o
3729 (hine)e(4-0.)36 b(This)20 b(clearly)g(indicated)262 1794 y(that)15
3730 b(although)g(the)h(mac)o(hine)e(w)o(as)h(of)g(master)g(strength)i(in)e(the)h
3731 (realms)e(of)h(tactics,)i(its)262 1844 y(p)q(ositional)e(and)i(strategic)h
3732 (pla)o(y)e(w)o(as)h(w)o(eak.)27 b(Cra)o(y)17 b(Blitz)g(retained)h(its)f(w)o
3733 (orld)f(title)h(in)262 1893 y(1986.)324 1979 y(Curren)o(tly)11
3734 b(there)g(are)g(2)f(programs)f(of)h(in)o(ternational)f(master)h(strength)1456
3735 1964 y Fk(1)1476 1979 y Fp(,)h(Hitec)o(h)g(and)262 2029 y(Deep)16
3736 b(Though)o(t.)24 b(Both)17 b(Hitec)o(h)g(and)e(Deep)i(Though)o(t)f(run)g(on)g
3737 (sp)q(ecial)g(purp)q(ose)i(hard-)262 2078 y(w)o(are)13 b(and)h(essen)o
3738 (tially)g(p)q(erform)e(sophisticated)j(brute)f(force)h(searc)o(hes.)20
3739 b(Deep)14 b(Though)o(t)262 2128 y(is)g(clearly)h(the)g(strongest)h(of)e
3740 (these)i(programs)d(with)i(an)f(o\016cial)g(rating)g(of)g(2551)f(USCF)262
3741 2178 y(whic)o(h)j(equates)i(to)e(appro)o(ximately)e(2450)i(ELO.)h(During)f
3742 (Ma)o(y)g(1989,)g(Deep)h(Though)o(t)262 2228 y(demonstrated)d(this)g
3743 (strength)i(b)o(y)e(winning)g(the)h(6th)f(W)m(orld)f(Computer)h(Chess)h
3744 (Cham-)262 2278 y(pionship.)p 262 2312 573 2 v 308 2339 a Fj(1)325
3745 2351 y Fi(around)10 b(2400)g(ELO,)i(not)f(to)g(b)q(e)g(confused)e(with)j(a)f
3746 (US)h(master)e(rating)g(of)h(2200)f(USCF)967 2574 y Fp(9)p
3749 10 11 bop 324 307 a Fp(In)13 b(Octob)q(er)i(1989,)d(Deep)h(Though)o(t)g(c)o
3750 (hallenged)g(Gary)g(Kasparo)o(v,)g(the)h(w)o(orld)e(c)o(hess)262
3751 357 y(c)o(hampion,)7 b(to)j(a)f(t)o(w)o(o)g(game)f(exhibition)g(matc)o(h.)15
3752 b(Kasparo)o(v)10 b(outpla)o(y)o(ed)f(the)h(mac)o(hine)e(not)262
3753 407 y(only)i(p)q(ositionally)m(,)f(but)j(more)f(surprisingly)g(tactically)m
3754 (,)f(to)h(win)g(the)h(matc)o(h)f(2-0.)16 b(During)262 457 y(Decem)o(b)q(er)d
3755 (1989,)f(Deep)h(Though)o(t)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(Da)o(vid)g(Levy)h(in)g(a)f(four)h
3756 (game)e(matc)o(h.)17 b(Deep)262 506 y(Though)o(t)c(illustrated)h(its)g
3757 (impressiv)o(e)f(abilit)o(y)f(b)o(y)i(winning)e(the)j(matc)o(h)e(4-0.)262
3758 679 y Fr(1.2)69 b(My)24 b(Bac)n(kground)262 805 y Fp(I)13 b(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q
3759 (een)h(v)o(ery)f(in)o(terested)i(in)e(computer)g(c)o(hess)i(for)e(some)f
3760 (considerable)i(time.)i(I)d(am)262 855 y(a)f(mem)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(the)i(In)o
3761 (ternational)f(Computer)f(Chess)i(Asso)q(ciation)f(and)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g
3762 (written)h(a)262 905 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(programs)g(using)g(b)q(oth)h
3763 (selectiv)o(e)h(and)f(brute)h(force)f(searc)o(hing.)324 990
3764 y(In)f(August)g(1989,)e(I)i(en)o(tered)h(m)o(y)d(latest)i(program)f(HIAR)o
3765 (CS)g(4.1)g(in)g(the)h(c)o(hess)i(tour-)262 1040 y(namen)o(t)f(of)h(the)i
3766 (\014rst)f(ev)o(er)h Fm(Computer)f(Olympiad)p Fp(.)24 b(HIAR)o(CS)16
3767 b(came)f(a)g(clear)h(6th)g(with)262 1090 y(3)e(out)g(of)g(8)h(p)q(oin)o(ts.)
3768 20 b(It)15 b(w)o(as)f(running)g(on)h(a)f(7Mhz)h(68000)e(pro)q(cessor,)k(slo)o
3769 (w)o(er)d(hardw)o(are)262 1140 y(than)f(all)g(of)g(the)h(opp)q(osition,)f
3770 (for)g(example)f(a)i Fm(Fidelity)g(Ele)n(ctr)n(onics)f Fp(en)o(try)h(from)e
3771 (Miami)262 1190 y(ran)h(on)h(a)g(68030)e(at)i(44Mhz)g(with)f(25ns)h(1)g(Mb)g
3772 (DRAM.)262 1362 y Fr(1.3)69 b(Aims)21 b(of)j(the)e(Pro)t(ject)262
3773 1489 y Fp(It)c(is)g(clear)h(to)f(me)f(that)h(curren)o(t)i(programs)d
3774 (su\013er)j(from)c(a)i(ma)r(jor)f(w)o(eakness)i(in)f(the)262
3775 1538 y(p)q(ositional)d(and)h(strategic)i(area)e(of)g(c)o(hess.)28
3776 b(Belo)o(w)17 b(2000)e(ELO,)i(tactics)g(pla)o(y)f(a)g(ma)r(jor)262
3777 1588 y(role,)10 b(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)e(2000)g(ELO,)i
3778 (tactical)e(abilit)o(y)g(b)q(ecomes)h(less)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(and)i(go)q(o)q
3779 (d)262 1638 y(p)q(ositional)h(sense)k(is)f(vital.)i(Curren)o(tly)m(,)d(the)h
3780 (b)q(est)h(programs)d(are)i(m)o(uc)o(h)e(closer)i(to)f(w)o(orld)262
3781 1688 y(c)o(hampionship)f(strength)j(tactically)e(than)g(they)i(are)f(p)q
3782 (ositionally)e(sp)q(eaking.)324 1773 y(In)18 b(m)o(y)f(pro)r(ject,)j(I)e
3783 (will)f(giv)o(e)g(an)h(o)o(v)o(erview)g(of)g(the)h(sub)r(ject)h(and)e
3784 (explain)f(v)n(arious)262 1823 y(tec)o(hniques)i(used)h(in)e(curren)o(t)i
3785 (programs.)30 b(I)19 b(will)e(lo)q(ok)g(in)o(to)h(w)o(a)o(ys)g(of)g(dev)o
3786 (eloping)g(an)262 1873 y(ev)n(aluation)13 b(function)i(that)g(displa)o(ys)f
3787 (the)h(p)q(ositional)f(abilit)o(y)f(of)i(an)f(exp)q(ert)j(lev)o(el)d(c)o
3788 (hess)262 1923 y(pla)o(y)o(er)f(\(appro)o(ximately)e(ELO)i(2000\).)k(I)d
3789 (will)e(also)g(lo)q(ok)h(in)o(to)f(fresh)j(w)o(a)o(ys)e(of)f(impro)o(ving)262
3790 1972 y(the)20 b(tactical)f(strength)h(of)f(a)g(c)o(hess)i(program.)33
3791 b(This)19 b(is)h(particularly)e(imp)q(ortan)o(t)g(for)262 2022
3792 y(programs)9 b(running)h(on)h(standard)g(micropro)q(cessors)h(whic)o(h)e(ob)o
3793 (viously)g(cannot)h(comp)q(ete)262 2072 y(with)16 b(the)i(ra)o(w)f(sp)q(eed)h
3794 (of)f(sp)q(ecial)g(purp)q(ose)h(hardw)o(are.)28 b(I)17 b(then)g(in)o(tend)h
3795 (to)e(implemen)o(t)262 2122 y(certain)i(asp)q(ects)h(of)e(m)o(y)f(\014ndings)
3796 h(in)g(a)h(c)o(hess)h(program)d(and)h(ev)n(aluate)g(them)g(against)262
3797 2172 y(b)q(oth)f(h)o(uman)e(and)i(computer)f(opp)q(osition.)24
3798 b(I)16 b(also)f(in)o(tend)h(to)g(use)h(the)g(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)262
3799 2221 y(exp)q(erimen)o(t)10 b([12)o(])f(to)i(test)g(the)g(relativ)o(e)f
3800 (tactical)g(and)g(p)q(ositional)f(abilit)o(y)f(of)i(the)h(program.)324
3801 2307 y(The)h(reader)g(is)f(assumed)g(to)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(reasonable)g(kno)o
3802 (wledge)g(of)g(c)o(hess)i(and)e(algebraic)262 2357 y(c)o(hess)16
3803 b(notation)e(in)h(order)h(that)f(c)o(hess)h(concepts)h(can)e(b)q(e)h
3804 (explained)f(to)f(a)h(high)g(enough)262 2406 y(lev)o(el.)957
3807 11 12 bop 262 619 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(2)262 826 y Fo(Basic)40
3808 b(Ov)m(erview)262 1042 y Fp(In)11 b(later)g(c)o(hapters)h(of)f(this)g(rep)q
3809 (ort)h(I)f(will)e(explain)i(and)g(put)g(forw)o(ard)g(complex)e(ideas)j(con-)
3810 262 1092 y(cerning)g(v)n(arious)e(asp)q(ects)j(of)e(computer)h(c)o(hess.)18
3811 b(In)12 b(order)g(to)f(help)h(the)g(reader)h(cop)q(e)f(with)262
3812 1142 y(these)i(ideas,)e(this)h(c)o(hapter)h(will)d(giv)o(e)h(a)h(basic)g(o)o
3813 (v)o(erview)f(of)g(v)n(arious)g(tec)o(hniques)i(used)g(in)262
3814 1191 y(a)h(con)o(v)o(en)o(tional)f(c)o(hess)j(program.)k(I)16
3815 b(w)o(ould)e(also)h(advise)h(the)g(reader)h(to)e(follo)o(w)e(up)j(the)262
3816 1241 y(references)h(giv)o(en)e(for)f(a)h(more)e(complete)i(explanation)e(of)i
3817 (the)g(tec)o(hniques)h(men)o(tioned,)262 1291 y(as)d(this)h(c)o(hapter)h(is)f
3818 (b)o(y)g(no)f(means)g(in)o(tended)i(to)f(co)o(v)o(er)g(all)f(areas)h(in)g
3819 (detail.)262 1427 y Fr(2.1)69 b(Mac)n(hine)22 b(Represen)n(tation)262
3820 1554 y Fp(A)c(vital)f(elemen)o(t)g(of)h(an)o(y)g(c)o(hess)i(program)c(is)i
3821 (ho)o(w)g(the)h(c)o(hess)g(b)q(oard)g(and)f(pieces)h(are)262
3822 1603 y(represen)o(ted)d(in)e(the)g(mac)o(hine.)p 641 1697 673
3823 5 v 641 2361 5 665 v 646 1780 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1863 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
3824 1946 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2029 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 2112 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
3825 2195 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 2278 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2361 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310
3826 2361 V 641 2365 673 5 v 675 1749 a Fl(70)35 b(71)f(72)h(73)g(74)f(75)h(76)g
3827 (77)675 1832 y(60)g(61)f(62)h(63)g(64)f(65)h(66)g(67)675 1914
3828 y(50)g(51)f(52)h(53)g(54)f(55)h(56)g(57)675 1997 y(40)g(41)f(42)h(43)g(44)f
3829 (45)h(46)g(47)675 2080 y(30)g(31)f(32)h(33)g(34)f(35)h(36)g(37)675
3830 2163 y(20)g(21)f(22)h(23)g(24)f(25)h(26)g(27)675 2246 y(10)g(11)f(12)h(13)g
3831 (14)f(15)h(16)g(17)675 2329 y(00)g(01)f(02)h(03)g(04)f(05)h(06)g(07)500
3832 2449 y Fp(Figure)14 b(2.1:)j(A)d(Chess)h(Board)f(indexed)h(b)o(y)e
3833 (Co-ordinates.)957 2574 y(11)p eop
3835 12 13 bop 262 307 a Fp(Claude)16 b(Shannon)h(suggested)i(in)e(his)g(famous)e
3836 (1949)h(pap)q(er)i([53)o(],)f(that)g(a)g(c)o(hess)i(b)q(oard)262
3837 357 y(could)f(b)q(e)i(represen)o(ted)h(in)e(64)f(b)o(ytes,)j(one)e(for)f(eac)
3838 o(h)i(square)f(on)g(the)h(b)q(oard.)33 b(It)19 b(w)o(as)262
3839 407 y(prop)q(osed)13 b(that)f(eac)o(h)h(square)h(could)e(b)q(e)h(addressed)h
3840 (b)o(y)e(the)h(co-ordinate)g(sc)o(heme)g(sho)o(wn)262 457 y(in)f(\014gure)i
3841 (2.1.)j(Eac)o(h)d(square)g(also)e(had)h(an)g(asso)q(ciated)h(co)q(de)g(whic)o
3842 (h)g(iden)o(ti\014es)f(the)h(t)o(yp)q(e)262 506 y(of)f(piece)i(\(if)e(an)o
3843 (y\))h(o)q(ccup)o(ying)g(that)g(square.)20 b(The)14 b(suggested)i(piece)f(co)
3844 q(des)g(can)g(b)q(e)f(seen)262 556 y(in)f(\014gure)h(2.2.)p
3845 691 644 574 2 v 690 694 2 50 v 716 679 a Fm(Oc)n(cupie)n(d)h(by)p
3846 956 694 V 50 w(White)p 1114 694 V 50 w(Black)p 1263 694 V 691
3847 695 574 2 v 690 743 2 50 v 716 729 a Fp(Empt)o(y)d(Sq)p 956
3848 743 V 129 w(0)p 1114 743 V 132 w(0)p 1263 743 V 691 745 574
3849 2 v 690 793 2 50 v 716 778 a(P)o(a)o(wn)p 956 793 V 210 w(1)p
3850 1114 793 V 125 w(-1)p 1263 793 V 691 795 574 2 v 690 843 2
3851 50 v 716 828 a(Knigh)o(t)p 956 843 V 184 w(2)p 1114 843 V 125
3852 w(-2)p 1263 843 V 691 845 574 2 v 690 893 2 50 v 716 878 a(Bishop)p
3853 956 893 V 186 w(3)p 1114 893 V 125 w(-3)p 1263 893 V 691 895
3854 574 2 v 690 943 2 50 v 716 928 a(Ro)q(ok)p 956 943 V 214 w(4)p
3855 1114 943 V 125 w(-4)p 1263 943 V 691 944 574 2 v 690 993 2
3856 50 v 716 978 a(Queen)p 956 993 V 196 w(5)p 1114 993 V 125 w(-5)p
3857 1263 993 V 691 994 574 2 v 690 1042 2 50 v 716 1027 a(King)p
3858 956 1042 V 222 w(6)p 1114 1042 V 125 w(-6)p 1263 1042 V 691
3859 1044 574 2 v 616 1149 a(Figure)i(2.2:)j(A)d(table)g(sho)o(wing)f(piece)i(co)q
3860 (des)262 1273 y(This)20 b(metho)q(d)g(is)h(kno)o(wn)f(as)h(the)h("mailb)q(o)o
3861 (x")17 b(represen)o(tation.)40 b(By)22 b(storing)e(one)h(of)262
3862 1322 y(these)g(co)q(des)h(in)e(eac)o(h)g(square's)h(address,)i(an)o(y)d(c)o
3863 (hess)i(p)q(osition)d(can)i(b)q(e)g(represen)o(ted)262 1372
3864 y(successfully)m(.)d(The)13 b(op)q(ening)f(c)o(hess)j(p)q(osition,)c(enco)q
3865 (ded)j(using)f(this)f(format)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(seen)262 1422
3866 y(in)g(\014gure)h(2.3.)p 641 1516 673 5 v 641 2180 5 665 v
3867 646 1599 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1682 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1765 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
3868 1848 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1931 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2014 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
3869 2097 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2180 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 2180 V 641 2184
3870 673 5 v 663 1572 a Ff(\000)p Fl(4)27 b Ff(\000)p Fl(2)f Ff(\000)p
3871 Fl(3)h Ff(\000)p Fl(5)g Ff(\000)p Fl(6)f Ff(\000)p Fl(3)h Ff(\000)p
3872 Fl(2)g Ff(\000)p Fl(4)663 1655 y Ff(\000)p Fl(1)g Ff(\000)p
3873 Fl(1)f Ff(\000)p Fl(1)h Ff(\000)p Fl(1)g Ff(\000)p Fl(1)f Ff(\000)p
3874 Fl(1)h Ff(\000)p Fl(1)g Ff(\000)p Fl(1)663 1738 y(0)59 b(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)f(0)h
3875 (0)g(0)663 1821 y(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)663 1904 y(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)
3876 f(0)h(0)g(0)663 1986 y(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)663 2069
3877 y(+1)22 b(+1)f(+1)h(+1)g(+1)f(+1)h(+1)g(+1)663 2152 y(+4)g(+2)f(+3)h(+5)g(+6)
3878 f(+3)h(+2)g(+4)425 2276 y Fp(Figure)14 b(2.3:)j(Mailb)q(o)o(x)12
3879 b(Represen)o(tation)j(of)e(the)i(Op)q(ening)f(P)o(osition.)324
3880 2399 y(Most)d(implemen)o(tati)o(ons)d(of)i(the)i(mailb)q(o)o(x)c(idea)i
3881 (actually)g(use)h(a)g(10)f(x)h(12)f(b)q(oard.)17 b(This)262
3882 2449 y(10)12 b(x)i(12)f(sc)o(heme)g(giv)o(es)h(a)f(2)g(square)h(edge)g
3883 (around)g(the)g(b)q(oard,)f(eac)o(h)h('o\013)f(b)q(oard')g(square)957
3886 13 14 bop 262 307 a Fp(con)o(taining)16 b(a)h(co)q(de)h(whic)o(h)g(iden)o
3887 (ti\014es)g(it)f(as)g(not)h(b)q(eing)f(on)h(the)g(con)o(v)o(en)o(tional)e(b)q
3888 (oard.)262 357 y(This)11 b(is)h(done)g(in)f(order)h(to)g(detect)h(mo)o(v)o
3889 (es)e(o\013)g(the)i(edge)f(of)f(the)h(b)q(oard)g(simply)e(b)o(y)h(testing)262
3890 407 y(the)i(co)q(de)i(of)d(the)i(square)g(b)q(eing)f(mo)o(v)o(ed)f(to.)18
3891 b(The)c(2)f(square)h(edge)g(is)f(necessary)i(to)e(allo)o(w)262
3892 457 y(for)g(knigh)o(t)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)324 542 y(A)18 b(generally)g(more)f
3893 (e\016cien)o(t)i(metho)q(d)e(of)h(represen)o(ting)i(a)e(c)o(hess)h(b)q(oard)g
3894 (w)o(as)f(\014rst)262 592 y(suggested)f(b)o(y)g(a)f(Russian)g(group)g(in)g
3895 (1970)g([2)o(].)25 b(It)17 b(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)e(using)i(64)f(bits,)g(1)h
3896 (bit)f(p)q(er)262 641 y(square,)d(to)f(represen)o(t)j(a)e(single)f(piece)h
3897 (of)f(information)e(ab)q(out)j(all)e(squares.)19 b(Eac)o(h)13
3898 b(64)f(bit)262 691 y(represen)o(tation)g(is)g(kno)o(wn)e(as)i(a)f(bitmap.)k
3899 (A)d(bitmap)d(could,)i(for)g(example,)f(represen)o(t)k(all)262
3900 741 y(squares)f(o)q(ccupied)g(b)o(y)g(a)f(white)g(knigh)o(t.)17
3901 b(Bit\(s\))c(b)q(eing)g(set)g(corresp)q(onding)g(to)g(whatev)o(er)262
3902 791 y(squares)e(are)g(o)q(ccupied)g(b)o(y)f(white)h(knigh)o(ts.)16
3903 b(Using)11 b(12)e(suc)o(h)j(bitmaps,)d(6)h(for)g(white)g(pieces)262
3904 841 y(and)j(6)h(for)f(blac)o(k)h(pieces,)g(an)o(y)g(p)q(osition)f(can)h(b)q
3905 (e)h(represen)o(ted.)262 1013 y Fr(2.2)69 b(Mo)n(v)n(e)24 b(Generation)262
3906 1140 y Fp(Using)14 b(a)g(10)g(x)h(12)f(mailb)q(o)o(x)d(represen)o(tation,)16
3907 b(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)i(generated)h(b)o(y)e(doing)g(a)g(series)262
3908 1190 y(of)d(adds)h(and)g(tests.)19 b(F)m(or)12 b(example,)f(to)h(generate)h
3909 (all)e(white)i(knigh)o(t)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(from)f(a)i(giv)o(en)262
3910 1239 y(square)j(the)g(o\013sets:)20 b(+8,)15 b(+19,)f(+21,)g(+12,)g
3911 Ff(\000)p Fp(8,)g Ff(\000)p Fp(19,)g Ff(\000)p Fp(21)g(and)g
3912 Ff(\000)p Fp(12)h(m)o(ust)e(b)q(e)i(added)262 1289 y(to)e(the)i(knigh)o(t's)e
3913 (original)f(lo)q(cation,)g(see)j(\014gure)g(2.4.)p 641 1383
3914 673 5 v 641 2047 5 665 v 646 1466 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1549 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
3915 1632 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1715 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1798 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
3916 1881 y(Z0Z0M0Z0)646 1964 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2047 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310
3917 2047 V 641 2051 673 5 v 899 1692 a Fl(+19)81 b(+21)817 1775
3918 y(+8)269 b(+12)817 1941 y Ff(\000)p Fl(12)250 b Ff(\000)p Fl(8)899
3919 2024 y Ff(\000)p Fl(21)86 b Ff(\000)p Fl(19)447 2151 y Fp(Figure)14
3920 b(2.4:)j(Mo)o(v)o(e)d(generation)g(of)f(knigh)o(t)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(using)i
3921 (o\013sets.)262 2277 y(Eac)o(h)g(of)f(these)i(p)q(oten)o(tial)f("to-squares")
3922 g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(tested)i(for)d(2)h(p)q(ossibilities:)324
3923 2360 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Is)14 b(the)h(to-square)f(on)g(the)h(b)q(oard)e(?)324
3924 2443 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Is)14 b(the)h(to-square)f(uno)q(ccupied)h(b)o(y)f(a)g
3925 (friendly)f(piece)i(?)957 2574 y(13)p eop
3927 14 15 bop 262 307 a Fp(If)9 b(b)q(oth)h(these)h(tests)g(pro)o(v)o(e)f(to)g(b)
3928 q(e)g(true,)h(then)g(a)e(pseudo)i(legal)e(mo)o(v)o(e)f(has)i(b)q(een)h
3929 (generated.)262 357 y(Note)i(that)g(this)g(do)q(es)h(not)e(determine)h
3930 (whether)i(the)e(mo)o(v)o(e)e(actually)h(lea)o(v)o(es)h(the)h(king)e(in)262
3931 407 y(c)o(hec)o(k,)h(hence)h(it)e(is)h(called)g(pseudo)g(legal.)k(Nearly)12
3932 b(all)g(programs)f(lea)o(v)o(e)i(this)g(calculation)262 457
3933 y(un)o(til)h(a)h(more)f(con)o(v)o(enien)o(t)i(time.)21 b(As)15
3934 b(y)o(ou)g(can)h(see)g(this)g(metho)q(d)e(of)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(generation)262
3935 506 y(is)g(quiet)h(simple.)324 592 y(Using)f(a)f(bitmap)g(represen)o(tation,)
3936 i(mo)o(v)o(e)d(generation)j(is)e(m)o(uc)o(h)g(more)g(e\016cien)o(t)i(with)262
3937 641 y(resp)q(ect)h(to)f(time,)e(than)h(with)g(the)h(previous)g(metho)q(d.)j
3938 (The)d(reason)h(for)e(this)g(adv)n(an)o(tage)262 691 y(lies)e(in)g(the)h
3939 (fact)g(that)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i(generated)h(b)o(y)f(using)f(bit)o(wise)g
3940 (logical)f(op)q(erations)i(suc)o(h)262 741 y(as)h("and",)g("or")h(and)f
3941 ("not".)324 826 y(In)k(order)h(for)g(this)f(metho)q(d)g(to)g(generate)i(all)d
3942 (white)h(knigh)o(t)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(from)g(a)h(giv)o(en)262
3943 876 y(square,)f(a)g(bitmap)e(needs)j(to)f(b)q(e)h(fetc)o(hed)g(whic)o(h)f
3944 (represen)o(ts)i(all)d(mo)o(v)o(es)g(a)g(knigh)o(t)g(can)262
3945 926 y(mak)o(e)10 b(from)g(the)i(giv)o(en)f(square,)i(call)e(this)h(bitmap)e
3946 (1.)17 b(Next,)12 b(a)f(bitmap)f(is)i(fetc)o(hed)h(whic)o(h)262
3947 976 y(represen)o(ts)19 b(the)e(lo)q(cation)f(of)h(all)e(friendly)h(pieces.)29
3948 b(This)16 b(bitmap)f(is)i(negated)g(and)g(the)262 1026 y(result)d(is)h
3949 (logically)c(and-ed)k(with)f(bitmap)e(1.)19 b(The)14 b(result)h(is)f(a)g
3950 (bit,)g(set)h(in)f(the)h(lo)q(cation)262 1075 y(of)g(ev)o(ery)i(pseudo-legal)
3951 f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(p)q(ossible)j(b)o(y)f(a)g(white)g(knigh)o(t)g(from)e(the)j
3952 (giv)o(en)e(original)262 1125 y(square.)324 1210 y(As)i(can)g(b)q(e)h(seen)g
3953 (this)f(metho)q(d)f(is)h(extremely)g(fast.)27 b(It)17 b(do)q(es)g(ho)o(w)o
3954 (ev)o(er,)h(use)g(m)o(uc)o(h)262 1260 y(more)11 b(memory)e(than)k(the)f
3955 (mailb)q(o)o(x)e(based)i(metho)q(d)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(mo)o(v)o(es)f(of)h
3956 (ev)o(ery)h(piece)262 1310 y(from)h(an)o(y)i(giv)o(en)g(square)h(m)o(ust)f(b)
3957 q(e)h(pre-stored.)27 b(The)17 b(metho)q(d)f(also)g(relies)h(on)f(a)g(large)
3958 262 1360 y(w)o(ord)d(size,)h(suc)o(h)g(as)f(64)g(bits.)18 b(Although)13
3959 b(it)g(is)g(still)g(feasible)g(with)g(a)g(16)g(or)g(32)g(bit)g(w)o(ord,)262
3960 1410 y(it)j(is)i(signi\014can)o(tly)e(less)i(e\016cien)o(t.)29
3961 b(Also)17 b(it)g(is)g(v)o(ery)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(for)h(the)h(computer)f(to)
3962 262 1460 y(ha)o(v)o(e)11 b(a)h(mac)o(hine)f(instruction)h(whic)o(h)g(can)h
3963 (giv)o(e)e(the)i(lo)q(cation)e(of)g(the)i(\014rst)g(bit)f(set)g(in)g(an)o(y)
3964 262 1509 y(w)o(ord;)18 b(without)f(this,)h(the)g(metho)q(d)e(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j
3965 (to)q(o)g(ine\016cien)o(t.)28 b(F)m(or)17 b(a)g(more)f(complete)262
3966 1559 y(explanation)c(of)i(this)g(tec)o(hnique)g(see)i([15)o(].)324
3967 1644 y(In)10 b(b)q(oth)g(metho)q(ds)f(the)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(of)g(v)o(ector)i
3968 (pieces)g(suc)o(h)f(as)g(bishops,)h(ro)q(oks)f(and)f(queens)262
3969 1694 y(are)14 b(more)f(complex)g(to)h(generate.)20 b(P)o(a)o(wn)14
3970 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(and)h(sp)q(ecial)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(suc)o(h)i(as)f(castling)262
3971 1744 y(and)c(en-passan)o(t)g(are)h(also)f(more)f(complicated,)g(but)i(can)f
3972 (still)f(b)q(e)i(generated)h(using)e(either)262 1794 y(represen)o(tation.)262
3973 1967 y Fr(2.3)69 b(Ev)l(aluation)23 b(F)-6 b(unctions)262 2093
3974 y Fp(Giv)o(en)11 b(that)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(generated)g(ho)o(w)f
3975 (can)h(the)f(relativ)o(e)g(merits)g(of)g(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(e)262
3976 2143 y(determined)i(?)18 b(That)c(is)g(the)g(purp)q(ose)h(of)f(the)g
3977 Fm(Evaluation)i(F)m(unction)p Fp(.)324 2228 y(Shannon)f(prop)q(osed)g(that)g
3978 (an)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)g(should)h(tak)o(e)g(accoun)o(t)h(of)e(suc)o
3979 (h)262 2278 y(features)j(as)f(material,)e(mobilit)o(y)m(,)f(p)q(osition)j(of)
3980 f(pieces)j(and)e(pa)o(wn)g(structure.)27 b(Eac)o(h)16 b(of)262
3981 2328 y(these)21 b(factors)f(required)i(an)d(imp)q(ortance)h(w)o(eigh)o(ting)f
3982 (to)h(b)q(e)g(asso)q(ciated)h(with)f(them.)262 2377 y(Eac)o(h)e(factor)g(w)o
3983 (ould)f(then)i(b)q(e)f(v)n(alued)g(dep)q(ending)g(on)g(its)g(presence)j(or)d
3984 (absence)h(in)f(a)262 2427 y(giv)o(en)11 b(p)q(osition,)h(and)g(the)h(asso)q
3985 (ciated)g(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(applied.)17 b(All)12 b(the)h(v)n(alues)f(could)g
3986 (then)957 2574 y(14)p eop
3988 15 16 bop 262 307 a Fp(b)q(e)14 b(added)h(together)g(to)f(giv)o(e)g(a)f
3989 (single)h(discrete)i(v)n(alue)e(for)g(the)g(p)q(osition.)k(The)d(mo)o(v)o(e)e
3990 (or)262 357 y(series)j(of)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(whic)o(h)h(pro)q(duce)i(the)e(most)
3991 f(desirable)i(p)q(osition)e(from)f(the)j(ev)n(aluation)262
3992 407 y(function's)d(p)q(oin)o(t)g(of)h(view)f(can)h(then)h(b)q(e)g(c)o(hosen.)
3993 324 492 y(Almost)9 b(all)g(ev)n(aluation)g(functions)h(use)i(material)c(as)j
3994 (an)f(o)o(v)o(erriding)f(factor,)i(it)f(is)g(v)o(ery)262 542
3995 y(rare)k(for)f(ev)o(en)i(the)f(sum)f(of)g(all)f(other)j(factors)f(to)g
3996 (exceed)h(the)f(v)n(alue)f(of)h(one)g(pa)o(wn.)j(The)262 592
3997 y(reason)11 b(for)g(this)f(is)h(that)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(p)q(ositional)f(v)n
3998 (alues)g(are)i(so)f(crude,)h(if)e(material)f(w)o(ere)262 641
3999 y(to)15 b(b)q(e)h(giv)o(en)f(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)f(in)h(exc)o(hange)h(for)g(p)q
4000 (ositional)e(comp)q(ensation,)g(the)i(mac)o(hine)e(w)o(ould)262
4001 691 y(more)c(than)h(lik)o(ely)f(lose)h(b)q(ecause)i(its)e(ev)n(aluation)f(of)
4002 h(the)h(comp)q(ensation)e(w)o(as)h(inaccurate.)324 777 y(In)k(the)g(fort)o(y)
4003 g(y)o(ears)h(since)f(Shannon's)g(pap)q(er,)h(man)o(y)d(additional)g(ev)n
4004 (aluation)h(func-)262 826 y(tion)19 b(factors)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)i
4005 (suggested)g(and)e(built)g(up)q(on.)36 b(They)20 b(include)g(king)e(safet)o
4006 (y)m(,)262 876 y(o)q(ccupation)e(of)g(w)o(eak)g(squares,)i(dev)o(elopmen)o
4007 (t,)e(piece)i(exc)o(hange)f(term)f(etc.)27 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262
4008 926 y(ev)o(en)16 b(to)q(da)o(y)f(v)o(ery)g(few)h(ev)n(aluation)e(functions)h
4009 (w)o(ould)g(ev)o(en)h(consider)g(exc)o(hanging)f(ma-)262 976
4010 y(terial)e(for)h(other)g(factors)g(suc)o(h)h(as)f(activ)o(e)g(pla)o(y)m(.)324
4011 1061 y(In)c(programs)e(whic)o(h)i(searc)o(h)h(only)e(a)g(few)h(p)q(ositions,)
4012 g(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)g(can)h(b)q(e)262 1111 y(quite)15
4013 b(complex)e(and)i(time)f(consuming.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)d(all)d
4014 (successful)k(programs)d(searc)o(h)i(a)262 1161 y(large)d(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f
4015 (of)h(p)q(ositions)g(and)h(therefore)g(can)g(only)f(sp)q(end)h(a)f(small)f
4016 (amoun)o(t)f(of)i(time)262 1210 y(ev)n(aluating)i(eac)o(h)j(p)q(osition.)28
4017 b(F)m(or)17 b(this)h(reason)f(man)o(y)f(of)h(the)h(originally)d(simple)g
4018 (ideas)262 1260 y(ha)o(v)o(e)d(remained)g(to)g(the)h(presen)o(t)i(da)o(y)d
4019 (in)g(most)f(programs.)17 b(Some)11 b(ev)n(aluation)h(functions)262
4020 1310 y(do)i(not)h(ev)o(en)h(ev)n(aluate)f(the)h(whole)f(p)q(osition,)f(but)h
4021 (rather)h(the)g(v)n(alue)f(of)f(a)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(itself.)262
4022 1360 y(This)g(do)q(es)h(not,)f(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(consider)g(other)h(in)o
4023 (teractions)f(that)f(a)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(ma)o(y)h(ha)o(v)o(e)i(on)f(a)262
4024 1410 y(p)q(osition.)23 b(F)m(or)16 b(example,)e(a)i(knigh)o(t)f(that)h(mo)o
4025 (v)o(es)f(rev)o(ealing)h(a)f(bishop)h(pin)g(of)f(a)h(queen)262
4026 1460 y(to)i(a)g(king.)31 b(The)18 b(T)m(ec)o(hnology)g(program)f([22)o(],)h
4027 (is)g(an)g(extreme)h(example)e(whic)o(h)h(only)262 1509 y(ev)n(aluates)c
4028 (material)e(during)i(its)g(searc)o(h.)20 b(A)14 b(one)h(ply)e(p)q(ositional)g
4029 (v)n(alue)h(is)g(com)o(bined)f(at)262 1559 y(the)h(end)g(of)g(the)g(searc)o
4030 (h)h(to)f(distinguish)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)j(mo)o(v)o(es)c(of)h(equal)h
4031 (material)e(outcome.)324 1644 y(A)f(go)q(o)q(d)h(explanation)e(of)h(a)g(con)o
4032 (v)o(en)o(tional)g(c)o(hess)i(ev)n(aluation)d(function)h(can)h(b)q(e)g(found)
4033 262 1694 y(in)j([4)o(].)24 b(Ev)n(aluation)15 b(functions)h(will)e(b)q(e)j
4034 (lo)q(ok)o(ed)f(at)f(in)h(m)o(uc)o(h)f(greater)i(detail)e(in)h(future)262
4035 1744 y(c)o(hapters.)262 1917 y Fr(2.4)69 b(Lo)r(ok)24 b(Ahead)262
4036 2043 y Fp(In)16 b(order)h(to)f(lo)q(ok)g(ahead)g(in)o(to)g(p)q(ossibilities)g
4037 (whic)o(h)g(ma)o(y)e(dev)o(elop)j(in)f(the)h(game,)e(it)h(is)262
4038 2093 y(necessary)c(generate)g(what)f(is)g(called)f(a)h("Game)d(tree".)18
4039 b(A)11 b(game)e(tree)j(is)f(a)f(diagrammati)o(c)262 2143 y(represen)o(tation)
4040 i(of)e(p)q(ossible)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(sequences.)20 b(This)11 b(is)f(ac)o(hiev)o
4041 (ed)h(b)o(y)g(generating)g(mo)o(v)o(es)262 2193 y(for)k(the)h(side)f(to)g
4042 (pla)o(y)m(,)f(then)i(replies)g(for)f(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t,)g(then)g(coun)o
4043 (ter)g(replies)g(and)g(so)262 2242 y(on,)c(dep)q(ending)h(on)g(the)g(depth)h
4044 (of)e(lo)q(ok)g(ahead)g(required.)19 b(Figure)13 b(2.5)f(sho)o(ws)h(a)f(p)q
4045 (ossible)957 2574 y(15)p eop
4047 16 17 bop 262 307 a Fp(lo)q(ok)12 b(ahead)i(game)f(tree)i(from)d(the)j(op)q
4048 (ening)e(c)o(hess)j(p)q(osition.)623 1489 y(Figure)e(2.5:)j(A)d(P)o(ossible)g
4049 (lo)q(ok)f(ahead)h(tree.)324 1607 y(Strictly)i(sp)q(eaking)g(the)h(game)e
4050 (tree)j(is)e(not)g(a)g(tree,)i(but)e(rather)i(a)e(directed)h(graph.)262
4051 1657 y(This)12 b(is)h(b)q(ecause)i(some)d(no)q(des)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(reac)o
4052 (hed)g(through)f(di\013eren)o(t)h(paths,)f(kno)o(wn)g(as)g(a)262
4053 1707 y(transp)q(osition)i(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)20 b(F)m(or)15
4054 b(the)h(purp)q(ose)g(of)f(consistency)h(with)f(other)h(material)d(on)262
4055 1757 y(the)h(sub)r(ject)h(I)f(will)f(also)g(use)i(the)f(term)f(searc)o(h)i
4056 (or)f(game)f(tree.)324 1842 y(There)i(are)f(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(w)o(a)
4057 o(ys)h(the)g(game)f(tree)i(can)f(b)q(e)g(expanded)h(and)f(searc)o(hed:)324
4058 1925 y Ff(\017)20 b Fl(Depth)c(\014rst)g(searc)o(h)p Fp(:)k(The)15
4059 b(\014rst)h(branc)o(h)g(is)f(explored)h(to)f(the)h(required)g(depth)365
4060 1975 y(b)q(efore)k(the)f(mac)o(hine)e(starts)j(on)e(the)h(next)h(unexplored)f
4061 (branc)o(h)g(one)g(lev)o(el)f(up.)365 2024 y(This)c(con)o(tin)o(ues)g(un)o
4062 (til)g(all)e(no)q(des)j(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)h(explored)f(to)g(the)g
4063 (required)h(depth.)324 2107 y Ff(\017)20 b Fl(Breadth)d(\014rst)f(searc)o(h)p
4064 Fp(:)21 b(All)15 b(no)q(des)i(at)e(one)h(lev)o(el)g(are)g(examined)e(b)q
4065 (efore)j(pro-)365 2157 y(gressing)i(one)f(lev)o(el)g(do)o(wn)f(the)i(tree)g
4066 (and)f(examining)d(all)i(no)q(des)i(at)e(that)h(lev)o(el.)365
4067 2207 y(This)c(con)o(tin)o(ues)g(un)o(til)g(all)e(no)q(des)j(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q
4068 (een)h(explored)f(to)g(the)g(required)h(depth.)324 2290 y Ff(\017)20
4069 b Fl(Best)13 b(\014rst)f(searc)o(h)p Fp(:)j(A)o(t)d(eac)o(h)g(step)h(the)f
4070 (most)e(promising)g(no)q(de)i(is)f(selected)i(from)365 2340
4071 y(all)h(the)h(no)q(des)g(generated)h(so)f(far)f(in)g(the)h(tree.)22
4072 b(New)15 b(no)q(des)g(are)g(then)g(generated)365 2390 y(from)g(the)i
4073 (selected)h(no)q(de,)g(and)e(again,)f(the)i(most)f(promising)e(no)q(de)j(is)f
4074 (selected.)365 2440 y(A)f(no)q(de)g(can)f(b)q(e)h(selected)h(as)f(most)e
4075 (promising)f(no)i(matter)g(where)h(in)f(the)h(tree)h(it)957
4078 17 18 bop 365 307 a Fp(o)q(ccurs.)19 b(Also)12 b(no)q(des)h(previously)f
4079 (searc)o(hed,)i(but)f(rejected)h(as)e(unpromising,)f(ma)o(y)365
4080 357 y(again)i(b)q(ecome)h(promising)d(and)j(b)q(e)h(re-searc)o(hed.)324
4081 440 y(Note)20 b(that)g(the)h(required)f(depth)h(will)d(b)q(e)j(the)f
4082 (limiting)d(factor)j(for)f(the)i(breadth)262 490 y(\014rst)e(and)g(depth)h
4083 (\014rst)g(searc)o(hes.)36 b(The)20 b(b)q(est)g(\014rst)g(searc)o(h)g(m)o
4084 (ust)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(some)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(of)262 540 y(terminating,)11
4085 b(although)i(depth)i(ma)o(y)d(not)h(b)q(e)i(the)f(limiting)d(factor.)324
4086 625 y(I)g(kno)o(w)g(of)f(no)h(activ)o(e)h(programs)e(whic)o(h)h(uses)h(the)g
4087 (breadth)g(\014rst)g(searc)o(h.)19 b(Most)11 b(c)o(hess)262
4088 675 y(programs)i(use)i(a)f(mo)q(di\014ed)f(v)o(ersion)i(of)f(the)h(depth)g
4089 (\014rst)g(searc)o(h.)21 b(These)15 b(mo)q(di\014cations)262
4090 725 y(will)10 b(b)q(e)i(explained)g(in)f(c)o(hapter)i(3.)k(The)12
4091 b(b)q(est)h(\014rst)f(pro)q(cedure)i(is)e(used)g(in)g(some)f(selectiv)o(e)262
4092 774 y(searc)o(h)20 b(programs.)35 b(Of)20 b(particular)f(in)o(terest)i(is)f
4093 (the)g(B*)g(tree)h(searc)o(h)g(algorithm)c([6],)262 824 y(a)g(dev)o(elopmen)o
4094 (t)g(of)g(the)h(b)q(est)h(\014rst)g(searc)o(h.)30 b(This)18
4095 b(algorithm)d(attempts)i(to)h(allo)o(w)e(for)262 874 y(uncertain)o(t)o(y)e
4096 (to)g(b)q(e)g(expressed)i(in)e(the)g(searc)o(h)h(tree.)324
4097 959 y(The)20 b(searc)o(h)g(of)f(a)g(t)o(w)o(o-pla)o(y)o(er)g(game)f(tree)i
4098 (can)g(b)q(e)g(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g(b)o(y)f(the)h(use)g(of)f(the)262
4099 1009 y(minim)o(ax)11 b(pro)q(cedure.)20 b(This)14 b(is)g(based)h(on)f(the)g
4100 (idea)g(that)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(exist,)g(Max)g(and)262
4101 1059 y(Min.)23 b(Max)16 b(c)o(ho)q(oses)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(leading)g(to)h(high)f
4102 (scores,)j(where)f(as)f(Min)g(c)o(ho)q(oses)h(mo)o(v)o(es)262
4103 1109 y(leading)10 b(to)i(lo)o(w)f(scores.)19 b(Max)12 b(and)f(Min)h(c)o(ho)q
4104 (ose)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(at)h(alternate)g(lev)o(els)g(of)f(the)i(tree,)262
4105 1158 y(o)q(dd)g(and)h(ev)o(en)h(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)262
4106 1331 y Fr(2.5)69 b(Selectiv)n(e)20 b(Searc)n(hing)262 1458
4107 y Fp(It)13 b(has)g(b)q(een)i(sho)o(wn)e(b)o(y)g(de)h(Gro)q(ot)f([16)o(,)f
4108 (17])h(that)g(there)h(are)g(on)f(a)o(v)o(erage)g(38)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)h(a)
4109 262 1507 y(giv)o(en)d(p)q(osition,)h(y)o(et)g(only)f(an)h(a)o(v)o(erage)g(of)
4110 g(1.76)e(go)q(o)q(d)i(mo)o(v)o(es)1229 1492 y Fk(1)1257 1507
4111 y Fp(exist)h(in)f(eac)o(h)g(p)q(osition.)17 b(A)262 1557 y(h)o(uman)11
4112 b(c)o(hess)k(master's)d(searc)o(h)j(tree)f(t)o(ypically)e(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)g
4113 (a)h(total)g(of)g(around)g(35)f(mo)o(v)o(es;)262 1607 y(v)n(ariations)18
4114 b(are)i(explored)h(to)e(an)h(a)o(v)o(erage)g(depth)g(of)g(7)f(plies.)36
4115 b(It)20 b(is)g(clear)g(from)e(the)262 1657 y(researc)o(h)e(of)f(de)g(Gro)q
4116 (ot)g(that)g(the)h(h)o(uman)d(c)o(hess)k(master)d(is)h(v)o(ery)g(e\016cien)o
4117 (t)h(at)f(selecting)262 1707 y(mo)o(v)o(es)8 b(to)h(explore)h(further.)17
4118 b(It)10 b(therefore)h(seems)e(logical)f(to)h(program)f(a)i(computer)f(whic)o
4119 (h)262 1756 y(selects)18 b(the)g(most)e(plausible)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)g(b)q(e)
4120 i(explored)f(next)h(from)d(those)j(a)o(v)n(ailable.)25 b(If)262
4121 1806 y(suc)o(h)18 b(a)g(program)e(had)i(a)g(selection)h(mec)o(hanism)c(as)j
4122 (sophisticated)h(as)f(a)g(master's,)g(it)262 1856 y(w)o(ould)c(almost)f
4123 (certainly)i(pla)o(y)f(at)g(master)h(lev)o(el)g(or)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)21
4124 b(This)15 b(metho)q(d)f(is)h(kno)o(w)g(as)262 1906 y Fm(Sele)n(ctive)f(Se)n
4125 (ar)n(ching)g Fp(or)g(a)g(Shannon)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g(B/C)g(strategy)m(.)324
4126 1991 y(The)j(Green)o(blatt)f(program)f(w)o(as)i(the)g(\014rst)g(successful)h
4127 ('selectiv)o(e')f(searc)o(hing)g(c)o(hess)262 2041 y(program)12
4128 b(whic)o(h)j(could)f(pla)o(y)f(at)h(a)h(reasonable)f(lev)o(el.)20
4129 b(The)14 b(program)f(placed)i(limits)d(on)262 2091 y(the)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f
4130 (of)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(whic)o(h)i(could)f(b)q(e)i(searc)o(hed)g(at)e(di\013eren)
4131 o(t)i(depths.)k(The)14 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)262 2141 y(of)h(branc)o(hes)j
4132 (explored)f(in)f(the)i(\014rst)f(5)f(plies)h(w)o(ere)g(as)g(follo)o(ws:)22
4133 b(15,)16 b(15,)g(9,)g(9,)h(7.)26 b(This)262 2190 y(tap)q(ering)11
4134 b(of)h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(mean)o(t)e(that)h(deep)q(er)h(searc)o(hes)h(w)o(ere)
4135 f(p)q(ossible)f(when)g(compared)262 2240 y(with)k(the)i(full)e(width)h
4136 (approac)o(h)h(at)f(the)h(time.)26 b(In)18 b(the)g(early)f(1970's,)f(Hans)i
4137 (Berliner)262 2290 y(considered)c(v)o(ery)g(selectiv)o(e)h(searc)o(hing)f(as)
4138 f(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)d(forw)o(ard)h(and)h(exp)q(ected)h(the)f(searc)o(h)262
4139 2340 y(tree)j(w)o(ould)d(con)o(tain)i(less)g(than)g(500)f(no)q(des.)24
4140 b(It)16 b(is)g(ironic)f(that)h(Hans)g(is)f(no)o(w)h(a)f(ma)r(jor)p
4141 262 2374 573 2 v 308 2401 a Fj(1)325 2413 y Fi(Grandmaster)8
4142 b(standard)h(mo)o(v)o(es)957 2574 y Fp(17)p eop
4144 18 19 bop 262 307 a Fp(force)11 b(b)q(ehind)g(Hitec)o(h,)h(a)f(v)o(ery)g
4145 (strong)g(brute)h(force)g(searc)o(hing)f(program)e(from)h(Carnegie-)262
4146 357 y(Mellon)j(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)m(.)324 442 y(The)21 b(b)q(est)h(attempt)e
4147 (at)g(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(hing)f(w)o(as)f(made)g(b)o(y)g(Wilkins)f([61],)i
4148 (who)262 492 y(pro)q(duced)14 b(a)f(kno)o(wledge)g(based)h(program,)d(P)m
4149 (ARADISE.)i(The)g(program)f(p)q(erformed)h(at)262 542 y(the)h(exp)q(ert)h
4150 (lev)o(el)f(in)f(the)i(relativ)o(ely)e(narro)o(w)h(domain)d(of)j(tactical)f
4151 (problems.)324 627 y(All)e(the)h(attempts)g(to)f(create)j(a)d(go)q(o)q(d)h
4152 (selectiv)o(e)h(searc)o(h)g(program)d(to)i(pla)o(y)e(the)j(whole)262
4153 677 y(game)j(ha)o(v)o(e)j(hit)f(problems.)30 b(This)18 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i
4154 (it)e(is)g(vital)g(to)g(include)g(all)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)262
4155 727 y(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)g(the)i(selectiv)o(e)h(searc)o(h,)g(as)e(an)o(y)g(mo)o
4156 (v)o(es)f(not)h(selected)i(can)f(nev)o(er)g(b)q(e)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)262
4157 777 y(o)o(v)o(er)13 b(the)i(b)q(oard.)j(This)c(can)g(cause)h(serious)f
4158 (tactical)g(threats)h(to)f(b)q(e)g(o)o(v)o(erlo)q(ok)o(ed.)324
4159 862 y(Some)c(mo)o(v)o(es)h(ma)o(y)e(not)j(app)q(ear)g(immediately)c
4160 (plausible,)j(although)g(they)h(ma)o(y)e(turn)262 912 y(out)16
4161 b(to)h(b)q(e)g(v)o(ery)g(strong)g(some)e(mo)o(v)o(es)h(later.)26
4162 b(F)m(or)16 b(these)i(reasons)g(man)o(y)d(go)q(o)q(d)h(mo)o(v)o(es)262
4163 961 y(are)d(o)o(v)o(erlo)q(ok)o(ed)f(and)h(not)g(selected)i(b)o(y)e(a)f
4164 (plausible)g(mo)o(v)o(e)g(generator.)18 b(These)d(problems)262
4165 1011 y(are)f(b)q(est)h(illustrated)f(b)o(y)f(some)g(examples.)p
4166 641 1105 673 5 v 641 1769 5 665 v 646 1188 a Fg(rm0Z0skZ)646
4167 1271 y(o0l0mpop)646 1354 y(bo0ZpZ0Z)646 1437 y(Z0opO0Z0)646
4168 1520 y(PZ0O0Z0Z)646 1603 y(Z0OBZNZ0)646 1686 y(0ZPZ0OPO)646
4169 1769 y(S0AQJ0ZR)p 1310 1769 V 641 1773 673 5 v 659 1892 a Fp(Figure)h(2.6:)j
4170 (White)d(to)f(pla)o(y)g(and)h(win.)324 2010 y(In)g(\014gure)i(2.6,)d(white)i
4171 (can)f(pla)o(y)g(1.)20 b(Bxh7+)15 b(Kxh7)f(2.)20 b(Ng5+)15
4172 b(Kg8)f(3.)20 b(Qh5)15 b(leading)262 2060 y(to)j(mate.)31 b(The)20
4173 b(initial)c(mo)o(v)o(e)h(ma)o(y)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)j(not)e(app)q(ear)i
4174 (plausible)e(to)g(a)h(selectiv)o(e)262 2110 y(searc)o(h)13
4175 b(program)e(b)q(ecause)k(it)d(app)q(ears)h(to)g(lose)f(the)i(bishop)e(for)g
4176 (a)h(pa)o(wn.)k(An)o(y)12 b(plausible)262 2159 y(mo)o(v)o(e)i(generator)i
4177 (whic)o(h)g(did)f(consider)h(Bxh7+)g(plausible)f(w)o(ould)g(need)i(to)f
4178 ('recognise')262 2209 y(in)e(\014gure)i(2.7,)e(an)h(almost)f(iden)o(tical)g
4179 (p)q(osition,)h(that)g(1.)22 b(Bxh7+)16 b(Kxh7)f(2.)22 b(Ng5+)15
4180 b(Kg8)262 2259 y(3.)i(Qh5)d(fails)f(to)h(3.)j(...)g(Bd3.)957
4183 19 20 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rm0Z0skZ)646
4184 482 y(o0l0mpop)646 565 y(bo0ZpZ0Z)646 648 y(Z0opO0Z0)646 731
4185 y(PZ0O0Z0Z)646 814 y(Z0OBZNZ0)646 897 y(0O0Z0OPO)646 980 y(S0AQJ0ZR)p
4186 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 605 1101 a Fp(Figure)14 b(2.7:)j(White)c(to)h(pla)
4187 o(y)m(,)e(no)i(forced)g(win.)324 1218 y(These)f(di\016culties)g(illustrate)f
4188 (that)g(to)h(k)o(eep)g(the)g(branc)o(hing)f(factor)g(do)o(wn)g(the)h(plau-)
4189 262 1268 y(sible)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(generator)i(needs)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(v)o(ery)f
4190 (selectiv)o(e,)i(while)d(not)i(excluding)f(k)o(ey)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)262
4191 1318 y(A)o(t)f(the)g(presen)o(t)i(time)c(w)o(e)i(do)g(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)
4192 g(capabilit)o(y)e(to)i(instill)f(enough)h(h)o(uman)e(c)o(hess)262
4193 1368 y(kno)o(wledge)j(in)o(to)g(a)h(program)e(to)i(mak)o(e)e(this)i(metho)q
4194 (d)f(e\013ectiv)o(e)j(for)d(the)i(whole)e(game.)262 1540 y
4195 Fr(2.6)69 b(F)-6 b(ull)22 b(Width)g(Searc)n(hing)262 1667 y
4196 Fp(Instead)10 b(of)g(selecting)g(promising)e(lines)i(to)g(in)o(v)o(estigate)g
4197 (further,)h(it)e(is)h(p)q(ossible)g(to)g(explore)262 1716 y(all)15
4198 b(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)h(a)g(giv)o(en)f(depth.)26 b(This)16 b(Shannon)g(t)o(yp)q
4199 (e)h(A)f(metho)q(d)g(is)g(kno)o(wn)g(as)g(a)g Fm(F)m(ul)r(l)262
4200 1766 y(Width)f(Se)n(ar)n(ch)f Fp(or)g(a)f Fm(Brute)i(F)m(or)n(c)n(e)f(Se)n
4201 (ar)n(ch)p Fp(.)324 1851 y(This)f(metho)q(d)g(is)h(m)o(uc)o(h)e(easier)j(to)f
4202 (implem)o(en)o(t)e(than)h(a)h(selectiv)o(e)h(searc)o(h.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)
4203 262 1901 y(in)g(order)i(for)f(pla)o(y)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(of)e(a)h(reasonable)h
4204 (standard)g(a)f(relativ)o(ely)f(deep)i(searc)o(h)h(is)262 1951
4205 y(necessary)m(.)34 b(The)20 b(problem)d(here)j(is)f(that)g(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q
4206 (er)e(of)g(no)q(des)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(in)g(a)h(full)262
4207 2001 y(width)11 b(searc)o(h)i(gro)o(ws)e(exp)q(onen)o(tially)g(with)g(depth.)
4208 18 b(In)12 b(a)f(tree)i(of)e(uniform)f(width)h(38,)g(the)262
4209 2051 y(searc)o(h)j(tree)h(will)d(con)o(tain)h(o)o(v)o(er)h(3)f(billion)f(no)q
4210 (des)i(after)g(just)g(6)f(plies.)18 b(T)m(o)13 b(cut)h(do)o(wn)g(this)262
4211 2100 y(exp)q(onen)o(tial)c(explosion,)g(v)n(arious,)g(often)h(complicated)e
4212 (tec)o(hniques)j(need)g(to)e(b)q(e)i(used.)18 b(In)262 2150
4213 y(fact,)c(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)g(full)f(width)h(searc)o(h)h(requires)h(man)o(y)c
4214 (supp)q(ort)k(routines)f(to)f(enable)h(a)f(deep)262 2200 y(searc)o(h)h(to)f
4215 (b)q(e)g(completed)g(in)g(a)g(reasonable)g(time)f(\(3)h(min)o(utes\).)k
4216 (Using)c(the)g(tec)o(hniques)262 2250 y(curren)o(tly)g(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(it)j
4217 (is)g(p)q(ossible)g(to)g(reduce)i(the)f(a)o(v)o(erage)f(branc)o(hing)g
4218 (factor)g(of)f(a)h(full)262 2300 y(width)h(searc)o(h)i(from)d(38)i(to)g
4219 (around)g(6)f(to)h(8)g(branc)o(hes.)22 b(This)15 b(is)g(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g
4220 (through)g(the)262 2350 y(use)f(of)g(bac)o(kw)o(ard)f(pruning)h(tec)o
4221 (hniques)h(whic)o(h)f(will)e(b)q(e)j(explained)f(in)f(detail)g(in)h(a)g
4222 (later)262 2399 y(c)o(hapter.)j(Some)10 b(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h)g
4223 (programs)d(actually)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(branc)o(hing)h(factor)g(higher)262
4224 2449 y(than)j(8)g(e.g.)20 b(Green)o(blatt's)15 b(MacHac)o(k.)20
4225 b(In)15 b(suc)o(h)g(cases)h(a)f(full)e(width)h(searc)o(h)i(can)f(reac)o(h)957
4228 20 21 bop 262 307 a Fp(at)14 b(least)i(as)f(deep)h(as)f(the)h(selectiv)o(e)g
4229 (searc)o(h,)g(without)f(an)o(y)g(of)f(the)i(p)q(ossible)f(dra)o(wbac)o(ks)262
4230 357 y(whic)o(h)e(w)o(ere)i(outlined)f(in)f(the)h(previous)h(section.)262
4231 530 y Fr(2.7)69 b(Quiescence)262 656 y Fp(A)19 b(p)q(osition)f(is)h
4232 (considered)h Fm(Quiesc)n(ent)f Fp(if)f(it)g(is)h(quiet)g(\(inactiv)o(e\).)33
4233 b(A)19 b(quiet)g(p)q(osition)262 706 y(could)10 b(b)q(e)i(one)f(where)h(no)f
4234 (imm)o(ediate)e(threats)j(exist.)17 b(It)11 b(is)g(v)o(ery)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)
4235 e(in)i(an)o(y)f(c)o(hess)262 756 y(program)k(to)h(determine)h(whether)h(a)f
4236 (p)q(osition)f(is)g Fm(Quiesc)n(ent)h Fp(or)g(not,)f(b)q(efore)i(applying)262
4237 805 y(the)12 b(ev)n(aluation)f(function.)17 b(F)m(or)12 b(example,)f(it)h(w)o
4238 (ould)f(b)q(e)i(wrong)f(to)g(apply)g(an)g(ev)n(aluation)262
4239 855 y(function)k(to)g(a)g(p)q(osition)g(where)i(a)e(capture)i(had)e(just)h
4240 (tak)o(en)f(place)h(without)f(c)o(hec)o(king)262 905 y(if)f(a)h(piece)h(can)f
4241 (b)q(e)h(recaptured.)26 b(P)o(ositions)16 b(can)h(also)e(b)q(e)i(un-quiescen)
4242 o(t)g(on)f(p)q(ositional)262 955 y(grounds,)d(although)g(the)i(detection)g
4243 (of)e(suc)o(h)i(p)q(ositions)f(is)f(far)h(more)f(complicated)g(than)262
4244 1005 y(for)g(quiescence)j(in)o(v)o(olving)c(tactics.)324 1090
4245 y(An)i(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(should)g(only)g(b)q(e)g(applied)g(in)g
4246 (quiescen)o(t)h(p)q(ositions.)k(Most)262 1140 y(curren)o(t)g(programs)d
4247 (resolv)o(e)j(this)f(problem)e(of)h(quiescence)j(b)o(y)e(doing)f(what)g(is)h
4248 (kno)o(wn)262 1190 y(as)c(a)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h.)k(That)14
4249 b(is,)g(a)g(limited)e(searc)o(h)j(is)f(p)q(erformed)g(un)o(til)f(a)h
4250 (quiescen)o(t)262 1239 y(p)q(osition)j(is)i(reac)o(hed.)33
4251 b(Only)19 b(at)f(that)h(stage)g(are)g(factors)g(suc)o(h)g(as)g(material)e
4252 (balance)262 1289 y(ev)n(aluated.)h(In)c(principle)g(this)h(idea)f(is)g(an)g
4253 (excellen)o(t)h(one.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 b(in)g(practice)h(most)262
4254 1339 y(programs)e(only)h(p)q(erform)h(what)f(is)h(kno)o(wn)g(as)g(a)g
4255 (capture)h(searc)o(h)g(at)f(horizon)f(no)q(des)i(of)262 1389
4256 y(their)d(main)e(searc)o(h)k(in)d(order)i(to)f(resolv)o(e)h(the)g(quiescence)
4257 h(problem.)h(In)e(suc)o(h)g(a)e(capture)262 1439 y(searc)o(h)g(the)g(side)g
4258 (to)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(can)h(either)h(stop)g(the)g(searc)o(h)g(along)e(a)h(branc)
4259 o(h)h(and)f(accept)i(the)262 1488 y(curren)o(t)i(ev)n(aluation)e(score)i(or)f
4260 (mak)o(e)e(more)h(capture)j(mo)o(v)o(es.)h(When)d(no)g(captures)h(exist)262
4261 1538 y(for)j(the)i(side)g(to)f(mo)o(v)o(e,)f(the)i(p)q(osition)e(is)h
4262 (considered)i(quiescen)o(t.)35 b(This)19 b("quiescence)262
4263 1588 y(searc)o(h")i(signi\014can)o(tly)e(impro)o(v)o(es)g(the)i(abilit)o(y)e
4264 (of)h(the)h(c)o(hess)h(programs)d(that)h(use)h(it.)262 1638
4265 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(man)o(y)d(threats)k(can)f(b)q(e)g(o)o(v)o(erlo)q(ok)
4266 o(ed)f(b)o(y)h(suc)o(h)g(a)g(searc)o(h,)g(for)g(example,)e(a)h(mo)o(v)o(e)262
4267 1688 y(forking)h(a)i(king)f(and)h(queen.)262 1860 y Fr(2.8)69
4268 b(Horizon)23 b(E\013ect)262 1987 y Fp(Chess)13 b(programs)e(t)o(ypically)f
4269 (su\013er)j(from)e(what)h(is)g(kno)o(wn)f(as)h(the)h Fm(Horizon)g(E\013e)n
4270 (ct)p Fp(.)18 b(This)262 2037 y(e\013ect)13 b(is)e(b)q(est)i(describ)q(ed)h
4271 (using)d(an)g(example.)16 b(In)c(\014gure)g(2.8,)f(it)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(seen)h
4272 (that)f(blac)o(k)262 2086 y(is)j(faced)i(with)e(the)i(certain)g(loss)f(of)f
4273 (its)h(queen)h(for)f(at)g(most)f(a)g(white)h(ro)q(ok.)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)
4274 262 2136 y(if)15 b(a)h(program)f(searc)o(hing)h(2)g(plies)h(w)o(ere)g(pla)o
4275 (ying)d(blac)o(k)i(it)g(w)o(ould)g(think)f(it)h(could)g(sa)o(v)o(e)262
4276 2186 y(the)g(queen)h(b)o(y)e(pla)o(ying)f(Bxh2+.)24 b(This)16
4277 b(app)q(ears)h(to)e(the)i(program)d(to)h(sa)o(v)o(e)h(the)h(queen)262
4278 2236 y(b)q(ecause)e(its)f(loss)g(is)g(no)o(w)f(pushed)i(o)o(v)o(er)f(the)g
4279 (program's)f(searc)o(h)i(horizon.)957 2574 y(20)p eop
4281 21 22 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZ0Z0skZ)646
4282 482 y(opZ0Zpop)646 565 y(0Z0apm0Z)646 648 y(Z0o0Z0Z0)646 731
4283 y(0Z0ZPZ0Z)646 814 y(ZPAPZ0Z0)646 897 y(qZPZBOPO)646 980 y(S0ZQZRJ0)p
4284 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 432 1102 a Fp(Figure)14 b(2.8:)j(Illustration)c
4285 (of)h(the)g(Horizon)g(E\013ect,)h(Blac)o(k)f(to)f(Pla)o(y)m(.)324
4286 1221 y(This)g(horizon)g(e\013ect)i(is)f(particularly)e(prev)n(alen)o(t)i(in)f
4287 (programs)f(whic)o(h)h(explore)h(v)n(ari-)262 1271 y(ations)k(to)g(a)g
4288 (\014xed)h(depth.)32 b(This)19 b(is)f(b)q(ecause)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e(whic)o(h)g
4289 (dela)o(y)g(the)h(loss)f(b)q(ey)o(ond)262 1320 y(the)f(depth)h(limit)c(are)j
4290 (considered)i(go)q(o)q(d.)26 b(A)17 b(program)f(whic)o(h)g(can)i(extend)g
4291 (its)e(searc)o(h)262 1370 y(depth)h(along)e(v)n(ariations)h(whic)o(h)g(lead)h
4292 (to)f(non-quiescen)o(t)i(p)q(ositions)e(is)h(b)q(etter)h(able)f(to)262
4293 1420 y(a)o(v)o(oid)d(problems)h(caused)i(b)o(y)f(the)h(horizon)e(e\013ect.)27
4294 b(A)16 b(program's)e(abilit)o(y)g(to)i(minim)o(ise)262 1470
4295 y(the)f(horizon)h(e\013ect)h(is)e(therefore)i(largely)d(dep)q(enden)o(t)j(on)
4296 e(its)h(de\014nition)f(of)f(quiescence)262 1520 y(and)f(ho)o(w)h
4297 (non-quiescen)o(t)h(p)q(ositions)e(are)h(resolv)o(ed.)957 2574
4300 22 23 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(3)262 897 y Fo(Adv)-7 b(anced)39
4301 b(T)-10 b(opics)262 1148 y Fp(This)11 b(c)o(hapter)i(con)o(tains)f(b)q(oth)g
4302 (an)f(explanation)g(and)g(review)i(of)e(some)g(of)g(the)h(tec)o(hniques)262
4303 1198 y(I)k(ha)o(v)o(e)h(researc)o(hed)i(during)e(m)o(y)e(in)o(v)o(estigation)
4304 h(in)o(to)g(tactical)g(and)h(p)q(ositional)f(ev)n(alua-)262
4305 1248 y(tion.)26 b(Some)15 b(of)h(the)i(tec)o(hniques)g(represen)o(t)h(the)e
4306 (state)h(of)e(the)h(art,)g(others)h(ha)o(v)o(e)e(b)q(een)262
4307 1298 y(rejected)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(computer)f(c)o(hess)i(comm)o(unit)o(y)12
4308 b(as)j(no)h(longer)f(b)q(eing)g(suitable.)22 b(These)262 1347
4309 y(older)11 b(tec)o(hniques)i(are)f(in)o(v)o(estigated)g(b)q(ecause)h(they)f
4310 (ma)o(y)e(con)o(tain)h(ideas)h(relev)n(an)o(t)g(to)f(m)o(y)262
4311 1397 y(pro)r(ject,)i(and)f(ma)o(y)f(in)h(fact)h(still)f(b)q(e)h(useful)g
4312 (when)g(com)o(bined)e(with)h(some)g(other)h(ideas)g(of)262
4313 1447 y(m)o(y)f(o)o(wn.)262 1620 y Fr(3.1)69 b(T)-6 b(ree)22
4314 b(Searc)n(hing)262 1746 y Fp(This)16 b(section)i(co)o(v)o(ers)g(tec)o
4315 (hniques)g(for)e(searc)o(hing)h(the)h(game)d(tree.)28 b(The)18
4316 b(basic)f(alpha{)262 1796 y(b)q(eta)j(searc)o(h)g(algorithm)d(is)i(explained)
4317 h(and)f(v)n(arious)g(enhancemen)o(ts)h(o)o(v)o(er)f(the)h(basic)262
4318 1846 y(algorithm)14 b(are)j(presen)o(ted.)28 b(These)18 b(bac)o(kw)o(ard)f
4319 (pruning)f(algorithms)e(are)j(most)f(appli-)262 1896 y(cable)g(to)g(full)f
4320 (width)h(searc)o(hing.)25 b(This)16 b(section)h(also)e(con)o(tains)h(a)g
4321 (brief)g(description)h(of)262 1945 y(t)o(w)o(o)c(forw)o(ard)g(pruning)h(tec)o
4322 (hniques)h(more)e(applicable)g(to)h(an)g(algorithmic)d(approac)o(h)j(to)262
4323 1995 y(selectiv)o(e)g(searc)o(hing.)262 2147 y Fu(3.1.1)55
4324 b(Alpha)19 b(Beta)f(Searc)n(h)h(Algorithm)262 2259 y Fp(In)11
4325 b(1958,)g(it)h(w)o(as)f(disco)o(v)o(ered)i([42)o(])f(that)g(large)f(sa)o
4326 (vings)h(could)f(b)q(e)i(made)d(o)o(v)o(er)i(the)h(normal)262
4327 2309 y(minim)o(ax)f(pro)q(cedure)18 b(b)o(y)e(the)h(use)f(of)g(what)f(is)h
4328 (no)o(w)g(kno)o(wn)f(as)h(the)h(Alpha-Beta)f(\()p Fh(\013\014)r
4329 Fp(\))262 2359 y(searc)o(h)j(algorithm.)30 b(The)19 b Fh(\013\014)i
4330 Fp(algorithm)16 b(uses)k(t)o(w)o(o)e(b)q(ounds,)i(a)e(lo)o(w)o(er)g(b)q(ound)
4331 h(called)262 2408 y(alpha)d(and)h(an)g(upp)q(er)h(b)q(ound)f(called)g(b)q
4332 (eta.)29 b(These)18 b(b)q(ounds)g(form)d(a)i(searc)o(h)h(windo)o(w)957
4335 23 24 bop 262 307 a Fp(within)18 b(whic)o(h)i(the)g(true)h(searc)o(h)g(tree)g
4336 (v)n(alue)e(is)g(kno)o(wn)g(to)h(lie.)35 b(Kn)o(uth)20 b(and)f(Mo)q(ore)262
4337 357 y(giv)o(e)d(an)i(in)e(depth)j(analysis)d(of)h(this)g(bac)o(kw)o(ard)h
4338 (pruning)f(algorithm)e(in)h([33)o(].)28 b(Figure)262 407 y(3.1)14
4339 b(illustrates)h(the)h(application)e(of)h(the)h Fh(\013\014)i
4340 Fp(b)q(ounds.)23 b(The)16 b(\014gure)g(uses)g(the)g(negamax)262
4341 457 y(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)d(where)j(eac)o(h)f(subtree)h(returns)g(its)e(v)n
4342 (alue)f(negated.)20 b(This)14 b(allo)o(ws)f(eac)o(h)i(side)262
4343 506 y(to)g(maxim)o(ise)e(its)i(score)h(at)g(eac)o(h)f(lev)o(el)g(of)g(the)h
4344 (tree,)g(simplifying)c(the)k(implemen)o(tation)262 556 y(of)d(the)h
4345 (algorithm.)i Fh(\013)d Fp(and)h Fh(\014)i Fp(are)f(initially)c(set)k(to)f
4346 Ff(\0001)f Fp(and)h(+)p Ff(1)g Fp(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)557
4347 1447 y(Figure)g(3.1:)j(An)d(example)f(Negamax)f(Searc)o(h)j(tree.)324
4348 1542 y(In)e(the)h(\014gure,)f(no)q(des)h(C)g(and)f(D)g(are)g(searc)o(hed)i
4349 (and)e(ev)n(aluated,)g(resulting)g(in)g(scores)262 1592 y(of)g
4350 Ff(\000)p Fp(5)i(and)f Ff(\000)p Fp(2)h(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)21
4351 b(Using)14 b(negamax)f(a)h(score)i(of)e(+2)h(is)f(bac)o(k)o(ed)h(up)g(to)f
4352 (no)q(de)262 1642 y(B.)j(This)g(v)n(alue)g(then)i(replaces)f(the)h
4353 Fh(\013)e Fp(v)n(alue)g(at)g(ply)g(1)g(b)q(ecause)j(it)d(is)g(larger)h(than)f
4354 Fh(\013)p Fp(.)262 1691 y(No)q(de)d(F)f(is)h(then)g(searc)o(hed,)h(whic)o(h)f
4355 (pro)q(duces)h(a)e(v)n(alue)g(of)g(+1.)18 b(This)c(v)n(alue)f(is)g(not)h
4356 (large)262 1741 y(enough)f(to)f(a\013ect)i(the)g Fh(\013)e
4357 Fp(v)n(alue)g(at)h(ply)f(1)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)k(Hence,)e(there)f(is)f(no)f
4358 (reason)i(to)e(searc)o(h)262 1791 y(no)q(de)18 b(G)g(since)h(the)g(resulting)
4359 f(v)n(alue)g(of)g(no)q(de)g(E)h(can)f(only)g(b)q(e)h Ff(\024)g(\000)p
4360 Fp(1)f(\(negamaxed\).)262 1841 y(Therefore,)h(no)q(de)f(G)f(is)g(said)g(to)h
4361 (b)q(e)g(cut)g(o\013)f(or)h(pruned)g(from)e(the)i(searc)o(h)h(tree.)30
4362 b(The)262 1891 y(negamax)12 b(approac)o(h)i(has)g(the)h(e\013ect)g(of)f
4363 (making)d(all)i(cut)i(o\013s,)e Fh(\014)k Fp(cut)e(o\013s.)j(The)d(pseudo)262
4364 1940 y(co)q(de)f(for)g(the)g Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm)c(can)i(b)q(e)g
4365 (found)g(in)f(\014gure)i(3.2.)324 2026 y(The)10 b(normal)f(full)g(width)h
4366 (minim)o(ax)d(pro)q(cedure,)12 b(applied)e(to)g(a)g(tree)h(of)f(uniform)e
4367 (width)262 2075 y(W)15 b(and)h(depth)g(d,)g(w)o(ould)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(to)h
4368 (searc)o(h)h Fh(W)1020 2060 y Fe(d)1055 2075 y Fp(terminal)e(no)q(des.)25
4369 b(The)16 b Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm)262 2125 y(under)13 b(optimal)e
4370 (conditions)h(can)i(prune)g(a)e(tree)j(to)e(the)g(exten)o(t)h(that)f(only)g
4371 (the)g(follo)o(wing)262 2175 y(terminal)f(no)q(des)i(need)h(to)f(b)q(e)g
4372 (examined)f([13)o(]:)324 2248 y Ff(\017)20 b Fh(W)410 2233
4373 y Fk(\()p Fe(d)p Fk(+1\))p Fe(=)p Fk(2)540 2248 y Fp(+)10 b
4374 Fh(W)627 2233 y Fk(\()p Fe(d)p Fd(\000)p Fk(1\))p Fe(=)p Fk(2)757
4375 2248 y Ff(\000)g Fp(1)k(at)f(o)q(dd)h(depths.)324 2326 y Ff(\017)20
4376 b Fp(2)9 b Ff(\001)g Fh(W)461 2311 y Fe(d=)p Fk(2)523 2326
4377 y Ff(\000)h Fp(1)j(at)h(ev)o(en)h(depths.)262 2399 y(This)g(is)h(kno)o(wn)f
4378 (as)h(the)h(minim)o(al)12 b(searc)o(h)17 b(tree.)25 b(T)m(o)16
4379 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)g(this)g(result,)g(most)f(mo)o(v)o(es)262 2449
4380 y(m)o(ust)10 b(b)q(e)h(searc)o(hed)i(in)e(a)g(descending)h(order)g(of)f
4381 (merit.)16 b(Of)11 b(course)i(the)e(true)h(merit)e(of)h(an)o(y)957
4384 24 25 bop 262 503 a Fl(F)l(unction)11 b Fp(AlphaBeta\(P)j(:)g
4385 Fl(p)q(osition)p Fp(;)c Fh(\013)p Fp(,)j Fh(\014)k Fp(:)h Fl(in)o(teger)p
4386 Fp(\))11 b Fl(returns)j(in)o(teger)262 603 y(v)m(ar)321 653
4387 y Fp(m)82 b(:)18 b Fl(mo)o(v)o(e)321 702 y Fp(score,)321 752
4388 y(b)q(est)44 b(:)18 b Fl(in)o(teger)262 852 y(b)q(egin)321
4389 952 y(if)12 b Fp(\(T)m(erminal\(P\)\))446 b(/*)13 b Fm(Is)i(p)n(osition)g(P)g
4390 (terminal)f(?)19 b Fp(*/)380 1001 y Fl(return)11 b Fp(\(Ev)n(aluate\(P)m(,)i
4391 Fh(\013)p Fp(,)g Fh(\014)r Fp(\)\))189 b(/*)13 b Fm(R)n(eturn)i(sc)n(or)n(e)g
4392 (at)f(le)n(af)h(no)n(des)f Fp(*/)321 1051 y Fl(endif)321 1151
4393 y Fp(GenerateMo)o(v)o(es\(P\))408 b(/*)13 b Fm(Gener)n(ate)i(al)r(l)f(moves)i
4394 (in)e(p)n(osition)h(P)f Fp(*/)321 1201 y(b)q(est)h(:=)e Ff(\0001)524
4395 b Fp(/*)13 b Fm(b)n(est)i(move)g(sc)n(or)n(e)f(not)i(yet)e(known)h
4396 Fp(*/)321 1250 y Fl(for)g(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e Fp(m)f Fl(do)380
4397 1300 y Fp(/*)h Fm(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i(move)g(m)g(using)g(ne)n(gamax)h(c)n
4398 (onvention)g(\(p)n(ar)n(ameters)e(r)n(everse)n(d\))f Fp(*/)380
4399 1350 y(score)i(:=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(AlphaBeta\()p Fh(P)810 1356
4400 y Fe(m)842 1350 y Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)g Ff(\000)p
4401 Fl(max)p Fp(\()p Fh(\013)p Fp(,)g(b)q(est\)\))380 1400 y Fl(if)e
4402 Fp(\(score)k Fh(>)e Fp(b)q(est\))439 1450 y(b)q(est)h(:=)e(score)391
4403 b(/*)13 b Fm(Stor)n(e)i(b)n(est)f(sc)n(or)n(e)h(found)f Fp(*/)439
4404 1499 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(b)q(est)k Ff(\025)11 b Fh(\014)r Fp(\))498
4405 1549 y Fl(return)g Fp(\(b)q(est\))315 b(/*)13 b Fh(\014)18
4406 b Fm(cut)d(o\013)g(:)k(r)n(eturn)14 b(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n(e)e
4407 Fp(*/)439 1599 y Fl(endif)380 1649 y(endif)321 1699 y(endfor)321
4408 1798 y(return)e Fp(\(b)q(est\))492 b(/*)13 b Fm(R)n(eturn)i(sc)n(or)n(e)g(of)
4409 f(b)n(est)h(move)g(found)g Fp(*/)262 1898 y Fl(end)d Fp(AlphaBeta)262
4410 2047 y(The)i Fl(max)p Fp(\()p Fh(\013)p Fp(,)f(b)q(est\))i(op)q(eration)f
4411 (represen)o(ts)j(the)d('fail)e(soft')h(condition)h(whic)o(h)f(allo)o(ws)g
4412 (the)262 2097 y(searc)o(h)i(at)e(eac)o(h)i(lev)o(el)e(to)h(return)h(the)g(b)q
4413 (est)g(v)n(alue)e(found,)g(ev)o(en)h(if)f(this)h(is)g(less)h(than)f
4414 Fh(\013)p Fp(.)552 2280 y(Figure)g(3.2:)j(Pseudo)d(co)q(de)h(for)f(the)g
4415 Fh(\013\014)i Fp(Algorithm.)957 2574 y(24)p eop
4417 25 26 bop 262 307 a Fp(mo)o(v)o(e)12 b(is)j(not)f(kno)o(wn)g(b)q(efore)i(it)e
4418 (is)g(searc)o(hed.)22 b(Therefore,)16 b(heuristics)g(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i(used)h
4419 (to)262 357 y(ac)o(hiev)o(e)d(this)h(ordering.)k(In)13 b(practice)i(the)f
4420 Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm)11 b(searc)o(hes)16 b(a)d(tree)i(3)e(to)g(6)h
4421 (times)262 407 y(larger)j(than)h(the)h(minim)o(al)14 b(tree)19
4422 b(b)q(ecause)h(of)d(sub{optimal)e(ordering.)30 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19
4423 b(the)262 457 y(enormous)14 b(sa)o(vings)h(pro)q(duced)i(b)o(y)e(using)g(the)
4424 h Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm)13 b(are)j(suc)o(h)g(that)f(it)g(b)q(egins)262
4425 506 y(to)e(mak)o(e)g(full)f(width)i(searc)o(hing)g(a)g(plausible)f
4426 (alternativ)o(e)h(to)f(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(hing.)262 656
4427 y Fu(3.1.2)55 b(Aspiration)18 b Fs(\013\014)k Fu(Searc)n(h)262
4428 768 y Fp(The)16 b(basic)g Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h)e(is)f(carried)h(out)f
4429 (with)g(initial)e Fh(\013\014)19 b Fp(v)n(alues)d(set)h(to)f
4430 Ff(\0001)g Fp(and)g(+)p Ff(1)262 818 y Fp(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)22
4431 b(The)15 b(aspiration)f Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h)f(mak)o(es)e(assumptions)g
4432 (ab)q(out)h(the)h(exp)q(ected)262 868 y(v)n(alue)d(of)i(the)g(searc)o(h)h
4433 (tree.)21 b(The)15 b Fh(\013\014)i Fp(b)q(ounds)e(are)g(therefore)h
4434 (initially)c(set)k(to)e(a)h(narro)o(w)262 917 y(windo)o(w)c(cen)o(tered)j
4435 (around)d(the)i(exp)q(ected)h(searc)o(h)f(tree)g(v)n(alue,)e
4436 Ff(\006)i Fp(a)e(pa)o(wn,)h(for)f(example.)324 1003 y(Unlik)o(e)j(the)i
4437 (basic)f Fh(\013\014)i Fp(searc)o(h)f(whic)o(h)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(returns)i
4438 (the)g(true)g(score)g(of)e(the)i(tree,)262 1053 y(an)d(aspiration)g
4439 Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h)f(can)g(pro)q(duce)g(3)e(p)q(ossible)h(outcomes:)
4440 312 1126 y(1.)20 b Fl(A)f(true)e(score)p Fp(:)22 b(The)16 b(true)h(v)n(alue)f
4441 (of)f(the)i(tree)g(lies)f(inside)g(the)h(searc)o(h)g(windo)o(w)365
4442 1176 y(and)d(w)o(as)g(therefore)h(found)f(b)o(y)f(the)i(searc)o(h.)312
4443 1254 y(2.)20 b Fl(A)c(fail)f(lo)o(w)p Fp(:)i(The)d(true)h(v)n(alue)e(of)g
4444 (the)i(tree)g(is)f(smaller)e(than)i(the)g Fh(\013)g Fp(b)q(ound.)312
4445 1332 y(3.)20 b Fl(A)d(fail)d(high)p Fp(:)j(The)e(true)g(v)n(alue)e(of)h(the)h
4446 (tree)g(is)f(larger)h(than,)e(or)i(equal)e(to,)h(the)h Fh(\014)365
4447 1382 y Fp(b)q(ound.)262 1455 y(In)i(case)i(1,)f(the)g(searc)o(h)h(has)f(b)q
4448 (een)h(successful)g(b)q(ecause)g(the)g(b)q(est)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(and)g(its)h
4449 (true)262 1505 y(v)n(alue)12 b(has)g(b)q(een)i(found.)k(In)12
4450 b(cases)i(2)f(and)f(3)h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(has)f(failed)f(to)g(\014nd)h(a)g
4451 (true)g(v)n(alue)262 1554 y(for)k(the)h(tree)g(b)q(ecause)h(of)e
4452 Fh(\013\014)j Fp(cut)e(o\013s.)29 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(the)g(direction)f
4453 (of)g(the)h(tree's)h(true)262 1604 y(v)n(alue)c(relativ)o(e)g(to)h(the)g
4454 Fh(\013\014)i Fp(b)q(ounds)f(is)e(no)o(w)h(kno)o(wn.)23 b(When)16
4455 b(the)h(searc)o(h)g(fails)d(lo)o(w)h(the)262 1654 y(true)f(v)n(alue)e(is)h
4456 (kno)o(wn)g(to)g(lie)f(in)h(the)h(range)f(\()p Ff(\0001)p Fp(,)p
4457 Fh(\013)p Fp(\),)f(and)h(when)h(it)f(fails)f(high,)g(the)i(true)262
4458 1704 y(v)n(alue)g(will)h(lie)g(in)g(the)h(range)g(\()p Fh(\014)r
4459 Fp(,+)p Ff(1)p Fp(\).)23 b(Using)16 b(the)g(appropriate)g(new)g(searc)o(h)g
4460 (windo)o(w)262 1754 y(the)e(tree)h(m)o(ust)e(b)q(e)i(re-searc)o(hed)h(to)d
4461 (\014nd)h(the)h(true)g(score.)324 1839 y(This)k(approac)o(h)h(can)g(pro)q
4462 (duce)g(a)g(noticeably)f(faster)h(searc)o(h)h(than)e(the)i(basic)e
4463 Fh(\013\014)262 1889 y Fp(algorithm)c(if)i(the)h(initial)e(windo)o(w)h(is)g
4464 (w)o(ell)h(c)o(hosen.)30 b(It)18 b(can,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(also)f(pro)q
4465 (duce)262 1939 y(a)e(slo)o(w)o(er)g(searc)o(h)i(if)d(the)i(v)n(alue)f(of)g
4466 (the)h(tree)h(lies)e(outside)h(the)g(initial)d(windo)o(w,)h(as)i(a)f(re-)262
4467 1988 y(searc)o(h)h(will)e(b)q(e)i(necessary)m(.)25 b(In)15
4468 b(c)o(hess,)i(material)d(is)h(rarely)h(w)o(on)f(or)g(lost.)23
4469 b(Therefore,)17 b(a)262 2038 y(windo)o(w)10 b(of)h(a)g(couple)h(of)e(pa)o
4470 (wns)i(width)f(will)f(only)g(fail)g(o)q(ccasionally)g(to)i(\014nd)f(a)g(true)
4471 h(score)262 2088 y(at)j(the)i(\014rst)f(attempt,)f(making)f(this)i(tec)o
4472 (hnique)g(generally)g(faster)g(than)g(the)g(basic)g Fh(\013\014)262
4473 2138 y Fp(algorithm.)262 2287 y Fu(3.1.3)55 b(Principle)17
4474 b(V)-5 b(ariation)19 b Fs(\013\014)i Fu(Searc)n(h)262 2399
4475 y Fp(The)16 b(aspiration)g Fh(\013\014)i Fp(searc)o(h)g(is)e(e\013ectiv)o(e)i
4476 (b)q(ecause)f(the)g(reduced)h Fh(\013\014)h Fp(windo)o(w)c(cuts)j(o\013)262
4477 2449 y(n)o(umerous)13 b(subtrees)k(on)d(the)h(assumption)e(that)i(something)e
4478 (b)q(etter)j(exists.)k(If)14 b(w)o(e)h(to)q(ok)957 2574 y(25)p
4481 26 27 bop 262 307 a Fp(this)13 b(reduced)j(windo)o(w)d(idea)h(to)g(its)f
4482 (limits)f(w)o(e)i(w)o(ould)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(minima)o(l)e(windo)o(w.)324
4483 392 y(A)17 b(minim)o(al)c(windo)o(w)k(uses)h Fh(\013)f Fp(and)f
4484 Fh(\014)k Fp(v)n(alues)d(set)h(so)f(close)g(together)h(that)g(no)e(tree)262
4485 442 y(v)n(alue)8 b(can)i(b)q(e)g(enclosed)h(within)e(the)h(windo)o(w.)16
4486 b(Therefore,)11 b(the)f Fh(\013\014)i Fp(searc)o(h)e(will)e(de\014nitely)262
4487 492 y(fail)13 b(lo)o(w)h(or)h(high)f(dep)q(ending)h(on)g(where)h(the)g(true)f
4488 (score)h(lies)f(relativ)o(e)g(to)g(the)g(minim)o(al)262 542
4489 y(windo)o(w,)10 b(thereb)o(y)i(iden)o(tifying)d(in)i(whic)o(h)f(direction)i
4490 (the)f(true)h(score)g(lies.)17 b(The)11 b Fl(P)p Fp(rinciple)262
4491 592 y Fl(V)p Fp(ariation)i Fh(\013\014)18 b Fl(S)p Fp(earc)o(h)d(\()p
4492 Fl(PVS)p Fp(\))g(uses)h(this)f(idea)g(b)o(y)g(\014rst)h(doing)e(a)h(basic)g
4493 Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h)e(to)262 641 y(\014nd)e(the)i(true)f(v)n(alue)f
4494 (of)g(the)i(principle)e(v)n(ariation.)19 b(All)14 b(subsequen)o(t)i(searc)o
4495 (hes)h(are)e(then)262 691 y(done)d(with)g(a)g(minima)o(l)d(windo)o(w)j(cen)o
4496 (tered)i(on)e(the)h(curren)o(t)h(v)n(alue)e(of)f(the)i(principle)g(line.)262
4497 741 y(This)h(w)o(orks)g(on)g(the)h(idea)f(that)h(it)f(is)g(m)o(uc)o(h)f
4498 (easier)i(to)f(sho)o(w)g(that)h(a)f(subtree)i(is)e(inferior)262
4499 791 y(than)h(determine)g(its)g(true)h(v)n(alue.)22 b(Therefore,)16
4500 b(when)g(a)f(minim)o(al)d(windo)o(w)i(searc)o(h)j(fails)262
4501 841 y(lo)o(w,)i(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(is)h(discarded)h(as)f(b)q(eing)g(w)o(orse)
4502 h(than)f(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(already)h(found.)33 b(If)262 891
4503 y(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(it)g(fails)f(high,)h(it)f(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)i
4504 (re-searc)o(hed)h(with)e(a)g(windo)o(w)f(wide)h(enough)g(to)262
4505 940 y(encompass)13 b(the)i(true)f(score.)324 1026 y(Figure)g(3.3)f(sho)o(ws)i
4506 (the)g(pseudo)g(co)q(de)g(for)e(the)i(PVS)g(algorithm.)h(The)f(pseudo)g(co)q
4507 (de)262 1075 y(includes)h(Reinefeld's)g(depth)h Ff(\024)g Fp(2)f(enhancemen)o
4508 (t)h([46)o(].)25 b(This)16 b(enhancemen)o(t)g(uses)i(the)262
4509 1125 y(fact)12 b(that)h(the)g('fail-soft')d(max)h(op)q(eration)i(allo)o(ws)f
4510 (true)h(scores)i(rather)e(than)g Fh(\014)i Fp(v)n(alues)e(to)262
4511 1175 y(b)q(e)f(returned)i(from)d(the)i(last)f(2)g(plies)g(of)f(the)i(tree.)19
4512 b(Hence,)14 b(at)e(the)g(b)q(ottom)f(2)h(plies)g(of)g(the)262
4513 1225 y(tree,)i(re-searc)o(hes)j(are)d(unnecessary)m(.)957 2574
4516 27 28 bop 262 342 a Fl(F)l(unction)11 b Fp(PVS\(P)k(:)e Fl(p)q(osition)p
4517 Fp(;)d Fh(\013)p Fp(,)j Fh(\014)r Fp(,)h(depth)h(:)j Fl(in)o(teger)p
4518 Fp(\))11 b Fl(returns)j(in)o(teger)262 442 y(v)m(ar)321 491
4519 y Fp(m)82 b(:)18 b Fl(mo)o(v)o(e)321 541 y Fp(score,)321 591
4520 y(b)q(est)44 b(:)18 b Fl(in)o(teger)262 691 y(b)q(egin)321
4521 790 y(if)12 b Fp(\(depth)j(=)f(0\))380 840 y Fl(return)d Fp(\(Ev)n(aluate\(P)
4522 m(,)i Fh(\013)p Fp(,)g Fh(\014)r Fp(\)\))189 b(/*)13 b Fm(Evaluate)i(le)n(af)
4523 g(no)n(de)f Fp(*/)321 890 y Fl(endif)321 990 y Fp(GenerateMo)o(v)o(es\(P\))
4524 408 b(/*)13 b Fm(Gener)n(ate)i(al)r(l)f(moves)i(in)e(p)n(osition)h(P)f
4525 Fp(*/)321 1039 y(/*)f Fm(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i(principle)f(variation)h(to)g(next)g
4526 (depth)h(using)f(ne)n(gamax)h(c)n(onvention)f Fp(*/)321 1089
4527 y(b)q(est)g(:=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(PVS\()p Fh(P)624 1095 y Fk(1)643
4528 1089 y Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)g Ff(\000)p Fh(\013)p
4529 Fp(,)f(depth)p Ff(\000)p Fp(1\))321 1139 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(b)q(est)j
4530 Ff(\025)g Fh(\014)r Fp(\))380 1189 y Fl(return)c Fp(\(b)q(est\))433
4531 b(/*)13 b Fh(\014)k Fm(cut)e(o\013)g(:)k(r)n(eturn)14 b(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n
4532 (e)e Fp(*/)321 1239 y Fl(endif)321 1289 y(for)i(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e
4533 Fp(m)f Fl(do)380 1338 y Fh(\013)h Fp(:=)h Fl(max)p Fp(\(b)q(est,)h
4534 Fh(\013)p Fp(\))339 b(/*)13 b Fm(A)o(l)r(low)h(fail)g(soft)f
4535 Fp(*/)380 1388 y(/*)g Fm(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i(move)g(m)g(to)g(next)g(depth)h(using)
4536 f(ne)n(gamax)h(c)n(onvention)f Fp(*/)380 1438 y(score)g(:=)e
4537 Ff(\000)p Fp(PVS\()p Fh(P)698 1444 y Fe(m)730 1438 y Fp(,)h
4538 Ff(\000)p Fh(\013)9 b Ff(\000)h Fp(1,)j Ff(\000)p Fh(\013)p
4539 Fp(,)g(depth)p Ff(\000)p Fp(1\))380 1488 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(score)k
4540 Fh(>)e Fp(b)q(est\))439 1538 y(/*)f Fm(R)n(e-se)n(ar)n(ch)i(only)g(if)f(sc)n
4541 (or)n(e)h(is)f(within)h Fh(\013\014)i Fm(window)d(and)i(not)f(a)g(true)f
4542 Fp(*/)439 1587 y(/*)f Fm(sc)n(or)n(e)i(r)n(eturne)n(d)f(fr)n(om)g(de)n(ep)n
4543 (est)h(2)g(levels)g(\(R)n(einefeld's)f(enhanc)n(ement\))h Fp(*/)439
4544 1637 y Fl(if)d Fp(\(\()p Fh(\013)g(<)i Fp(score\))h Fl(and)e
4545 Fp(\(score)j Fh(<)11 b(\014)r Fp(\))k Fl(and)e Fp(\(depth)i
4546 Fh(>)f Fp(2\)\))498 1687 y(b)q(est)h(:=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(PVS\()p
4547 Fh(P)801 1693 y Fe(m)833 1687 y Fh(;)7 b Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r(;)g
4548 Ff(\000)p Fp(score,)15 b(depth)p Ff(\000)p Fp(1\))439 1737
4549 y Fl(else)498 1787 y Fp(b)q(est)g(:=)e(score)439 1836 y Fl(endif)439
4550 1886 y(if)f Fp(\(b)q(est)k Ff(\025)11 b Fh(\014)r Fp(\))498
4551 1936 y Fl(return)g Fp(\(b)q(est\))315 b(/*)13 b Fh(\014)k Fm(cut)e(o\013)g(:)
4552 k(r)n(eturn)14 b(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n(e)e Fp(*/)439 1986 y Fl(endif)380
4553 2036 y(endif)321 2086 y(endfor)321 2185 y(return)e Fp(\(b)q(est\))492
4554 b(/*)13 b Fm(R)n(eturn)i(sc)n(or)n(e)g(of)f(b)n(est)h(move)g(found)g
4555 Fp(*/)262 2285 y Fl(end)d Fp(PVS)537 2467 y(Figure)i(3.3:)j(Pseudo)d(co)q(de)
4556 h(for)f(the)g(PVS)g(Algorithm.)957 2574 y(27)p eop
4558 28 29 bop 262 307 a Fu(3.1.4)55 b(Iterativ)n(e)17 b(Deep)r(ening)262
4559 419 y Fp(Iterativ)o(e)11 b(deep)q(ening)h([4)o(])f(is)g(a)g(metho)q(d)f(of)h
4560 (impro)o(ving)d(mo)o(v)o(e)h(ordering,)j(thereb)o(y)g(increas-)262
4561 469 y(ing)h Fh(\013\014)j Fp(cut)e(o\013s.)19 b(It)14 b(also)f(enables)h(the)
4562 h(exp)q(ected)h(principle)e(v)n(ariation)e(to)i(b)q(e)g(primed.)324
4563 554 y(Iterativ)o(e)e(deep)q(ening)h(is)f(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g(b)o(y)g(p)q
4564 (erforming)e(a)i(series)h(of)e(searc)o(hes)j(to)e(progres-)262
4565 604 y(siv)o(ely)e(greater)h(depths)h(e.g.)17 b(1)10 b(ply)m(,)g(2)g(ply)m(,)g
4566 (3)g(ply)g(etc.)18 b(After)12 b(eac)o(h)f(searc)o(h)h(the)f(1)f(ply)g(mo)o(v)
4567 o(e)262 654 y(list)j(can)h(b)q(e)h(re-ordered)g(to)f(increase)h(the)g
4568 (e\016ciency)f(of)g(the)g(subsequen)o(t)i(iterations.)324 739
4569 y(It)h(migh)o(t)e(b)q(e)j(though)o(t)f(that)h(doing)e(an)h(iterativ)o(e)g
4570 (searc)o(h)i(to)e(4)g(ply)g(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)i(less)262 789
4571 y(e\016cien)o(t)c(than)g(a)g(direct)h(4)e(ply)h(searc)o(h,)h(whic)o(h)f
4572 (after)g(all)f(will)f(b)q(e)j(done)f(an)o(yw)o(a)o(y)f(as)h(part)262
4573 839 y(of)d(an)h(iterativ)o(e)g(searc)o(h.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12
4574 b(there)i(exists)f(n)o(umerous)e(tec)o(hniques)j(for)d(impro)o(ving)262
4575 889 y(the)16 b(sp)q(eed)i(of)e(eac)o(h)h(subsequen)o(t)h(iteration)e(b)o(y)g
4576 (making)e(b)q(est)k(use)f(of)f(the)h(information)262 938 y(gained)d(so)h
4577 (far.)20 b(These)c(tec)o(hniques)h(include)e(refutation)f(tables,)h(transp)q
4578 (osition)g(tables,)262 988 y(the)e(history)h(heuristic)g(etc.)19
4579 b(These)14 b(tec)o(hniques)h(will)d(b)q(e)i(explained)f(in)g(detail)g(later.)
4580 k(An)262 1038 y(iterativ)o(e)h(PVS)g(com)o(bined)f(with)h(some)g(of)f(the)i
4581 (tec)o(hniques)h(men)o(tioned)d(can)h(pro)q(duce)262 1088 y(trees)d(v)o(ery)f
4582 (close)h(to)e(the)i(minim)o(al)10 b(tree)15 b([40)o(].)324
4583 1173 y(An)j(iterativ)o(e)f(deep)q(ening)i Fh(\013\014)h Fp(searc)o(h)e(also)f
4584 (has)h(another)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(b)q(ene\014t;)k(the)262
4585 1223 y(b)q(est)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(found)h(so)g(far)h(is)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(kno)o
4586 (wn.)32 b(As)18 b(all)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i(searc)o(hed)h(at)e(eac)o(h)262
4587 1273 y(iteration,)d(this)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(is)i(lik)o(ely)e(to)i(b)q(e)g
4588 (reasonable.)24 b(Therefore,)16 b(if)f(the)i(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(time)262
4589 1323 y(expires,)h(the)g(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(found)i(so)g(far)f(could)h(b)q
4590 (e)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(with)h(con\014dence.)20 b(In)13 b(a)h(non{)262
4591 1372 y(iterativ)o(e)h(searc)o(h,)i(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(if)f(the)h(time)f
4592 (expires,)i(the)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(selected)k(as)e(b)q(est)g(w)o(ould)262
4593 1422 y(dep)q(end)f(on)f(what)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(had)h(b)q(een)h(searc)o(hed)h
4594 (so)f(far.)k(If)14 b(only)g(p)q(o)q(or)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(had)h(b)q(een)262
4595 1472 y(searc)o(hed,)j(only)e(a)h(p)q(o)q(or)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(could)h(b)q(e)i(c)
4596 o(hosen.)25 b(This)15 b(is)h(an)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(b)q(ene\014t)j(for)262
4597 1522 y(comp)q(etitiv)o(e)12 b(c)o(hess)k(programs)c(b)q(ecause)k(they)e(m)o
4598 (ust)f(con)o(trol)h(their)g(o)o(wn)g(time)e(usage.)262 1673
4599 y Fu(3.1.5)55 b(Mo)n(v)n(e)19 b(Ordering)262 1785 y Fp(As)g(stressed)i
4600 (earlier,)e(the)g(order)h(in)e(whic)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(are)h(examined)e(is)h
4601 (critical)h(to)f(the)262 1835 y(e\016ciency)e(of)f Fh(\013\014)r
4602 Fp(.)23 b(The)16 b(mo)o(v)o(es)e(from)g(eac)o(h)i(no)q(de)g(can)g(b)q(e)g
4603 (ordered)h(using)e(a)g(v)n(ariet)o(y)g(of)262 1885 y(heuristics:)324
4604 1968 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(An)f(iterativ)o(e)f(searc)o(h)h(is)f(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)g
4605 (basis)g(for)g(impro)o(ving)d(mo)o(v)o(e)i(ordering)h(as)g(the)365
4606 2018 y(mo)o(v)o(es)12 b(at)g(the)h(ro)q(ot)g(of)f(the)h(tree)h(are)f
4607 (directly)g(ordered)g(b)o(y)g(a)f(searc)o(h)i(to)e(a)h(depth)g(1)365
4608 2067 y(ply)f(less)h(than)f(the)h(curren)o(t)h(searc)o(h)g(depth.)k(As)13
4609 b(the)g(subtree)h(b)q(elo)o(w)e(mo)o(v)o(es)f(at)h(the)365
4610 2117 y(\014rst)17 b(ply)d(is)i(usually)e(larger)i(than)f(subtrees)j(at)d
4611 (greater)h(depths,)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(ordering)365 2167 y(at)g(ply)f(1)h(is)g
4612 (lik)o(ely)e(to)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(greatest)h(e\013ect)h(on)e(o)o(v)o
4613 (erall)e(tree)j(size.)324 2250 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Storing)11
4614 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)g(a)h(transp)q(osition)g(table)g(represen)o(ts)j(p)q
4615 (erhaps)e(the)g(b)q(est)g(metho)q(d)365 2300 y(of)k(ordering)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e
4616 (in)h(an)g(iterativ)o(e)h Fh(\013\014)i Fp(searc)o(h)e([18)o(].)26
4617 b(This)16 b(is)h(b)q(ecause)h(mo)o(v)o(es)365 2350 y(found)c(to)g(b)q(e)h(b)q
4618 (est)h(at)e(iteration)g(n)g(are)h(v)o(ery)f(lik)o(ely)f(to)i(remain)d(b)q
4619 (est)k(at)e(iteration)365 2399 y(n+1.)28 b(Therefore)18 b(mo)o(v)o(es)e
4620 (stored)i(in)e(the)i(transp)q(osition)f(table)g(should)g(b)q(e)g(tried)365
4621 2449 y(\014rst)e(if)e(the)i(no)q(de)f(is)g(re-visited.)957
4624 29 30 bop 324 307 a Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Capture)d(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)i(w)o(orth)f
4625 (searc)o(hing)h(b)q(efore)h(other)f(less)g(dynamic)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(b)q(e-)365
4626 357 y(cause)h(they)f(are)h(more)d(lik)o(ely)h(to)h(refute)g(the)h(curren)o(t)
4627 g(line)e(of)h(pla)o(y)f(and)g(therefore)365 407 y(cause)i(a)e(cut)h(o\013.)k
4628 (Capturing)13 b(the)h(piece)g(just)f(mo)o(v)o(ed)f(is)h(generally)g(v)o(ery)h
4629 (e\013ectiv)o(e)365 457 y(at)g(refuting)g(a)f(giv)o(en)h(line)f(of)g(pla)o(y)
4630 g([4].)324 539 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(A)12 b(mo)o(v)o(e)e(that)i(causes)h(a)e(cut)
4631 i(o\013)e(at)h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(depth)g(should)g(b)q(e)g(tried)g(early)g(as)f
4632 (part)365 589 y(of)16 b(another)g(v)n(ariation)f(at)h(the)g(same)g(depth.)25
4633 b(This)16 b(tec)o(hnique)h(is)f(kno)o(wn)g(as)g(the)365 638
4634 y Fm(Kil)r(ler)d Fp(heuristic)h([4].)324 721 y Ff(\017)20 b
4635 Fp(The)14 b Fm(History)f Fp(heuristic)h(pro)o(vides)f(a)g(metho)q(d)g(of)g
4636 ("recording)g(eac)o(h)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(abilit)o(y)365 770 y(to)17
4637 b(cause)g(a)f(refutation")h([50)o(].)25 b(This)16 b(information)e(can)j(then)
4638 g(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)g(order)365 820 y(mo)o(v)o(es)c(according)h(to)g(the)g
4639 (lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)e(of)h(them)h(causing)f(a)h(refutation.)324
4640 902 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Metho)q(ds)c(whic)o(h)f(use)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)d
4641 (function)i(to)f(score)i(and)f(order)h(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)365
4642 952 y(quite)g(accurate,)h(but)f(exp)q(ensiv)o(e;)h(prohibitiv)o(ely)e(so)h
4643 (at)f(the)i(deep)q(est)h(lev)o(els)e(of)f(the)365 1002 y(tree.)262
4644 1083 y(The)g(ob)r(jectiv)o(e)g(of)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(ordering)h(is)f(therefore)j
4645 (to)d(searc)o(h)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e(in)g(a)h(b)q(est)h(\014rst)f(order.)262
4646 1133 y(Therefore)21 b(\014nding)f(go)q(o)q(d)g Fh(\013)g Fp(v)n(alues)h(quic)
4647 o(kly)e(and)h(causing)h(early)f Fh(\014)j Fp(cut)e(o\013s.)38
4648 b(The)262 1183 y(time)13 b(sp)q(en)o(t)j(ordering)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(m)o(ust)g
4649 (b)q(e)h(small)e(or)i(the)h(pro)q(cess)g(will)e(b)q(e)h(self{defeating.)262
4650 1233 y(Therefore)f(the)g(\014rst)h(\014v)o(e)f(metho)q(ds)f(are)h(most)e
4651 (common)f(in)i(con)o(temp)q(orary)g(brute)h(force)262 1283
4652 y(c)o(hess)h(programs.)262 1434 y Fu(3.1.6)55 b(Null)18 b(Mo)n(v)n(es)262
4653 1546 y Fp(In)d(c)o(hess,)j(unlik)o(e)d(some)g(other)i(games,)e(the)h(option)g
4654 (of)f(not)h(pla)o(ying)e(a)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(do)q(es)j(not)262
4655 1596 y(exist.)h(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(this)f(option)g(can)h(b)q(e)h(used)g
4656 (to)e(go)q(o)q(d)h(e\013ect)h(as)f(part)g(of)f(the)h(searc)o(h)h(tree)262
4657 1645 y(in)f(order)i(to)e(detect)j(tactical)d(mo)o(v)o(es.)324
4658 1731 y(The)k(idea)f(is)h(that)g(b)o(y)f(giving)f(up)i(the)h(righ)o(t)e(to)g
4659 (mo)o(v)o(e,)g(it)g(allo)o(ws)g(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(a)262
4660 1781 y(second)i(consecutiv)o(e)h(mo)o(v)o(e.)29 b(If)18 b(this)g(second)i(mo)
4661 o(v)o(e)c(do)q(es)k(not)e(accomplish)f(an)o(ything)262 1830
4662 y(b)q(ene\014cial,)i(then)g(it)f(can)g(b)q(e)h(assumed)f(that)h(the)g
4663 (\014rst)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(did)i(not)g(represen)o(t)j(an)o(y)262
4664 1880 y(threat.)d(In)c(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(whic)o(h)h(represen)o
4665 (t)i(a)d(threat)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(iden)o(ti\014ed.)324 1965 y(This)d(metho)q(d)
4666 f(assumes)h(that)g(it)g(is)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)g(b)q(etter)j(to)e(mak)o(e)e(a)i
4667 (mo)o(v)o(e,)e(than)i(no)g(mo)o(v)o(e)262 2015 y(at)f(all)g(\(a)g
4668 Fm(nul)r(l)i(move)p Fp(\).)18 b(In)12 b(fact)g(in)f(c)o(hess,)i(a)f
4669 (situation)f(kno)o(wn)g(as)h("zugzw)o(ang")f(can)h(exist)262
4670 2065 y(where)k(all)e(a)o(v)n(ailable)f(mo)o(v)o(es)h(lead)h(to)g(a)f(loss)i
4671 (of)e(some)h(sort;)g(whereas)i(if)d(no)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(w)o(ere)262
4672 2115 y(made,)c(the)h(loss)h(could)f(b)q(e)h(a)o(v)o(oided.)k(An)11
4673 b(algorithm)e(using)i(the)h(n)o(ull)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g(to)h(determine)262
4674 2165 y(threats)k(could)g(therefore)h(o)o(v)o(erlo)q(ok)e(mo)o(v)o(es)f(whic)o
4675 (h)i(lea)o(v)o(e)f(the)i(opp)q(onen)o(t)f(in)f(zugzw)o(ang.)262
4676 2214 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(zugzw)o(ang)g(is)f(v)o(ery)h(rare)h(and)e(do)q(es)
4677 i(not)f(cause)g(a)g(signi\014can)o(t)f(problem)g(for)g(the)262
4678 2264 y(tec)o(hnique.)324 2350 y(Don)j(Beal)h(has)g(done)f(a)h(lot)f(of)g(exp)
4679 q(erimen)o(tation)g(in)o(to)g(the)h(use)h(of)e(n)o(ull)f(mo)o(v)o(es)h(in)g
4680 (a)262 2399 y(normal)g Fh(\013\014)20 b Fp(minim)o(ax)14 b(searc)o(h.)28
4681 b(In)17 b(his)g(pap)q(er)h("Exp)q(erimen)o(ts)f(with)f(the)i(Null)e(Mo)o(v)o
4682 (e")262 2449 y([5)o(],)i(he)g(prop)q(oses)h(an)f(algorithmic)d(approac)o(h)j
4683 (to)f(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(hing)g(based)f(on)g(n)o(ull)957
4686 30 31 bop 262 653 a Fl(F)l(unction)11 b Fp(Quiescence\(P)17
4687 b(:)c Fl(p)q(osition)p Fp(;)d Fh(\013)p Fp(,)k Fh(\014)i Fp(:)i
4688 Fl(in)o(teger)p Fp(\))11 b Fl(returns)j(in)o(teger)262 752
4689 y(v)m(ar)321 802 y Fp(m)82 b(:)18 b Fl(mo)o(v)o(e)321 852 y
4690 Fp(score,)321 902 y(b)q(est)44 b(:)18 b Fl(in)o(teger)262 1001
4691 y(b)q(egin)321 1101 y Fp(/*)13 b Fm(Calculate)h(nul)r(l)h(move)g(sc)n(or)n
4692 (e.)k(Note)c(:)j(Evaluate)e(may)f(itself)f(b)n(e)h(a)g(se)n(ar)n(ch)e
4693 Fp(*/)321 1151 y(b)q(est)i(:=)c Ff(\000)p Fp(Ev)n(aluate\(P)m(,)i
4694 Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p Fh(\013)p Fp(\))321 1250
4695 y(GenerateMo)o(v)o(es\(P\))321 1300 y Fl(for)h(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e
4696 Fp(m)f Fl(do)380 1350 y(if)g Fp(\(b)q(est)j Ff(\025)d Fh(\014)r
4697 Fp(\))439 1400 y Fl(return)f Fp(\(b)q(est\))374 b(/*)13 b Fh(\014)18
4698 b Fm(cut)d(o\013)g(:)k(r)n(eturn)14 b(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n(e)e
4699 Fp(*/)380 1450 y Fl(endif)380 1499 y Fp(/*)g Fm(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i(move)g(m)g(to)
4700 g(next)g(depth)h(using)f(ne)n(gamax)h(c)n(onvention)f Fp(*/)380
4701 1549 y(score)g(:=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(Quiescence\()p Fh(P)812 1555
4702 y Fe(m)847 1549 y Fp(,)g Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p
4703 Fp(b)q(est\))380 1599 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(score)k Fh(>)e Fp(b)q(est\))439
4704 1649 y(b)q(est)h(:=)e(score)391 b(/*)13 b Fm(Stor)n(e)i(b)n(est)f(sc)n(or)n
4705 (e)h(found)f Fp(*/)380 1699 y Fl(endif)321 1749 y(endfor)321
4706 1848 y(return)d Fp(\(b)q(est\))492 b(/*)13 b Fm(R)n(eturn)i(sc)n(or)n(e)g(of)
4707 f(b)n(est)h(move)g(found)g Fp(*/)262 1948 y Fl(end)d Fp(Quiescence)338
4708 2130 y(Figure)i(3.4:)j(Pseudo)e(co)q(de)g(for)e(a)h(Quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f
4709 (based)g(on)e(Null)g(Mo)o(v)o(es.)957 2574 y(30)p eop
4711 31 32 bop 262 307 a Fp(mo)o(v)o(es.)15 b(In)c(particular)g(he)g(de\014nes)h
4712 (a)e(n)o(ull)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(quiescence)k(searc)o(h)f(whic)o(h)f(is)f(capable)
4713 h(of)262 357 y("selecting)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(suc)o(h)i(as)g(c)o(hec)o(ks,)h(mo)o
4714 (v)o(es)d(out)i(of)f(c)o(hec)o(k,)h(attac)o(ks)g(on)f(pieces,)i(defences,)262
4715 407 y(blo)q(c)o(ks)j(and)h(other)g(t)o(yp)q(es)h(of)e(sharp)h(tactical)g(mo)o
4716 (v)o(es)e(that)i(c)o(hess)h(pla)o(y)o(ers)f(concen)o(trate)262
4717 457 y(on".)g(This)d(is)g(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g(with)f(no)h(more)f(c)o(hess)i(kno)o
4718 (wledge)f(than)g(material)e(balance.)324 542 y(Beal)i(uses)g(the)h(score)g
4719 (returned)g(from)d(a)h(quiescence)j(searc)o(h)f(follo)o(wing)c(a)j(n)o(ull)e
4720 (mo)o(v)o(e)262 592 y(as)f(a)f(b)q(ound)i(to)e(guide)h(the)h(searc)o(h)g(and)
4721 f(enable)g(forw)o(ard)g(pruning)g(of)f(inadequate)h(mo)o(v)o(es.)262
4722 641 y(Beal)j(sho)o(ws)h(that)f(suc)o(h)h(a)f(quiescence)j(searc)o(h)e(is)g
4723 (capable)f(of)g(a)g(p)q(erformance)g(on)g(Rein-)262 691 y(\014eld's)f(300)h
4724 (tactical)f(p)q(ositions)h([47)o(],)f(equiv)n(alen)o(t)g(to)h(that)g(of)f
4725 (the)i(c)o(hess)g(mac)o(hine)e(Belle,)262 741 y(while)g(using)h(only)f(1)p
4726 Fh(=)p Fp(15th)g(of)g(the)h(e\013ort)h(!)324 826 y(V)m(ery)e(recen)o(tly)m(,)
4727 g(Hamlen)e([25)o(])i(extended)h(this)f(idea)g(b)o(y)f(applying)g(a)g(full)g
4728 (width)h(2)f(ply)262 876 y(searc)o(h,)19 b(in)f(addition)f(to)h(the)h(normal)
4729 d(quiescence)k(searc)o(h,)g(after)e(a)g(n)o(ull)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)29
4730 b(This)262 926 y(allo)o(w)o(ed)17 b(the)i(algorithm)d(to)i(additionally)f
4731 (detect)j(tactical)e(plo)o(ys)g(suc)o(h)i(as)e(forks)h(and)262
4732 976 y(sk)o(ew)o(ers.)24 b(Other)17 b(programs,)d(notably)h(Kaissa)h([1)o(],)f
4733 (ha)o(v)o(e)g(used)i(the)f(n)o(ull)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g(idea)i(to)262
4734 1026 y(pro)o(vide)e(faster)g(cut)h(o\013s,)f(without)g(using)g(it)g
4735 (algorithmical)o(ly)d(to)j(select)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(as)i(Beal)262
4736 1075 y(and)e(Hamlen)g(ha)o(v)o(e.)324 1161 y(Beal's)g(n)o(ull)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g
4737 (quiescence)j(searc)o(h)g(can)e(b)q(e)h(seen)h(in)d(\014gure)i(3.4.)j(It)c
4738 (is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)262 1210 y(to)20 b(realise)h(that)g(Ev)n(aluate)f(ma)o
4739 (y)f(itself)h(b)q(e)i(a)e(searc)o(h)i(of)e(some)g(kind.)38
4740 b(In)21 b(fact)g(Beal)262 1260 y(adv)o(o)q(cates)d(the)g(use)h(of)e(a)h(2nd)f
4741 (lev)o(el)h(n)o(ull)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g(quiescence)k(searc)o(h)f(supp)q(orted)g(b)
4742 o(y)f(a)262 1310 y(1st)e(lev)o(el)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h,)f(in)f(place)g
4743 (of)g(Ev)n(aluate,)f(using)h(material)e(balance)i(as)h(its)262
4744 1360 y(ev)n(aluation.)262 1512 y Fu(3.1.7)55 b(Razoring)262
4745 1624 y Fp(Razoring)13 b(is)i(a)g(tec)o(hnique)h(devised)f(b)o(y)g(Birmingham)
4746 c(and)k(Ken)o(t)h([11)o(].)k(The)c(tec)o(hnique)262 1673 y(uses)i(the)g
4747 (assumption)e(that)h(a)g(pla)o(y)o(er)g(who)g(has)h(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(can)j
4748 (alw)o(a)o(ys)e(main)o(tain)f(or)262 1723 y(impro)o(v)o(e)d(his)h(p)q
4749 (osition)h(b)o(y)f(pla)o(ying)g(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)324 1808 y(The)k(tec)o
4750 (hnique)i(w)o(orks)e(b)o(y)g(using)g(a)g(static)g(ev)n(aluation)f(v)n(alue)h
4751 (at)g(in)o(terior)g(as)g(w)o(ell)262 1858 y(as)i(terminal)f(no)q(des.)35
4752 b(This)19 b(v)n(alue)g(is)g(compared)g(to)g(the)h(curren)o(t)h
4753 Fh(\013)e Fp(v)n(alue)g(with)g(the)262 1908 y(assumption)10
4754 b(that)h(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(can)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)e(main)o(tain)f(or)i
4755 (impro)o(v)o(e)f(his)h(p)q(osition)g(with)262 1958 y(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)16
4756 b(Therefore,)d(the)f(static)h(score)g(is)f(treated)h(as)f(an)f(upp)q(er)i(b)q
4757 (ound)f(on)g(the)g(p)q(ossible)262 2008 y(scores)j(resulting)f(from)e(the)j
4758 (opp)q(onen)o(ts)g(a)o(v)n(ailable)d(mo)o(v)o(es.)17 b(Hence,)e(if)e(this)h
4759 (static)g(v)n(alue)262 2058 y(is)f(no)h(greater)h(than)f(the)h
4760 Fh(\013)e Fp(v)n(alue,)g(it)h(is)g(assumed)f(that)h(the)h(subtree)h(cannot)e
4761 (a\013ect)h(the)262 2107 y Fh(\013)g Fp(v)n(alue)h(at)g(this)g(lev)o(el)g
4762 (and)g(can)g(therefore)i(b)q(e)e(cut)h(o\013.)25 b(Note)16
4763 b(that)h(this)f(tec)o(hnique)h(is)262 2157 y(only)c(applied)g(from)f(the)j(p)
4764 q(oin)o(t)e(of)g(view)h(of)f(the)i(pla)o(y)o(er)e(who)h(has)g(just)g(mo)o(v)o
4765 (ed.)324 2242 y(Figure)h(3.5)e(illustrates)i(the)g(razoring)g(tec)o(hnique)g
4766 (in)f(action.)20 b(The)15 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)g(to)f(the)262
4767 2292 y(left)k(of)g(eac)o(h)h(no)q(de)g(represen)o(t)i(the)e(static)g(v)n
4768 (alues,)h(while)e(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(to)h(the)g(righ)o(t)262
4769 2342 y(represen)o(t)e(bac)o(k)o(ed)f(up)f(negamax)f(v)n(alues.)22
4770 b(No)q(de)15 b(B)h(is)f(examined)f(\014rst)i(giving)e(a)h(static)262
4771 2392 y(v)n(alue)e(of)h(+7.)21 b(No)q(des)15 b(C)g(and)f(D)g(are)h(then)g
4772 (searc)o(hed,)h(resulting)f(in)f(v)n(alues)g(of)g Ff(\000)p
4773 Fp(15)h(and)262 2442 y Ff(\000)p Fp(4)i(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)31
4774 b(A)18 b(v)n(alue)f(of)h(+4)f(using)h(negamax)e(is)i(subsequen)o(tly)h(bac)o
4775 (k)o(ed)f(up)g(to)957 2574 y(31)p eop
4777 32 33 bop 697 1103 a Fp(Figure)14 b(3.5:)j(Razoring)c(in)h(action.)262
4778 1236 y(no)q(de)g(B.)g(The)h Fh(\013)f Fp(v)n(alue)f(at)h(this)h(lev)o(el)e
4779 (is)i(then)f(made)f(equal)h(to)g(+4.)19 b(The)c(mo)o(v)o(e)e(leading)262
4780 1286 y(to)h(no)q(de)h(E)g(is)g(no)o(w)f(examined)g(and)g(giv)o(en)h(a)f
4781 (static)h(v)n(alue)f(of)g(+1.)21 b(Using)14 b(the)i(razoring)262
4782 1335 y(tec)o(hnique,)e(this)g(v)n(alue)f(represen)o(ts)k(an)d(upp)q(er)g(b)q
4783 (ound,)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(mo)o(v)o(es)262
4784 1385 y(leading)g(to)h(no)q(des)g(F)g(and)g(G)g(are)g(assumed)g(to)g(main)o
4785 (tain)d(or)j(impro)o(v)o(e)e(the)j(opp)q(onen)o(ts)262 1435
4786 y(score)g(thereb)o(y)g(decreasing)h(the)e(score)i(at)e(this)g(lev)o(el.)25
4787 b(As)17 b(the)f(upp)q(er)i(b)q(ound)e(of)g(+1)g(is)262 1485
4788 y(already)d(less)h(than)f(the)h(curren)o(t)h Fh(\013)d Fp(v)n(alue)h(at)g
4789 (ply)g(1,)g(no)q(des)h(F)f(and)g(G)g(cannot)h(a\013ect)g(the)262
4790 1535 y(searc)o(h)h(result)f(and)g(can)g(therefore)h(b)q(e)g(cut)f(o\013)g(b)o
4791 (y)g(razoring.)324 1620 y(The)19 b(razoring)h(tec)o(hnique)g(can)f(b)q(e)h
4792 (extended)h(b)o(y)e(using)g(the)h(assumption)e(that)h(a)262
4793 1670 y(pla)o(y)o(er)f(can)g(impro)o(v)o(e)f(his)h(curren)o(t)i(p)q(osition)e
4794 (b)o(y)g(pla)o(ying)e(his)j(mo)o(v)o(e,)e(y)o(our)h(mo)o(v)o(e,)g(his)262
4795 1720 y(mo)o(v)o(e.)29 b(This)18 b(extension)g(of)g(the)h(idea)f(is)g(kno)o
4796 (wn)f(as)i(deep)g(razoring.)30 b(It)18 b(causes)i(ev)o(en)262
4797 1769 y(more)12 b(razor)j(cut)f(o\013s,)g(but)g(at)g(a)f(m)o(uc)o(h)g(greater)
4798 i(risk)f(of)f(cutting)h(out)g(a)g(vital)e(mo)o(v)o(e.)324 1855
4799 y(Birmingham)h(and)j(Ken)o(t)i(also)e(prop)q(osed)h(a)f(further)i(enhancemen)
4800 o(t)f(where)h(b)o(y)e(the)262 1904 y(assumption)f(is)h(made)f(that)i(there)g
4801 (alw)o(a)o(ys)f(exists)h(a)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(whic)o(h)h(not)g(only)g(impro)o(v)o
4802 (es)262 1954 y(a)e(pla)o(y)o(ers)h(p)q(osition,)e(but)i(impro)o(v)o(es)e(it)i
4803 (b)o(y)f(at)h(least)f(3)p Fh(=)p Fp(10ths)h(of)f(a)g(pa)o(wn,)g(for)g
4804 (example.)262 2004 y(This)e('enhancemen)o(t')f(further)i(increases)h(razored)
4805 f(cut)g(o\013s,)f(but)g(at)g(the)h(cost)g(of)e(missing)262
4806 2054 y(p)q(ossibly)i(more)g(vital)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)324 2139 y(I)20
4807 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(the)h(tec)o(hnique)g(w)o(ould)e(b)q(e)i(b)q(etter)g
4808 (enhanced)h(b)o(y)d(taking)h(an)f(opp)q(osite)262 2189 y(view)14
4809 b(to)g(the)h(enhancemen)o(t)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)20 b(F)m(or)14
4810 b(example,)f(assume)h(that)h(there)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(exists)262
4811 2239 y(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e)g(that)h(will)e(not)i(deteriorate)h(the)g(p)q(osition)e
4812 (b)o(y)h(more)f(than)h(a)g(threshold,)g(of)g(sa)o(y)262 2289
4813 y(half)i(a)h(pa)o(wn.)31 b(Di\013eren)o(t)19 b(thresholds)h(could)e(b)q(e)h
4814 (applied)f(at)g(eac)o(h)h(lev)o(el)f(of)g(the)h(tree,)262 2338
4815 y(p)q(erhaps)14 b(w)o(eigh)o(ted)f(so)g(that)g(as)g(the)h(searc)o(h)g
4816 (progresses)h(more)d(deeply)h(do)o(wn)g(the)g(searc)o(h)262
4817 2388 y(tree,)i(more)e(cut)i(o\013s)f(are)h(made.)i(This)e(enhancemen)o(t)f(w)
4818 o(ould)g(decrease)i(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)262 2438 y(cut)h(o\013s,)g
4819 (but)g(impro)o(v)o(e)e(the)i(lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)f(of)g(including)g(go)q(o)q
4820 (d)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(in)g(the)i(searc)o(h)g(tree,)957 2574 y(32)p
4823 33 34 bop 262 307 a Fp(particularly)13 b(at)g(shallo)o(w)o(er)h(depths)h
4824 (where)g(missing)d(suc)o(h)i(mo)o(v)o(es)f(can)h(b)q(e)g(fatal.)324
4825 392 y(I)j(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(the)h(assumption)d(made)h(b)o(y)h(the)h(Razoring)e
4826 (tec)o(hnique)h(is)g(m)o(uc)o(h)f(w)o(eak)o(er)262 442 y(than)f(that)h(of)f
4827 (the)i(Null)e(mo)o(v)o(e)f(tec)o(hnique,)i(whic)o(h)g(only)f(assumes)h(that)f
4828 (it)h(is)f(b)q(etter)j(to)262 492 y(mak)o(e)12 b(a)i(mo)o(v)o(e,)d(than)j(no)
4829 g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(at)i(all.)262 665 y Fr(3.2)69 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
4830 791 y Fp(This)11 b(section)h(describ)q(es)i(a)d(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(tec)o
4831 (hniques)i(for)e(heuristic)i(p)q(ositional)d(ev)n(aluation)262
4832 841 y(of)j(c)o(hess)j(p)q(ositions.)k(Most)15 b(of)e(these)j(tec)o(hniques)g
4833 (are)f(b)q(est)h(used)f(in)f(com)o(bination)e(with)262 891
4834 y(eac)o(h)i(other.)324 976 y(The)g(imp)q(ortance)g(of)f(the)i(ev)n(aluation)d
4835 (function)i(cannot)h(b)q(e)f(to)q(o)g(highly)f(stressed)k(as)262
4836 1026 y(it)12 b(is)h(this)g(that)g(giv)o(es)g(a)g(program)e(its)i(distinctiv)o
4837 (e)g(st)o(yle.)18 b(Ac)o(hieving)13 b(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)f(p)q(osition)h(is)262
4838 1076 y(often)g(a)h(prelude)h(to)e(a)h(winning)f(tactical)g(com)o(bination.)
4839 365 1159 y("T)m(actics)h(\015o)o(w)g(from)e(a)h(go)q(o)q(d)h(p)q(osition")970
4840 1225 y Fm(R)n(ob)n(ert)g(J.)h(Fischer.)262 1377 y Fu(3.2.1)55
4841 b(Piece)17 b(Square)i(T)-5 b(ables)262 1489 y Fp(Piece)12 b(Square)f
4842 (\(Pc/Sq\))h(tables)f(are)g(used)h(to)f(hold)f(v)n(alues)h(for)f(pieces)j(o)q
4843 (ccup)o(ying)d(squares)262 1539 y(on)h(the)h(b)q(oard.)18 b(F)m(or)11
4844 b(example,)f(a)i(knigh)o(t)f(square)h(table)g(w)o(ould)f(con)o(tain)g(a)h
4845 (score)h(for)e(eac)o(h)262 1588 y(square)16 b(indicating)e(the)i(merits)e(of)
4846 h(ha)o(ving)f(a)h(knigh)o(t)f(on)h(that)h(square.)23 b(T)m(ables)15
4847 b(can)g(b)q(e)262 1638 y(used)g(for)g(eac)o(h)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h(of)e(piece)i
4848 (and)e(can)h(b)q(e)h(pre-loaded)f(b)q(efore)g(the)h(searc)o(h)g(b)q(egins,)f
4849 (b)o(y)262 1688 y(doing)i(some)h(preliminary)f(p)q(ositional)g(analysis.)32
4850 b(Using)19 b(suc)o(h)h(tables,)f(it)g(b)q(ecomes)g(a)262 1738
4851 y(simple)c(matter)i(to)g(p)q(erform)f(a)h(p)q(ositional)f(ev)n(aluation)g(at)
4852 h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(no)q(de.)28 b(Giv)o(en)17 b(the)262 1788 y(lo)q(cation)e(of)
4853 h(eac)o(h)i(piece)f(on)g(the)g(b)q(oard,)g(a)f(v)n(alue)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(lo)q
4854 (ok)o(ed)f(up)h(in)f(the)i(relev)n(an)o(t)262 1837 y(table)13
4855 b(and)f(added)i(to)f(the)h(p)q(ositional)d(total)i(for)f(the)i(appropriate)f
4856 (side,)g(white)h(or)f(blac)o(k.)262 1887 y(Finally)c(the)i(di\013erence)i(b)q
4857 (et)o(w)o(een)f(the)f(t)o(w)o(o)g(totals)f(is)h(calculated)g(giving)e(an)i(o)
4858 o(v)o(erall)e(v)n(alue)262 1937 y(for)k(the)i(p)q(osition.)324
4859 2022 y(The)e(main)e(adv)n(an)o(tage)i(of)f(using)h(these)i(tables)e(is)g(sp)q
4860 (eed.)20 b(The)13 b(w)o(orlds)g(fastest)h(c)o(hess)262 2072
4861 y(mac)o(hines,)c(Hitec)o(h)j(and)e(Deep)i(Though)o(t,)e(mak)o(e)g(extensiv)o
4862 (e)h(use)h(of)e(Pc/Sq)h(tables.)18 b(Ho)o(w-)262 2122 y(ev)o(er,)13
4863 b(b)q(ecause)h(these)g(tables)f(are)g(generally)g(pre-loaded)f(b)q(efore)i
4864 (the)f(searc)o(h)h(b)q(egins)f(and)262 2172 y(applied)h(n)h(ply)g(further)h
4865 (do)o(wn)e(the)i(tree)g(at)f(leaf)g(no)q(des,)g(man)o(y)f(p)q(ositional)f
4866 (asp)q(ects)k(are)262 2222 y(no)10 b(longer)h(applicable.)16
4867 b(The)11 b(tables)h(also)e(do)g(not)h(re\015ect)i(up)e(to)g(date)g(piece)h
4868 (in)o(teractions.)324 2307 y(These)20 b(problems)e(are)h(exasp)q(erated)i(b)o
4869 (y)d(deep)i(searc)o(hing.)33 b(It)19 b(is)g(therefore)h(ironic)262
4870 2357 y(that)14 b(the)h(tables)g(are)g(used)h(for)e(the)i(express)g(purp)q
4871 (ose)g(of)e(deep)h(searc)o(hing)h(due)f(to)f(their)262 2406
4872 y(e\016ciency)m(.)22 b(It)15 b(is)g(in)o(teresting)h(that)f(the)h(Hitec)o(h)f
4873 (team)f(at)h(CMU)h(are)f(no)o(w)g(\014nding)g(that)957 2574
4876 34 35 bop 262 307 a Fp(as)14 b(their)h(program)e(impro)o(v)o(es,)g(more)h
4877 (kno)o(wledge)g(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h(migrated)e(from)g(the)i(Pc/Sq)262
4878 357 y(tables)f(to)f(the)i(leaf)e(no)q(de)h(static)h(ev)n(aluation)d(pro)q
4879 (cess)k([7)o(].)262 508 y Fu(3.2.2)55 b(Static)18 b(Ev)m(aluation)262
4880 620 y Fp(In)11 b(most)g(programs,)g(a)g(static)h(ev)n(aluation)f(is)g(p)q
4881 (erformed)h(at)g(the)g(leaf)f(no)q(des)i(of)e(the)i(main)262
4882 670 y(searc)o(h.)32 b(In)18 b(full)g(width)g(searc)o(hes,)j(a)d(quiescence)i
4883 (searc)o(h)g(is)e(usually)f(also)h(applied)g(at)262 720 y(these)f(leaf)e(no)q
4884 (des,)i(th)o(us)g(creating)f(new)g(leaf)g(no)q(des)g(at)g(a)g(deep)q(er)i
4885 (lev)o(el)d(whic)o(h)h(are)h(not)262 770 y(usually)c(p)q(ositionally)f(ev)n
4886 (aluated)h(for)h(e\016ciency)g(reasons.)324 855 y(The)19 b(static)g(ev)n
4887 (aluation)e(pro)q(cess)j(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)e(computing)f(the)i(existence)h
4888 (of)e(v)n(arious)262 905 y(p)q(ositional)11 b(factors.)17 b(Dep)q(ending)c
4889 (on)f(the)h(degree)h(to)e(whic)o(h)h(these)h(factors)e(exist,)h(appro-)262
4890 955 y(priate)h(v)n(alues)g(are)h(calculated.)k(Finally)13 b(the)i(v)n(alues)f
4891 (are)g(w)o(eigh)o(ted)h(according)f(to)g(their)262 1004 y(relativ)o(e)f(imp)q
4892 (ortance.)324 1090 y(In)20 b(c)o(hess,)j(determining)c(the)i(factors)g(whic)o
4893 (h)f(con)o(tribute)h(to)f(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)g(p)q(osition)g(is)262
4894 1139 y(v)o(ery)c(di\016cult.)25 b(Standard)17 b(criteria)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q
4895 (een)i(dev)o(elop)q(ed)f(o)o(v)o(er)f(the)h(y)o(ears)g(b)o(y)g(whic)o(h)262
4896 1189 y(a)f(program)g(can)h(judge)g(a)f(p)q(osition.)27 b(Using)17
4897 b(suc)o(h)g(criteria)h(curren)o(t)g(programs)e(pla)o(y)g(a)262
4898 1239 y(reasonable)d(game.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(it)h(is)f(still)f(clear)i
4899 (from)e(their)i(p)q(ositional)e(pla)o(y)m(,)g(that)h(some)262
4900 1289 y(subtle)j(factors)g(are)h(still)e(not)h(b)q(eing)f(included.)25
4901 b(I)16 b(will)e(try)i(to)g(unco)o(v)o(er)h(some)e(of)g(these)262
4902 1339 y(in)h(the)h(next)g(c)o(hapter.)27 b(The)17 b(most)e(di\016cult)h(task)h
4903 (remains)e(determining)h(the)h(relativ)o(e)262 1389 y(imp)q(ortance)c(of)g
4904 (eac)o(h)i(factor)f(or)f(criterion.)19 b(An)14 b(attempt)g(w)o(as)f(made)g
4905 (to)h(determine)g(the)262 1438 y(relativ)o(e)f(imp)q(ortance)g(of)h(a)f(n)o
4906 (um)o(b)q(er)g(of)h(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(in)g([51)o(].)k(I)13
4907 b(think)h(the)g(basic)262 1488 y(idea)9 b(of)h(this)g(researc)o(h)i(is)e(an)g
4908 (excellen)o(t)h(one,)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(I)h(feel)f(the)h(sp)q(eci\014c)g
4909 (order)g(in)f(whic)o(h)262 1538 y(the)k(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)j(w)o(ere)g
4910 (tested,)g(in\015uenced)g(the)f(result)h(of)e(the)h(exp)q(erimen)o(ts.)324
4911 1623 y(Sev)o(eral)e(attempts)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)i(made)d(to)h(generate)h
4912 (a)f('b)q(est)h(\014t')f(ev)n(aluation)f(function)262 1673
4913 y([27)o(,)i(39].)19 b(Most)c(of)f(these)h(studies)h(are)f(based)g(on)f(an)g
4914 (analysis)g(of)g(grandmaster)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)262 1723 y(The)g(ob)r(jectiv)o(e)
4915 h(is)f(to)g(\014nd)h(a)f(function)g(whic)o(h)g(selects)i(grandmaster)e(mo)o
4916 (v)o(es)f(as)h(often)h(as)262 1773 y(p)q(ossible.)j(Suc)o(h)11
4917 b(attempts)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(hit)f(serious)h(problems)f(b)q(ecause,)j(as)e(I)f
4918 (see)i(it,)f(5)f(problem)262 1823 y(areas)k(exist:)312 1904
4919 y(1.)20 b(A)c(b)q(est)h(\014t)f(can)g(only)e(b)q(e)j(attempted)e(for)h(the)g
4920 (kno)o(wn)f(functions.)24 b(If)15 b(a)g(program)365 1954 y(do)q(es)d(not)e
4921 (kno)o(w)g(ab)q(out)h(a)f(particular)h(asp)q(ect)h(of)e(c)o(hess,)i(for)e
4922 (example)g(w)o(eak)g(pa)o(wns,)365 2003 y(it)j(cannot)g(include)g(suc)o(h)g
4923 (considerations)h(in)e(its)h(ev)n(aluation)e(pro)q(cess.)20
4924 b(Therefore,)365 2053 y(p)q(ossibly)14 b(in)o(tro)q(ducing)f(side)i
4925 (e\013ects)h(in)o(to)d(existing)g(functions.)312 2135 y(2.)20
4926 b(The)c(criteria)g(b)o(y)g(whic)o(h)f(a)h(h)o(uman)e(c)o(hess)j(pla)o(y)o(er)
4927 e(ev)n(aluates)h(a)g(p)q(osition)f(are)h(not)365 2185 y(m)o(utually)11
4928 b(exclusiv)o(e,)j(but)f(subtly)h(link)o(ed.)j(Iden)o(tifying)c(these)i(links)
4929 d(is)i(v)o(ery)g(di\016-)365 2235 y(cult.)312 2317 y(3.)20
4930 b(So)11 b(m)o(uc)o(h)g(dep)q(ends)i(on)e(the)h(phase)g(of)f(the)h(game)e
4931 (e.g.)17 b(middle)9 b(game)h(or)i(end)g(game,)365 2367 y(that)i(I)g(b)q
4932 (eliev)o(e)g(sp)q(eci\014c)i(functions)e(are)g(required)h(for)e(eac)o(h)i
4933 (game)d(phase.)312 2449 y(4.)20 b(P)o(ositionally)12 b(mo)o(v)o(es)h(v)n(ary)
4934 g(with)h(pla)o(y)o(er)f(st)o(yle)h(and)g(mo)q(o)q(d.)957 2574
4937 35 36 bop 312 307 a Fp(5.)20 b(Some)e(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i(tactically)f
4938 (conditioned.)33 b(Suc)o(h)19 b(mo)o(v)o(es)e(m)o(ust)h(b)q(e)h(iden)o
4939 (ti\014ed)365 357 y(b)q(ecause)d(they)e(a\013ect)h(the)g(p)q(ositional)d(c)o
4940 (hoice)i(a)o(v)n(ailable.)262 440 y(Ob)o(viously)e(this)i(area)f(w)o(ould)g
4941 (b)q(ene\014t)i(from)c(more)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(emen)o(t)e(b)o(y)i(strong)h(c)o
4942 (hess)h(pla)o(y-)262 490 y(ers.)324 575 y(In)f(practice,)i(static)f(ev)n
4943 (aluation)e(functions)h(tend)i(to)e(b)q(e)h(primitiv)o(e,)d(particularly)i
4944 (in)262 625 y(brute)j(force)g(programs,)f(to)g(enable)h(deep)h(searc)o(hing.)
4945 26 b(Pc/Sq)17 b(tables)g(are)g(used)g(where)262 675 y(p)q(ossible)11
4946 b(to)g(impro)o(v)o(e)f(e\016ciency)m(.)17 b(Information)9 b(whic)o(h)i
4947 (cannot)h(b)q(e)g(stored)g(in)f(the)h(tables,)262 725 y(suc)o(h)k(as)g
4948 (pinned)g(piece)h(information,)c(m)o(ust)i(b)q(e)h(calculated.)24
4949 b(The)16 b(ev)n(aluation)f(pro)q(cess)262 774 y(can)j(b)q(e)h(supp)q(orted)h
4950 (b)o(y)e(sp)q(eci\014c)i(hash)e(tables)h(e.g.)31 b(pa)o(wn)18
4951 b(structure)j(hashing.)31 b(This)262 824 y(enables)15 b(m)o(uc)o(h)f(faster)i
4952 (ev)n(aluation)e(b)q(ecause)j(calculations)d(do)h(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(b)q
4953 (e)h(re-done)262 874 y(when)d(p)q(ositions)g(with)g(iden)o(tical)g(pa)o(wn)g
4954 (structure,)i(for)e(example,)f(are)i(encoun)o(tered.)20 b(In)262
4955 924 y(selectiv)o(e)12 b(searc)o(h)h(programs)d(the)j(ev)n(aluation)d(pro)q
4956 (cess)j(can)f(b)q(e)g(far)f(more)g(complex)f(as)i(the)262 974
4957 y(reduced)j(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)d(of)h(no)q(des)i(examined)d(allo)o(ws)g(more)g
4958 (time)h(to)g(b)q(e)h(sp)q(en)o(t)g(at)g(eac)o(h)g(no)q(de.)262
4959 1023 y(The)j(di\016cult)o(y)f(here)j(is)e(that)g(kno)o(wledge)g(de\014ciency)
4960 i(cannot)e(b)q(e)h(easily)f(made)f(up)h(b)o(y)262 1073 y(searc)o(hing.)g
4961 (Therefore,)d(c)o(hess)f(kno)o(wledge)f(acquisition)f(from)f(grandmasters)i
4962 (m)o(ust)f(pla)o(y)262 1123 y(a)f(vital)g(role)h(in)f(suc)o(h)i(programs.)j
4963 (A)o(t)c(the)h(presen)o(t)g(time,)e(tec)o(hniques)i(do)f(not)f(exist)i(whic)o
4964 (h)262 1173 y(w)o(ould)i(allo)o(w)g(grandmaster)h(though)o(t)g(pro)q(cesses)j
4965 (to)d(b)q(e)h(captured)h(and)e(understo)q(o)q(d)i(in)262 1223
4966 y(detail,)12 b(let)i(alone,)f(allo)o(w)f(suc)o(h)j(kno)o(wledge)f(to)f(b)q(e)
4967 i(transferred)h(to)d(the)i(mac)o(hine.)324 1308 y(It)f(should)h(b)q(e)g
4968 (realised)g(that)f(static)h(ev)n(aluation)e(is)h(not)h(adequate)g(in)f
4969 (dynamic)e(tac-)262 1358 y(tical)18 b(situations.)33 b(Suc)o(h)20
4970 b(tactical)f(problems)f(are)h(b)q(etter)i(resolv)o(ed)f(b)o(y)e(some)h(kind)f
4971 (of)262 1408 y(quiescence)i(searc)o(h.)32 b(I)18 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)h(it)f(is)g
4972 (the)h(job)f(of)f(the)i(static)g(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(to)262
4973 1457 y(realise)13 b(when)g(a)g(p)q(osition)f(is)h(unsuitable)f(for)h(static)g
4974 (ev)n(aluation)f(and)g(inform)f(the)i(searc)o(h)262 1507 y(pro)q(cess,)i(so)f
4975 (it)f(can)h(attempt)f(to)h(resolv)o(e)h(the)f(tactical)g(uncertain)o(t)o(y)m
4976 (.)262 1659 y Fu(3.2.3)55 b(Incremen)n(tal)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)262
4977 1771 y Fp(Static)e(ev)n(aluation)f(at)i(leaf)e(no)q(des)j(is)e(exp)q(ensiv)o
4978 (e)i(in)e(terms)g(of)g(time;)f(and)h(Pc/Sq)h(tables)262 1821
4979 y(do)e(not)h(re\015ect)h(the)g(true)g(merits)e(of)g(a)g(p)q(osition,)g(esp)q
4980 (ecially)h(as)g(the)h(searc)o(h)f(deep)q(ens.)21 b(A)262 1870
4981 y(third)12 b(option)g(is)h(a)o(v)n(ailable,)d(that)j(of)g(incremen)o(tally)e
4982 (up)q(dating)h(the)i(p)q(ositional)d(totals)i(as)262 1920 y(mo)o(v)o(es)f
4983 (are)i(made.)j(The)e(p)q(ositional)d(totals)i(could)f(b)q(e)i(up)q(dated)f
4984 (as)g(follo)o(ws:)312 2003 y(1.)20 b(Calculate)9 b(the)h(p)q(ositional)e(v)n
4985 (alue,)h(for)g(the)h(piece)g(just)g(mo)o(v)o(ed,)e(on)h(its)g(from{square.)
4986 312 2086 y(2.)20 b(Decremen)o(t)15 b(this)e(v)n(alue)h(from)e(the)i(p)q
4987 (ositional)f(total)g(for)h(the)g(relev)n(an)o(t)g(side.)312
4988 2169 y(3.)20 b(Calculate)14 b(the)g(p)q(ositional)e(v)n(alue,)h(for)h(the)g
4989 (piece)h(just)f(mo)o(v)o(ed,)d(on)j(its)g(to{square.)312 2252
4990 y(4.)20 b(Incremen)o(t)14 b(this)g(new)h(v)n(alue)e(to)h(the)g(p)q(ositional)
4991 f(total)g(for)g(the)i(relev)n(an)o(t)f(side.)262 2335 y(This)e(pro)q(cess)i
4992 (is)e(quite)g(simple)f(and)h(therefore)i(fast,)e(but)h(do)q(es)g(not)f(tak)o
4993 (e)g(accoun)o(t)h(of)f(the)262 2385 y(e\013ects)j(mo)o(ving)10
4994 b(a)j(piece)i(ma)o(y)c(ha)o(v)o(e)i(on)g(the)h(p)q(ositional)e(v)n(alue)g(of)
4995 h(the)h(pieces)g(around)f(it.)262 2435 y(F)m(or)g(example,)f(mo)o(ving)f(a)j
4996 (piece)h(ma)o(y)c(rev)o(eal)j(or)g(blo)q(c)o(k)g(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)h
4997 (p)q(ossible)g(attac)o(ks.)957 2574 y(35)p eop
4999 36 37 bop 262 307 a Fp(Therefore,)13 b(if)g(the)g(pro)q(cess)i(is)e(to)f(b)q
5000 (e)i(truly)f(incremen)o(tal)f(it)g(m)o(ust)g(tak)o(e)h(accoun)o(t)h(of)e(suc)
5001 o(h)262 357 y(factors.)18 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(suc)o(h)i(a)e(detailed)h
5002 (incremen)o(tal)f(ev)n(aluation)f(will)g(b)q(e)j(costly)f(in)f(terms)262
5003 407 y(of)h(time,)f(p)q(erhaps)j(prohibitiv)o(ely)d(so.)324
5004 492 y(In)i(practice)h(incremen)o(tal)e(ev)n(aluation)f(is)i(used)h(in)e
5005 (conjunction)h(with)g(a)f(static)h(ev)n(al-)262 542 y(uation)i(at)h(the)h
5006 (horizon)f(no)q(des)i(of)d(the)i(main)e(searc)o(h.)29 b(Incremen)o(tal)17
5007 b(ev)n(aluations)f(can)262 592 y(also)e(b)q(e)h(useful)h(during)e(a)h
5008 (quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(where)g(there)h(is)e(not)f(enough)i(time)d(for)i(a)
5009 262 641 y(full)f(static)i(ev)n(aluation.)23 b(This)16 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)h(a)f
5010 (quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(also,)e(usually)g(o)q(ccurs)262 691
5011 y(at)e(the)i(horizon)e(no)q(des)i(of)e(the)i(main)d(searc)o(h.)324
5012 777 y(The)20 b(Pc/Sq)h(tables)f(explained)g(earlier)g(can)g(also)g(b)q
5013 (ene\014t)h(from)e(an)h(incremen)o(tal)262 826 y(approac)o(h,)13
5014 b(to)h(close)g(the)h(gap)e(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(kno)o(wledge)f(storage)g(and)g
5015 (application.)262 976 y Fu(3.2.4)55 b(Phases)19 b(of)g(Pla)n(y)262
5016 1088 y Fp(The)14 b(game)e(of)i(c)o(hess)h(consists)g(of)e(3)h(main)d(game)i
5017 (phases:)324 1163 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(The)15 b(Op)q(ening.)324
5018 1242 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(The)15 b(Middle)e(game.)324 1321 y Ff(\017)20
5019 b Fp(The)15 b(Endgame.)262 1396 y(Di\013eren)o(t)22 b(ev)n(aluation)f
5020 (criteria)h(are)g(applicable)f(at)h(di\013eren)o(t)h(phases)g(of)e(the)i
5021 (game.)262 1446 y(Therefore,)f(it)e(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(for)g(a)h(c)o
5022 (hess)i(program)d(to)h(recognise)h(what)f(phase)h(the)262 1496
5023 y(game)12 b(is)i(in,)f(so)h(the)g(correct)i(ev)n(aluation)c(criteria)i(or)g
5024 (w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(can)h(b)q(e)h(applied.)324 1581 y(In)i(practice)i(the)f
5025 (game)e(phases)i(need)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(brok)o(en)g(do)o(wn)f(in)o(to)g(more)f
5026 (detail,)i(so)262 1631 y(that)e(the)g(transition)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(phases)
5027 f(is)f(not)g(large.)24 b(If)16 b(this)g(is)g(not)g(done,)h(there)g(will)262
5028 1681 y(b)q(e)e(cli\013s)f(in)h(the)g(ev)n(aluation)e(surface)j(where)f(a)g
5029 (program)e(suddenly)i(b)q(ecomes)g(a)o(w)o(are)f(of)262 1731
5030 y(some)f(asp)q(ect)k(of)d(the)h(p)q(osition.)20 b(F)m(or)14
5031 b(example,)g(early)g(in)h(the)g(game)e(the)j(king)e(needs)i(to)262
5032 1781 y(sta)o(y)c(near)i(the)f(edge)h(of)e(the)i(b)q(oard)f(protected)i(b)o(y)
5033 d(its)h(pieces.)19 b(As)14 b(the)f(game)f(progresses)262 1830
5034 y(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(the)h(king)f(should)g(b)q(egin)h(to)f(b)q(e)i(mo)o(v)o
5035 (ed)d(to)h(an)g(activ)o(e)h(p)q(osition)f(ready)h(for)f(the)262
5036 1880 y(endgame.)j(If)11 b(this)g(pro)q(cess)j(is)d(not)g(p)q(erformed)g
5037 (gradually)m(,)f(the)i(program)e(ma)o(y)f(\014nd)j(itself)262
5038 1930 y(in)f(an)h(endgame)g(with)g(its)g(king)f(misplaced,)g(and)h(a)g(sudden)
5039 h(realisation)f(that)g(things)g(are)262 1980 y(not)f(as)h(go)q(o)q(d)f(as)h
5040 (predicted)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)g(at)h(the)g(previous)g
5041 (game)e(phase.)324 2065 y(Assume,)15 b(for)g(example,)e(w)o(e)j(ha)o(v)o(e)f
5042 (8)f(game)g(phases,)i(then)g(new)g(ev)n(aluation)d(criteria)262
5043 2115 y(could)g(b)q(e)g(in)o(tro)q(duced)h(gen)o(tly)m(,)e(or)i(existing)f
5044 (criteria)g(could)g(b)q(e)h(scaled)g(according)f(to)g(the)262
5045 2165 y(phase.)324 2250 y(The)h(game)e(phase)j(is)e(a)h(factor)f(of)g(the)i
5046 (material)d(remaining)f(on)j(the)g(b)q(oard)g(and)f(can)262
5047 2300 y(therefore)f(b)q(e)f(easily)f(calculated,)h(although)f(deciding)h(when)
5048 g(one)g(phase)g(should)g(end)g(and)262 2350 y(another)i(should)g(start)h(is)f
5049 (more)g(di\016cult.)k(This)c(recognition)g(of)g(the)h(game)e(phase)i(m)o(ust)
5050 262 2399 y(also)e(include)h(realising)f(when)i(p)q(ositional)d(factors)j(can)
5051 f(b)q(e)h(ignored)e(and)h(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)262 2449 y(king)f(can)h(b)q
5052 (e)g(driv)o(en)g(to)g(c)o(hec)o(kmate.)957 2574 y(36)p eop
5054 37 38 bop 324 307 a Fp(The)14 b(game)f(phase)i(can)f(also)f(b)q(e)i(used)g
5055 (to)f(encourage)h(the)f(program)f(to)h(trade)g(pieces)262 357
5056 y(when)g(ahead)g(in)f(material.)262 509 y Fu(3.2.5)55 b(Planning)262
5057 621 y Fp(Planning)19 b(pla)o(ys)h(an)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(role)i(in)f(h)o
5058 (uman)e(c)o(hess.)40 b(It)21 b(could)f(b)q(e)h(said)f(that)h(a)262
5059 670 y(program)d(is)i(con)o(tin)o(ually)f(planning)f(to)i(maximi)o(se)e(its)i
5060 (ev)n(aluation)f(function's)h(score.)262 720 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(this)g
5061 (often)g(leads)g(to)g(aimless)e(pla)o(y)m(,)h(w)o(aiting)f(for)i(the)g(opp)q
5062 (onen)o(t)h(to)e(mak)o(e)g(a)262 770 y(mistak)o(e.)324 855
5063 y(A)20 b(plan)f(could)h(b)q(e)g(conceiv)o(ed)h(at)e(the)i(ro)q(ot)f(of)f(the)
5064 h(tree)h(b)o(y)f(an)g(analysis)f(of)g(the)262 905 y(p)q(osition.)29
5065 b(Sp)q(eci\014c)19 b(goals)d(can)j(b)q(e)f(iden)o(ti\014ed,)g(suc)o(h)h(as)f
5066 (a)f(king)g(side)h(pa)o(wn)g(rush,)h(for)262 955 y(example.)d(The)f(relev)n
5067 (an)o(t)f(Pc/Sq)g(tables)g(and)g(static)h(ev)n(aluation)d(criteria)i(can)h(b)
5068 q(e)f(giv)o(en)262 1005 y(w)o(eigh)o(tings)c(to)h(encourage)h(ac)o(hiev)o
5069 (emen)o(t)f(of)f(these)j(goals.)j(F)m(or)11 b(example,)f(increasing)h(the)262
5070 1055 y(b)q(on)o(us)k(for)g(pushing)h(pa)o(wns)f(on)h(the)g(king)e(side.)23
5071 b(The)16 b(subsequen)o(t)i(searc)o(h)e(w)o(ould)f(then)262
5072 1104 y(b)q(e)h(biased)f(to)o(w)o(ards)h(selecting)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(whic)o(h)h
5073 (ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(these)h('sub{goals'.)k(T)m(o)15 b(further)262
5074 1154 y(encourage)20 b(the)g(use)g(of)e(a)h(consisten)o(t)i(plan,)e(the)h
5075 (principle)f(v)n(ariation)f(from)f(the)j(last)262 1204 y(searc)o(h)15
5076 b(can)g(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)e(direct)h(the)h(curren)o(t)g(searc)o(h.)21
5077 b(Deviations)14 b(only)f(b)q(eing)i(allo)o(w)o(ed)262 1254
5078 y(when)f(they)g(are)h(clearly)e(sup)q(erior.)324 1339 y(Chess)k(programs)e
5079 (generally)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(no)h(problem)f(in)g(\014nding)h(the)h(correct)g(mo)
5080 o(v)o(es)e(of)262 1389 y(com)o(binations)i(leading)i(to)g(a)h(gain)e(in)i
5081 (material.)33 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(they)f(\014nd)g(it)f(far)h(more)262
5082 1439 y(di\016cult)13 b(to)g(create)j(p)q(ositions)d(where)i(suc)o(h)g(com)o
5083 (binations)d(exist.)262 1611 y Fr(3.3)69 b(Learning)262 1738
5084 y Fp(The)14 b(Learning)g(pro)q(cess)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(split)e(in)o(to)g(5)h
5085 (main)e(categories:)324 1821 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Rote)14 b(Learning.)324
5086 1904 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Advice)15 b(T)m(aking.)324 1987 y Ff(\017)20
5087 b Fp(Induction.)324 2070 y Ff(\017)g Fp(Learning)14 b(b)o(y)g(Analogy)m(.)324
5088 2153 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(P)o(arameter)14 b(Adjustmen)o(t.)262
5089 2236 y(The)e(\014rst)h(four)f(categories)h(are)g(directly)g(related)g(to)f
5090 (the)h(w)o(a)o(y)e(h)o(umans)g(learn.)18 b(The)12 b(\014nal)262
5091 2286 y(category)f(is)g(deriv)o(ed)g(more)f(from)f(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)g(programs)
5092 e(mak)o(e)h(decisions)h(than)g(the)g(h)o(uman)262 2336 y(learning)i(pro)q
5093 (cess.)957 2574 y(37)p eop
5095 38 39 bop 262 307 a Fu(3.3.1)55 b(Rote)18 b(Learning)262 419
5096 y Fp(This)12 b(is)h(the)g(simplest)e(form)g(of)h(mac)o(hine)g(learning.)17
5097 b(It)12 b(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)g(the)h(recording)g(of)f(data,)262
5098 469 y(and)h(use)i(of)e(that)h(same)f(data)h(when)g(faced)g(with)g(exactly)g
5099 (the)g(same)f(situation)h(again.)324 554 y(Most)i(c)o(hess)h(programs)e(use)i
5100 (what)e(is)h(kno)o(wn)f(as)h(an)g("Op)q(ening)g(Bo)q(ok".)23
5101 b(This)16 b(is)g(a)262 604 y(database)i(of)g(pre-stored)h(op)q(ening)f(lines)
5102 h(of)e(pla)o(y)g(whic)o(h)i(are)f(lo)q(ok)o(ed)g(up)g(and)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)262
5103 654 y(automatically)12 b(while)k(the)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(stic)o(k)g
5104 (to)g(the)h(stored)g(op)q(ening)e(line)h(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)262
5105 704 y(In)h(more)g(sophisticated)i(c)o(hess)g(programs,)e(p)q(ositions)h(and)g
5106 (mo)o(v)o(es)e(are)j(stored,)g(rather)262 754 y(than)c(lines)h(of)g(mo)o(v)o
5107 (es.)20 b(This)15 b(enables)g(a)g(transp)q(osition)g(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)h
5108 (b)q(e)h(detected)h(and)262 803 y(allo)o(ws)11 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(to)j(b)q(e)f
5109 (pla)o(y)o(ed)g(whenev)o(er)i(a)e('kno)o(wn')f(p)q(osition)g(is)h(reac)o
5110 (hed.)19 b(The)13 b(op)q(ening)262 853 y(b)q(o)q(ok)i(is)g(v)o(ery)g(useful)h
5111 (for)f(a)o(v)o(oiding)e(op)q(ening)i(traps,)h(sa)o(ving)e(time)g(and)h
5112 (making)e(mo)o(v)o(es)262 903 y(of)h(a)h(v)o(ery)g(high)g(standard)g(whic)o
5113 (h)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(y)o(ears)h(of)f(theory)g(and)g(practice)h(b)q(ehind)g
5114 (them.)262 953 y(Ob)o(viously)i(this)i(tec)o(hnique)g(can)f(only)g(co)o(v)o
5115 (er)h(the)g(\014rst)g(few)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(of)h(a)g(game,)g(an)o(y)262
5116 1003 y(deviation)13 b(causing)g(the)i(program)d(to)i('think')e(for)i(itself.)
5117 324 1088 y(V)m(arious)i(endgame)f(databases)i(ha)o(v)o(e)f(also)g(b)q(een)i
5118 (created)g(for)e(elemen)o(tary)f(endings)262 1138 y(suc)o(h)g(as)f(king)g
5119 (and)g(pa)o(wn)h(against)e(king.)20 b(When)14 b(database)h(p)q(ositions)f
5120 (are)h(reac)o(hed)h(the)262 1187 y(program)f(can)i(simply)e(lo)q(ok)i(up)g
5121 (the)h(correct)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(and)h(pla)o(y)f(it.)28 b(I)17
5122 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(for)g(suc)o(h)262 1237 y(simple)12 b(endings,)i(heuristics)
5123 i(can)e(b)q(e)h(dev)o(elop)q(ed)g(whic)o(h)f(will)e(allo)o(w)h(correct)j(pla)
5124 o(y)d(using)262 1287 y(searc)o(h)i(rather)f(than)g(massiv)o(e)f(storage.)324
5125 1372 y(A)h(more)e(v)o(ersatile)i(tec)o(hnique)h(has)f(b)q(een)g(suggested)i
5126 (b)o(y)d(Da)o(vid)f(Slate)i([58)o(])f(of)g(Chess)262 1422 y(4.5)h(fame.)20
5127 b(Slate)15 b(suggests)h(a)f(metho)q(d)f(b)o(y)h(whic)o(h)g(a)g(transp)q
5128 (osition)g(table)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(used)262 1472 y(to)d(enable)g(a)g(c)o(hess)i
5129 (program)d(to)h(learn)g(from)f(its)h(exp)q(erience.)20 b(The)14
5130 b(idea)f(b)q(eing)g(to)h(store)262 1522 y(p)q(ositions)e(where)h(the)h
5131 (program's)c(ev)n(aluation)i(c)o(hanges)h(dramatically)m(.)h(This)f(allo)o
5132 (ws)e(the)262 1572 y(program)h(to)j(a)o(v)o(oid)e(falling)f(in)o(to)i(the)h
5133 (same)f(trap)g(again.)19 b(This)14 b(is)h(of)e(most)h(use)h(in)f(non{)262
5134 1621 y(b)q(o)q(ok)i(op)q(ening)h(p)q(ositions)g(whic)o(h)f(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j
5135 (encoun)o(tered)h(in)d(another)i(game.)26 b(Fidelit)o(y)262
5136 1671 y(Electronics)14 b(are)f(using)g(a)f(similar)f(tec)o(hnique)i(in)g(one)g
5137 (of)f(their)i(latest)f(commercial)d(c)o(hess)262 1721 y(mac)o(hines)i([21].)
5138 262 1873 y Fu(3.3.2)55 b(Advice)18 b(T)-5 b(aking)262 1985
5139 y Fp(Advice)16 b(taking)f(c)o(hess)i(programs)e(require)h(the)h(gap)e(b)q(et)
5140 o(w)o(een)i(the)g(programmi)o(ng)c(lev)o(el)262 2035 y(and)e(a)h(c)o(hess)i
5141 (masters)e(kno)o(wledge)g(to)f(b)q(e)i(bridged)f(b)o(y)g(some)f(high)h(lev)o
5142 (el)f(c)o(hess)j(language.)324 2120 y(Most)c(notably)g(Zobrist)g(and)g
5143 (Carlson)g([64)o(])g(dev)o(elop)q(ed)g(suc)o(h)h(a)f(t)o(yp)q(e)h(of)e
5144 (advice)h(taking)262 2170 y(program.)15 b(The)e(program)e(w)o(as)h(tutored)h
5145 (b)o(y)g(Charles)f(Kalme,)f(a)h(US)h(Senior)f(Chess)i(Mas-)262
5146 2219 y(ter.)22 b(The)15 b('Chess)h(Language')e(used)i(w)o(as)f(relativ)o(ely)
5147 g(sophisticated,)g(but)h(still)e(required)262 2269 y(mathematical)f(w)o(eigh)
5148 o(ts)18 b(to)f(b)q(e)g(assigned)h(to)f(patterns.)29 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18
5149 b(c)o(hess)h(masters)e(do)262 2319 y(not)d(consciously)h(conceptualise)h(p)q
5150 (ositions)f(in)f(this)h(w)o(a)o(y)m(.)20 b(Therefore,)c(the)g(advice)f(that)
5151 262 2369 y(can)f(b)q(e)g(giv)o(en)g(is)f(somewhat)g(di\016cult)g(to)h(assign)
5152 g(discrete)h(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(to.)957 2574 y(38)p eop
5154 39 40 bop 324 307 a Fp(The)21 b(program)d(only)i(con)o(tained)g(50)g
5155 (patterns.)39 b(Researc)o(h)22 b(done)e(b)o(y)g(Simon)f(and)262
5156 357 y(Gilmarti)o(n)13 b([55)o(])j(indicates)g(that)g(a)f(grandmaster)h(has)g
5157 (a)f(v)o(o)q(cabulary)g(of)h(ab)q(out)f(50,000)262 407 y(c)o(hess)i
5158 (patterns.)26 b(Therefore,)17 b(it)f(is)g(not)g(surprising)g(that)h(Zobrist)f
5159 (and)g(Carlson's)g(pro-)262 457 y(gram)c(only)h(p)q(erformed)g(at)h(the)h(no)
5160 o(vice)e(lev)o(el.)262 608 y Fu(3.3.3)55 b(Induction)262 720
5161 y Fp(A)10 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(attempts)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)i(made)d
5162 (to)h(use)i(induction)e(in)g(c)o(hess)i(programs.)j(Most)262
5163 770 y(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)f(the)j(narro)o(w)f(domain)e(of)i(simple)f(endings)h
5164 (suc)o(h)h(as)g(king)e(and)h(pa)o(wn)g(against)262 820 y(king)11
5165 b([54)o(].)17 b(Giv)o(en)12 b(a)g(relativ)o(ely)g(large)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g
5166 (of)g(training)f(ev)o(en)o(ts,)j(suc)o(h)f(programs)e(are)262
5167 870 y(able)16 b(to)g(use)i(induction)e(on)g(a)g(set)i(of)e(kno)o(wn)g
5168 (predicates)i(in)e(order)h(to)g(deriv)o(e)g(a)f(set)h(of)262
5169 919 y(form)o(ulas.)e(The)d(programs)f(are)h(then)h(able)f(to)f(deal)h(with)g
5170 (suc)o(h)g(endings)h(with)e(80)h(to)g(90\045)262 969 y(success.)21
5171 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)15 b(a)f(10)g(to)g(20\045)f(lev)o(el)i(of)e(incorrect)j
5172 (pla)o(y)m(,)d(esp)q(ecially)h(in)g(suc)o(h)h(simple)262 1019
5173 y(endings,)e(is)h(not)g(adequate)g(in)g(tournamen)o(t)f(programs.)324
5174 1104 y(Stev)o(en)f(Skiena)g(states)h(in)e([57)o(],)g("When)h(more)f(complex)f
5175 (endgames)h(are)i(considered,)262 1154 y(increasingly)19 b(larger)i(n)o(um)o
5176 (b)q(er)e(of)h(predicates)h(will)e(b)q(e)i(needed,)i(un)o(til)c(forms)g(of)h
5177 (con-)262 1204 y(structiv)o(e)d(induction)e(or)h(feature)h(formation)c(are)j
5178 (necessary)m(.)26 b(Systems)16 b(for)f(signi\014can)o(t)262
5179 1254 y(constructiv)o(e)g(induction)e(simply)f(do)i(not)g(exist.".)262
5180 1405 y Fu(3.3.4)55 b(Learning)18 b(b)n(y)g(Analogy)262 1517
5181 y Fp(Learning)10 b(b)o(y)g(analogy)e(is)j(probably)e(the)i(most)e(p)q(o)o(w)o
5182 (erful)h(metho)q(d)g(applicable)f(to)h(pla)o(ying)262 1567
5183 y(c)o(hess.)19 b(Unfortunately)14 b(it)f(is)h(also)f(v)o(ery)i(di\016cult)e
5184 (to)g(ac)o(hiev)o(e)i(on)e(a)h(mac)o(hine.)324 1652 y(It)h(has)f(b)q(een)i
5185 (found)e(b)o(y)h(de)g(Gro)q(ot)f([16)o(])h(that)f(grandmasters)h(notice)g
5186 (similarities)d(in)262 1702 y(piece)20 b(placemen)o(t,)f(square)h(con)o(trol)
5187 e(and)h(pressure.)36 b(These)21 b(concepts)g(are)e(kno)o(wn)g(to)262
5188 1752 y(strong)14 b(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(in)g(the)h(form)e(of)h(patterns,)h(mo)o(v)
5189 o(es)e(and)h(goals.)19 b(No)14 b(ma)r(jor)e(w)o(ork)i(seems)262
5190 1802 y(to)k(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)i(done)e(in)g(this)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d
5191 (area.)32 b(This)19 b(seems)f(to)g(me)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(a)f(ma)r(jor)262
5192 1851 y(omission,)11 b(if)i(kno)o(wledge)h(based)g(programs)f(are)h(to)g
5193 (succeed)i(in)d(reac)o(hing)h(master)g(lev)o(el.)262 2003 y
5194 Fu(3.3.5)55 b(P)n(arameter)17 b(Adjustmen)n(t)262 2115 y Fp(This)9
5195 b(t)o(yp)q(e)i(of)e(learning)g(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)g(adjusting)g(the)i(w)o
5196 (eigh)o(ts)f(applied)f(to)h(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)262 2165
5197 y(in)h(the)h(ligh)o(t)f(of)g(exp)q(erience.)19 b(Those)10 b(criteria)g(whic)o
5198 (h)g(lead)f(to)h(impro)o(v)o(ed)e(p)q(erformance)h(are)262
5199 2214 y(increased,)18 b(whereas)f(those)h(criteria)f(whic)o(h)f(deteriorate)i
5200 (p)q(erformance)e(are)h(decreased)262 2264 y(or)c(discarded)i(altogether.)324
5201 2350 y(The)22 b(most)e(notable)h(example)f(of)h(this)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h(of)f(mac)
5202 o(hine)f(learning)g(is)h(Sam)o(uel's)262 2399 y(draugh)o(ts)c(program)f([48)o
5203 (,)h(49)o(].)29 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(c)o(hess)h(is)e(a)g(far)g(more)g
5204 (complex)f(game)g(than)262 2449 y(draugh)o(ts.)26 b(In)17 b(1961,)e(Max)i(Eu)
5205 o(w)o(e,)g(ex{w)o(orld)f(c)o(hess)i(c)o(hampion,)d(set)j(up)e(a)h(commi)o
5206 (ttee)957 2574 y(39)p eop
5208 40 41 bop 262 307 a Fp([20)o(])15 b(to)h(explore)g(the)h(p)q(ossibilities)f
5209 (of)f(applying)g(Sam)o(uel's)f(tec)o(hniques)j(to)f(c)o(hess.)26
5210 b(The)262 357 y(commi)o(ttee)16 b(concluded)j(that)f(for)f(c)o(hess)j(Sam)o
5211 (uel's)c(tec)o(hniques)j("w)o(ould)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)h(deal)262
5212 407 y(not)f(with)h(31)g(comp)q(onen)o(t)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)g(but)i(with)e(31)
5213 h(millio)o(n)d(or)j(ev)o(en)h(more")e([28)o(].)30 b(In)262
5214 457 y(other)14 b(w)o(ords)g(the)h(tec)o(hniques)g(are)f(impractical)e(for)i
5215 (c)o(hess.)324 542 y(More)h(recen)o(tly)h(Thomas)d(Nitsc)o(he)j([45)o(])e
5216 (has)h(exp)q(erimen)o(ted)g(with)g(a)f(learning)g(c)o(hess)262
5217 592 y(program)9 b(whic)o(h)i(adjusts)h(its)f(o)o(wn)g(parameters)g(using)g
5218 (linear)g(regression.)19 b(The)11 b(program)262 641 y(is)i(capable)h(of)f
5219 (learning)h(from)e(three)j(di\013eren)o(t)g(sources:)324 725
5220 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Analysing)13 b(Master)i(Games.)324 808 y
5221 Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Pla)o(ying)13 b(against)g(Human)f(Opp)q(osition.)324
5222 891 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Pla)o(ying)13 b(against)g(itself.)262
5223 974 y(Suc)o(h)18 b(tec)o(hniques)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(not)g(b)q(een)h(generally)f
5224 (successful)i(in)e(comp)q(etitiv)o(e)f(c)o(hess)j(pro-)262
5225 1023 y(grams.)k(I)17 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(the)g(reason)g(for)g(this)f(is)h(that)
5226 f(most)g(ev)n(aluation)f(functions)i(are)g(not)262 1073 y(made)e(up)j(of)e
5227 (simple)f(linear)i(features)h(as)f(used)h(b)o(y)f(Nitsc)o(he.)29
5228 b(Therefore)18 b(making)d(this)262 1123 y(t)o(yp)q(e)f(of)f(learning)g(m)o
5229 (uc)o(h)g(more)g(di\016cult)g(to)h(apply)m(.)324 1208 y(In)9
5230 b(conclusion,)h(I)f(think)h(the)g(amoun)o(t)d(of)i(learning)g(necessary)i
5231 (for)f(a)f(program)f(to)h(reac)o(h)262 1258 y(a)i(high)h(lev)o(el)g(of)g
5232 (abilit)o(y)e(has)j(b)q(een)g(sev)o(erely)g(under{estimated.)18
5233 b(Simon)10 b(and)i(Chase)h([56)o(])262 1308 y(found)19 b(that)h(it)g(tak)o
5234 (es)g(a)g(pla)o(y)o(er)f(ab)q(out)h(a)g(decade)h(of)e(in)o(tense)i(pre{o)q
5235 (ccupation)g(with)262 1358 y(pla)o(ying)11 b(c)o(hess)j(to)f(b)q(ecome)g(a)g
5236 (grandmaster.)k(Humans)12 b(are)h(sup)q(erb)i(learners,)f(mac)o(hines)262
5237 1408 y(are)19 b(clearly)h(not.)34 b(It)20 b(therefore)g(follo)o(ws)e(that)i
5238 (it)f(will)f(tak)o(e)h(success)j(in)d(most)f(of)h(the)262 1457
5239 y(categories)e(outlined)f(in)g(this)g(section)i(together)f(with)f(at)g(least)
5240 h(a)f(decade)i(of)e(full)f(time)262 1507 y(w)o(ork,)9 b(advice)h(and)f
5241 (training)g(to)g(pro)q(duce)i(a)e(learning,)g(kno)o(wledge{based)h(c)o(hess)h
5242 (program)262 1557 y(an)o(ywhere)j(near)g(the)h(grandmaster)e(lev)o(el.)262
5243 1730 y Fr(3.4)69 b(Time)21 b(Con)n(trol)262 1856 y Fp(Chess)11
5244 b(clo)q(c)o(ks)g(are)g(used)h(in)e(comp)q(etitiv)o(e)g(c)o(hess)i(to)e(allo)o
5245 (w)f(fair)h(allo)q(cation)f(of)h(time)g(to)g(eac)o(h)262 1906
5246 y(pla)o(y)o(er)j(for)h(the)h(game.)i(Both)d(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(m)o(ust)f(then)i
5247 (conform)d(to)i(a)g(set)h(of)e(time)g(con)o(trols.)262 1956
5248 y(In)f(tournamen)o(t)g(c)o(hess)h(the)h(general)e(time)f(con)o(trol)i(is)f
5249 (40)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)h(2)g(hours)h(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)262
5250 2005 y(20)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(in)h(ev)o(ery)h(subsequen)o(t)g(hour.)18
5251 b(Some)11 b(time)g(con)o(trols)h(can)g(b)q(e)h("sudden)g(death",)262
5252 2055 y(e.g.)k(all)c(mo)o(v)o(es)g(in)g(30)g(min)o(utes.)324
5253 2141 y(An)o(y)j(c)o(hess)h(program)e(written)h(to)g(comp)q(ete)g(with)g(h)o
5254 (umans)f(or)h(other)g(programs)f(in)262 2190 y(tournamen)o(t)e(games)h(m)o
5255 (ust)g(therefore)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(an)h(algorithm)d(to)i(con)o(trol)h(its)f
5256 (time)g(usage.)262 2240 y(The)g(time)f(sp)q(en)o(t)i(on)e(eac)o(h)i(mo)o(v)o
5257 (e)d(do)q(es)j(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)f(to)h(b)q(e)h(constan)o(t,)f(in)f(fact)h(it)
5258 g(is)g(prefer-)262 2290 y(able)g(that)h(it)f(is)h(not.)20 b(It)15
5259 b(is)g(wise)g(to)g(pla)o(y)e(ob)o(vious)h(or)h(forced)h(mo)o(v)o(es)d(quic)o
5260 (kly)h(and)h(tak)o(e)262 2340 y(longer)i(on)h(more)f(di\016cult)g(mo)o(v)o
5261 (es.)28 b(Therefore,)20 b(a)d(sophisticated)i(time)d(con)o(trol)i(algo-)262
5262 2390 y(rithm)11 b(m)o(ust)h(detect)i(these)g(cases)h(and)d(allo)q(cate)g(its)
5263 h(time)f(appropriately)m(.)k(I)d(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(it)g(is)262
5264 2439 y(also)g(part)h(of)f(suc)o(h)i(an)f(algorithms)d(resp)q(onsibilit)o(y)j
5265 (to)g(detect)h(when)g(the)f(horizon)g(e\013ect)957 2574 y(40)p
5268 41 42 bop 262 307 a Fp(ma)o(y)11 b(b)q(e)j(o)q(ccurring)f(and)g(allo)q(cate)g
5269 (enough)g(time)f(where)i(p)q(ossible)g(to)f(see)h(o)o(v)o(er)f(the)h(hori-)
5270 262 357 y(zon.)k(T)m(o)13 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(these)h(aims,)c(the)k(algorithm)c
5271 (m)o(ust)h(kno)o(w)i(what)f(scores)j(the)e(searc)o(h)h(is)262
5272 407 y(calculating)10 b(at)i(eac)o(h)g(iteration)f(and)h(the)g(state)h(of)e
5273 (the)i(searc)o(h)f(at)g(a)g(giv)o(en)f(p)q(oin)o(t)g(in)g(time.)324
5274 492 y(Time)j(con)o(trol)h(problems)f(are)i(eased)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(use)g(of)f
5275 (iterativ)o(e)g(deep)q(ening)i(b)q(ecause)262 542 y(of)c(the)j(con)o(tin)o
5276 (uous)e(a)o(v)n(ailabili)o(t)o(y)e(of)i(the)h(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(found)h
5277 (so)g(far.)20 b(The)15 b(time)e(used)j(up)262 592 y(thinking)g(ab)q(out)i
5278 (the)h(curren)o(t)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(m)o(ust)h(b)q(e)i(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)g
5279 (regularly)e(against)g(the)i(time)262 641 y(allo)q(cation)14
5280 b(to)j(a)o(v)o(oid)e(the)i(p)q(ossibilities)f(of)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(using)h(time)
5281 e(or)h(ev)o(en)i(losing)d(on)h(time.)262 691 y(Unfortunately)m(,)g(it)g(is)g
5282 (not)h(enough)f(to)h(c)o(hec)o(k)g(the)g(time)f(after)g(eac)o(h)h(iteration)f
5283 (or)h(ev)o(en)262 741 y(after)f(eac)o(h)h(\014rst)g(lev)o(el)g(branc)o(h.)26
5284 b(This)16 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i(some)e(branc)o(hes)i(ma)o(y)c(tak)o(e)j(a)f
5285 (large)262 791 y(amoun)o(t)c(of)j(time)e(to)h(searc)o(h.)22
5286 b(Therefore,)16 b(a)e(successful)j(time)c(con)o(trol)i(algorithm)d(m)o(ust)
5287 262 841 y(b)q(e)g(closely)f(link)o(ed)g(to)h(the)g(actual)f(tree)i(searc)o(h)
5288 g(mec)o(hanism)c(at)j(all)e(but)i(the)h(v)o(ery)f(deep)q(est)262
5289 891 y(lev)o(els)h(of)h(the)g(tree.)324 976 y(During)h(m)o(y)g(researc)o(h)j
5290 (I)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(noticed)g(a)g(distinct)h(lac)o(k)e(of)h(published)g
5291 (material)e(in)262 1026 y(this)f(area.)18 b(The)13 b(articles)h(b)o(y)f(R.)f
5292 (Hy)o(att)h([30])f(and)h(H.)g(Berliner)h([7])e(are)i(the)g(only)e(articles)
5293 262 1075 y(of)j(an)o(y)g(substance)i(in)f(this)g(area.)23 b(I)16
5294 b(\014nd)g(this)g(rather)g(surprising)g(b)q(ecause)i(as)e(I)f(see)i(it,)262
5295 1125 y(this)c(is)h(an)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(elemen)o(t)h(of)h(an)o(y)f(strong)h
5296 (c)o(hess)i(program.)957 2574 y(41)p eop
5298 42 43 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(4)262 897 y Fo(The)39 b(Ev)-7
5299 b(aluation)42 b(F)-10 b(unction)262 1148 y Fp(In)11 b(this)g(c)o(hapter)h(I)f
5300 (will)f(de\014ne)i(and)f(explain)f(the)i(heuristics)g(I)g(consider)g(to)f(b)q
5301 (e)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)262 1198 y(in)h(assessing)j(the)f(merits)e(of)h(a)g(c)o
5302 (hess)i(p)q(osition.)i(I)d(in)o(tend)f(to)g(implemen)o(t)e(these)k(ideas)e
5303 (in)262 1248 y(a)g(new)h(c)o(hess)i(program)c(called)i("HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0".)324
5304 1333 y(I)e(hop)q(e)h(to)f(pro)q(duce)h(an)f(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(whic)o
5305 (h)g(has)g(the)h(p)q(ositional)e(kno)o(wledge)262 1383 y(at)j(or)g(near)g
5306 (the)h(exp)q(ert)h(lev)o(el)e(\(2000)f(ELO\).)h(It)g(w)o(ould)g(normally)d
5307 (tak)o(e)k(a)e(h)o(uman)g(pla)o(y)o(er)262 1433 y(some)17 b(5)h(y)o(ears)g
5308 (of)g(in)o(tensiv)o(e)g(c)o(hess)i(exp)q(erience)g(and)e(learning)g(to)g(ac)o
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5310 (instill)f(enough)i(kno)o(wledge)f(in)g(a)g(program)f(within)g(the)i(short)
5311 262 1532 y(p)q(erio)q(d)12 b(of)f(time)f(a)o(v)n(ailable)g(for)h(this)h(pro)r
5312 (ject)h(is)f(daun)o(ting.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(I)g(can)g(dra)o(w)g(on)f(m)o
5313 (y)262 1582 y(o)o(wn)j(exp)q(erience)j(of)e(tournamen)o(t)f(c)o(hess)j(and)e
5314 (the)g(exp)q(eriences)j(of)c(some)h(great)g(master)262 1632
5315 y(pla)o(y)o(ers)e(who)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(written)h(ab)q(out)f(c)o(hess)i
5316 (strategy)m(.)j(In)13 b(particular,)f(the)i(famous)d(b)q(o)q(oks)262
5317 1682 y("My)j(System")h(and)g("Chess)h(Praxis")f(b)o(y)g(Aron)h(Nimzo)o(witsc)
5318 o(h)e([43)o(,)g(44])h(con)o(tain)f(some)262 1732 y(v)o(ery)h(deep)g(though)o
5319 (ts)g(on)g(p)q(ositional)e(and)i(strategic)h(pla)o(y)m(.)j(Therefore,)d(I)f
5320 (will)e(use)j(suc)o(h)262 1781 y(ideas)e(to)f(help)h(dev)o(elop)g(heuristics)
5321 h(to)f(ev)n(aluate)f(p)q(ositions.)324 1867 y(As)f(I)g(see)h(it,)e(there)i
5322 (are)f(three)h(main)d(problems)g(facing)h(the)i(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)d(of)i(a)f
5323 ('go)q(o)q(d')262 1916 y(ev)n(aluation)h(function:)324 1999
5324 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Determining)13 b Fl(whic)o(h)f Fp(criteria)i(are)h(imp)q
5325 (ortan)o(t.)324 2083 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Deciding)14 b Fl(when)f
5326 Fp(the)h(criteria)h(are)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)324 2166 y Ff(\017)20
5327 b Fp(Deciding)14 b Fl(what)f Fp(the)i(relativ)o(e)e(merits)h(of)f(eac)o(h)h
5328 (criterion)h(should)e(b)q(e.)262 2249 y(It)h(is)g(vital)e(to)i(get)h(all)d
5329 (three)k(of)d(these)j(asp)q(ects)f('righ)o(t'.)i(F)m(or)d(example,)e(a)i
5330 (program)f(ma)o(y)262 2298 y(kno)o(w)i(that)g(bishops)h(are)g(strong)g(in)f
5331 (some)g(p)q(ositions.)22 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(if)f(it)g(do)q(es)i(not)e
5332 (kno)o(w)262 2348 y(with)10 b(accuracy)j(when)f(those)g(p)q(ositions)f(o)q
5333 (ccur,)h(it)f(cannot)h(apply)e(its)h(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)262
5334 2398 y(e\013ectiv)o(ely)m(.)20 b(There)c(are)f(no)f(p)q(erfect)j(answ)o(ers,)
5335 e(often)g(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(ma)o(y)e(con)o(tra-)262
5336 2448 y(dict)j(eac)o(h)g(other)h(b)q(ecause)h(of)e(an)f(inevitable)h(in)o
5337 (teraction)g(and)g(o)o(v)o(erlap)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(eac)o(h)957
5340 43 44 bop 262 307 a Fp(t)o(yp)q(e)15 b(of)g(c)o(hess)i(kno)o(wledge)e
5341 (represen)o(ted.)25 b(Therefore,)17 b(eac)o(h)f(criterion)g(is)f(not)g(indep)
5342 q(en-)262 357 y(den)o(t)i(in)f(its)h(o)o(wn)f(righ)o(t,)g(but)h(m)o(ust)f(b)q
5343 (e)h(considered)h(with)e(all)g(other)h(relev)n(an)o(t)g(criteria.)262
5344 407 y(Hence,)e(the)h(relativ)o(e)e(w)o(eigh)o(ting)g(for)g(eac)o(h)h(asp)q
5345 (ect)h(of)f(ev)n(aluation)e(is)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)19 b(Ho)o(w-)262
5346 457 y(ev)o(er,)f(the)g(criteria)f(can)h(only)e(b)q(e)i(considered)g(correct)h
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5349 (when)f(dev)o(eloping)f(eac)o(h)262 641 y(heuristic.)36 b(Dev)o(eloping)19
5350 b(an)h(ev)n(aluation)e(function)i(is)f(a)h(v)o(ery)g(iterativ)o(e)g(pro)q
5351 (cess.)38 b(In)262 691 y(the)16 b(ligh)o(t)e(of)h(seeing)h(a)f(program)f(pla)
5352 o(y)h(the)h(game,)e(the)i(heuristics)h(will)d(b)q(e)i(con)o(tin)o(ually)262
5353 741 y(ev)o(olv)o(ed.)22 b(This)15 b(\014ts)h(in)f(w)o(ell)g(with)g(the)h
5354 (equiv)n(alen)o(t)e(h)o(uman)g(pro)q(cess)j(where)g(kno)o(wledge)262
5355 791 y(is)e(con)o(tin)o(ually)f(in)i(a)f(state)i(of)e(ev)o(olution,)g
5356 (although)g(this)g(is)h(an)g(automatic)d(pro)q(cess)18 b(in)262
5357 841 y(the)c(case)h(of)e(a)h(h)o(uman)e(pla)o(y)o(er.)324 926
5358 y(The)f(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(will)e(deal)i(with)f(the)i(op)q(ening,)f
5359 (middle)e(game)h(and)g(general)262 976 y(endgame)15 b(to)i(allo)o(w)e(a)i
5360 (program)e(to)i(pla)o(y)f(the)h(en)o(tire)h(game.)26 b(Kno)o(wledge)17
5361 b(for)f(sp)q(eci\014c)262 1026 y(endgames,)j(suc)o(h)h(as)g(bishop)f(v)o
5362 (ersus)h(knigh)o(t)f(endings,)h(will)e(b)q(e)i(omitted)e(b)q(ecause)j(of)262
5363 1075 y(time)12 b(constrain)o(ts.)20 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14
5364 b(their)g(implemen)o(tation)d(is)j(just)g(a)g(matter)g(of)f(applying)g(a)262
5365 1125 y(similar)e(approac)o(h)j(to)g(that)f(whic)o(h)h(I)g(am)e(applying)h(to)
5366 g(the)i(more)e(general)h(cases.)324 1210 y(The)f(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)i
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5368 (func-)262 1260 y(tional)8 b(and)j(algorithmi)o(c)d(descriptions)j(where)h
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5370 1310 y(kno)o(wledge)i(whic)o(h)h(can)g(b)q(e)g(concisely)g(represen)o(ted)j
5371 (b)o(y)c(the)h(de\014nitions,)g(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(written)262
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5373 b(These)17 b(pre-de\014ned)h(functions)f(will)e(b)q(e)262 1410
5374 y(used)j(extensiv)o(ely)h(in)e(the)h(de\014nition)g(of)f(ev)n(aluation)f
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5378 (ositional)d(fea-)262 1595 y(tures)19 b(for)e(ev)o(en)i(a)f(single)f(t)o(yp)q
5379 (e)i(of)e(piece)i(are)g(ev)n(aluated)e(o)o(v)o(er)h(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)
5380 h(criteria.)262 1644 y(Therefore,)i(remem)o(b)q(er)e(the)i(criteria)f(are)g
5381 (not)g(indep)q(enden)o(t,)i(but)e(closely)g(link)o(ed)f(to-)262
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5383 (a\013ect)h(on)e(b)q(oth)h(sides.)25 b(Therefore,)17 b(while)262
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5385 (of)g(view,)h(their)g(creation)g(in)f(the)262 1794 y(opp)q(onen)o(ts)f(p)q
5386 (osition)f(is)h(activ)o(ely)f(encouraged.)957 2574 y(43)p eop
5388 44 45 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.1)69 b(De\014nition)21 b(1)i(:)31
5389 b(Material)262 434 y Fp(Lik)o(e)20 b(all)f(other)i(c)o(hess)h(programs,)e(m)o
5390 (y)f(ev)n(aluation)f(function)j(will)d(hold)i(material)f(as)262
5391 483 y(the)13 b(main)e(comp)q(onen)o(t.)16 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)d(unlik)o(e)f
5392 (most)g(other)h(programs)f(this)h(will)e(not)i(b)q(e)g(the)262
5393 533 y(o)o(v)o(erriding)d(factor.)17 b(In)11 b(fact,)g(I)g(in)o(tend)g(to)g
5394 (mak)o(e)f(the)i(ev)n(aluation)d(function)i(sophisticated)262
5395 583 y(enough)j(to)f(b)q(e)i(willing)c(to)j(giv)o(e)g(up)g(material)d(for)j
5396 (go)q(o)q(d)f(p)q(ositional)g(comp)q(ensation.)324 668 y(T)m(raditional)j(c)o
5397 (hess)j(b)q(o)q(oks)f(for)g(b)q(eginners)h(adv)o(o)q(cate)f(the)h(follo)o
5398 (wing)d(appro)o(ximate)262 718 y(v)n(alues)c(for)f(eac)o(h)i(piece)g(:-)f(P)o
5399 (a)o(wn,)g(1)g(p)q(oin)o(t;)g(Knigh)o(t,)f(3)h(p)q(oin)o(ts;)h(Bishop,)f(3)g
5400 (p)q(oin)o(ts;)g(Ro)q(ok,)262 768 y(5)18 b(p)q(oin)o(ts;)j(Queen,)g(9)d(p)q
5401 (oin)o(ts)h(and)g(King,)g Ff(1)p Fp(.)33 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)20
5402 b(these)g(piece)g(v)n(alues)e(w)o(ould)262 818 y(require)j(p)q(ositional)e(v)
5403 n(alues)i(ha)o(ving)e(a)i(non)f(in)o(teger)i(represen)o(tation)g(in)e(most)g
5404 (cases.)262 867 y(F)m(or)e(reasons)h(of)f(e\016ciency)m(,)i(most)e(con)o
5405 (temp)q(orary)g(c)o(hess)i(programs)d(use)j(in)o(tegers)f(for)262
5406 917 y(p)q(ositional)13 b(as)i(w)o(ell)f(as)h(material)d(v)n(alues.)20
5407 b(Therefore,)c(I)f(prop)q(ose)g(to)g(use)h(a)e(basic)h(pa)o(wn)262
5408 967 y(v)n(alue)e(of)h(100.)19 b(This)14 b(pro)o(vides)h(a)f(p)q(ositional)f
5409 (resolution)h(to)g(1/100)f(th)i(of)f(a)g(pa)o(wn.)19 b(The)262
5410 1017 y(v)n(alues)13 b(of)g(the)i(other)f(pieces)i(will)c(b)q(e)i(assigned)h
5411 (relativ)o(e)e(to)h(this)g(basic)g(pa)o(wn)g(v)n(alue.)344
5412 1150 y Fh(M)5 b(T)413 1156 y Fe(col)469 1150 y Fp(=)513 1119
5413 y Fc(P)556 1130 y Fk(64)556 1163 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)734 1150 y
5414 Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([An)o(y],col,sq\)\))793 1203 y Fl(case)h
5415 Fp(On\(sq\))h Fl(of)852 1253 y Fp(P)o(a)o(wn)136 b(:)18 b(P)o(a)o(wnV)m(alue)
5416 852 1303 y(Knigh)o(t)110 b(:)18 b(Knigh)o(tV)m(alue)852 1353
5417 y(Bishop)112 b(:)18 b(BishopV)m(alue)852 1403 y(Ro)q(ok)140
5418 b(:)18 b(Ro)q(okV)m(alue)852 1452 y(Queen)122 b(:)18 b(QueenV)m(alue)852
5419 1502 y(King)148 b(:)18 b(KingV)m(alue)793 1552 y Fl(endcase)734
5420 1602 y(endif)344 1702 y(where)380 1751 y Fp(P)o(a)o(wnV)m(alue)152
5421 b(=)14 b(100)380 1801 y(Knigh)o(tV)m(alue)126 b(=)14 b(325)380
5422 1851 y(BishopV)m(alue)128 b(=)14 b(340)380 1901 y(Ro)q(okV)m(alue)156
5423 b(=)14 b(520)380 1951 y(QueenV)m(alue)138 b(=)14 b(960)380
5424 2000 y(KingV)m(alue)164 b(=)14 b(10000)262 2115 y(F)m(ew)20
5425 b(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(agree)h(on)f(the)h(relativ)o(e)f(merits)f(of)h(a)g(knigh)o
5426 (t)g(and)g(bishop.)37 b(Both)20 b(are)262 2165 y(suited)c(to)g(di\013eren)o
5427 (t)h(t)o(yp)q(es)g(of)f(p)q(osition.)23 b(My)16 b(o)o(wn)g(view)g(is)g(that)g
5428 (programs)f(generally)262 2214 y(use)g(bishops)f(more)g(e\013ectiv)o(ely)h
5429 (than)f(knigh)o(ts.)20 b(This)14 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i(programs)e(pla)o(y)f(op)
5430 q(en)262 2264 y(p)q(ositions)g(b)q(etter)j(than)e(closed)g(ones.)19
5431 b(Bishops)c(are)f(usually)f(stronger)i(than)f(knigh)o(ts)g(in)262
5432 2314 y(op)q(en)i(p)q(ositions)f(and)h(inferior)f(in)g(closed)i(p)q(ositions.)
5433 23 b(Therefore)17 b(I)f(prop)q(ose)h(to)e(set)i(the)262 2364
5434 y(knigh)o(t)c(and)g(bishop)h(v)n(alues)g(to)f(325)h(and)f(340)g(p)q(oin)o(ts)
5435 h(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)324 2449 y(Ro)q(oks)j(are)i(particularly)e(strong)h
5436 (pieces)i(when)e(giv)o(en)g(scop)q(e)h(e.g.)30 b(on)18 b(op)q(en)h(\014les.)
5439 45 46 bop 262 307 a Fp(They)12 b(are)h(generally)e(w)o(orth)h(ab)q(out)g(a)g
5440 (knigh)o(t)g(and)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(pa)o(wns.)18 b(I)12 b(will)f(use)h(a)g(ro)q
5441 (ok)g(v)n(alue)262 357 y(of)h(520)g(p)q(oin)o(ts.)324 442 y(The)h(queen)g(is)
5442 f(the)i(most)d(p)q(o)o(w)o(erful)h(piece)h(on)g(the)g(b)q(oard.)k(Its)c(scop)
5443 q(e)g(and)g(con)o(tribu-)262 492 y(tion)e(to)h(tactical)g(c)o(hess)h(mak)o
5444 (es)e(it)h(ideal)f(for)h(c)o(hess)h(programs.)j(T)m(o)12 b(re\015ect)j(this,)
5445 e(I)f(in)o(tend)262 542 y(to)h(use)i(a)f(queen)g(v)n(alue)g(of)f(960)g(p)q
5446 (oin)o(ts.)324 627 y(The)e(king)g(is)g(ob)o(viously)e(the)j(most)e(imp)q
5447 (ortan)o(t)f(piece.)18 b(It's)12 b(capture)g(will)d(nev)o(er)k(o)q(ccur)262
5448 677 y(in)j(an)h(actual)f(game.)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(it)e(remains)g
5449 (useful)h(to)g(assign)g(a)f(v)n(alue)g(to)h(re\015ect)i(its)262
5450 727 y(ultimate)12 b(imp)q(ortance.)17 b(I)d(will)e(use)j(a)e(v)n(alue)h(of)f
5451 (10000)f(p)q(oin)o(ts.)324 812 y(It)k(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h(remem)o(b)q(ered)f
5452 (these)i(v)n(alues)e(only)g(represen)o(t)j(the)e(basic)g(piece)g(v)n(alues.)
5453 262 862 y(When)9 b(p)q(ositions)g(particularly)g(suited)h(to)f(certain)h(t)o
5454 (yp)q(es)g(of)f(pieces)h(o)q(ccur,)h(the)f(p)q(ositional)262
5455 912 y(v)n(alue)15 b(of)h(the)g(relev)n(an)o(t)h(piece)g(will)e(increase)i(to)
5456 f(re\015ect)i(its)e(added)h(imp)q(ortance)e(in)h(the)262 961
5457 y(curren)o(t)f(p)q(osition.)324 1047 y(A)22 b(total)f(material)e(v)n(alue)j
5458 (will)e(b)q(e)i(main)o(tained)e(incremen)o(tally)g(throughout)i(the)262
5459 1096 y(searc)o(h,)c(for)f(reasons)h(of)f(e\016ciency)m(.)28
5460 b(This)18 b(allo)o(ws)e(the)h(curren)o(t)i(material)c(v)n(alue)i(to)g(b)q(e)
5461 262 1146 y(almost)12 b(instan)o(tly)h(a)o(v)n(ailable)e(at)j(all)f(no)q(des)h
5462 (of)g(the)g(tree,)h(in)o(terior)f(and)f(leaf.)p 641 1240 673
5463 5 v 641 1904 5 665 v 646 1323 a Fg(0Z0ZrskZ)646 1406 y(Zpo0Zpop)646
5464 1489 y(0ZpZ0Z0Z)646 1572 y(o0Z0l0Z0)646 1655 y(0Z0ZPZnZ)646
5465 1738 y(Z0M0L0Z0)646 1821 y(POPZ0OPO)646 1904 y(Z0ZRS0J0)p 1310
5466 1904 V 641 1908 673 5 v 266 2027 a Fp(Figure)h(4.1:)j Fl(Fidelit)o(y)c(68030)
5467 i(v)h(HIAR)o(CS)g(4.1)p Fp(,)d(1989)g(Olympiad,)e(White)j(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(.)
5468 324 2145 y(In)g(\014gure)g(4.1,)f(the)h(Material)f(totals)h(for)f(white)h
5469 (and)g(blac)o(k)f(are)i(as)f(follo)o(ws:)344 2242 y Fh(M)5
5470 b(T)413 2248 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2242 y Fp(=)14 b(13025)344 2292
5471 y Fh(M)5 b(T)413 2298 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2292 y Fp(=)14 b(13025)957
5474 46 47 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.2)69 b(De\014nition)21 b(2)i(:)31
5475 b(Game)22 b(Phase)262 434 y Fp(As)14 b(already)f(explained,)g(it)h(is)f(imp)q
5476 (ortan)o(t)f(to)i(split)f(the)i(game)d(in)o(to)h(phases,)h(so)g(that)g(the)
5477 262 483 y(ev)n(aluation)c(criteria)j(can)f(b)q(e)h(applied)f(smo)q(othly)m(,)
5478 e(th)o(us)j(a)o(v)o(oiding)d(notorious)i(cli\013s)g(in)g(the)262
5479 533 y(ev)n(aluation)g(surface.)324 618 y(T)m(o)e(ac)o(hiev)o(e)i(this)g(smo)q
5480 (oth)e(transition)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(di\013eren)o(t)f(ev)n(aluation)e
5481 (criteria,)i(I)f(will)262 668 y(split)i(the)h(game)f(up)h(in)o(to)f(16)g
5482 (separate)i(phases.)344 766 y(phase)g(=)f(PS)344 815 y(revPhase)i(=)e(17)f
5483 Ff(\000)h Fp(phase)344 915 y Fl(where)380 965 y Fp(PS)g(:)159
5484 b(totalMtl)13 b(=)h Fh(M)5 b(tl)899 971 y Fe(W)t(hite)1005
5485 965 y Fp(+)10 b Fh(M)5 b(tl)1119 971 y Fe(B)q(lack)616 1015
5486 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(totalMtl)g Ff(\024)h Fp(21870\))658 1065
5487 y(1)616 1114 y Fl(else)658 1164 y Fp(\(totalMtl)f Ff(\000)h
5488 Fp(21570\))e(/)i(300)616 1214 y Fl(endif)380 1314 y Fh(M)5
5489 b(tl)452 1320 y Fe(W)t(hite)563 1314 y Fp(:)41 b(T)m(otal)12
5490 b(non{pa)o(wn)i(white)g(material.)380 1413 y Fh(M)5 b(tl)452
5491 1419 y Fe(B)q(lack)556 1413 y Fp(:)48 b(T)m(otal)12 b(non{pa)o(wn)i(blac)o(k)
5492 f(material.)324 1532 y(In)19 b(the)h(op)q(ening)f(p)q(osition)g(the)h(phase)g
5493 (will)e(b)q(e)i(16.)34 b(The)20 b(phase)g(then)g(decreases)262
5494 1581 y(linearly)11 b(as)i(material)d(is)i(captured,)i(except)g(when)f(the)g
5495 (total)f(non-pa)o(wn)g(material)e(v)n(alue)262 1631 y(falls)i(b)q(elo)o(w)h
5496 (21870)f(units.)18 b(A)o(t)13 b(this)h(p)q(oin)o(t)f(the)h(phase)g(remains)e
5497 (at)h(1)h(for)f(the)h(rest)g(of)f(the)262 1681 y(game,)h(unless)i(the)g
5498 (material)e(v)n(alue)h(rises)h(again)1048 1666 y Fk(1)1066
5499 1681 y Fp(.)23 b(As)16 b(an)g(example,)e(in)h(\014gure)h(4.1)f(the)262
5500 1731 y(Game)d(Phase)i(is)g(calculated)g(b)o(y:)k(phase)d(=)f(\(24650)e
5501 Ff(\000)j Fp(21570\))d(/)i(300)f(=)h(10.)324 1816 y(This)i(phase)i(concept)g
5502 (will)d(not)i(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)f(decide)h(when)f(rapid)f(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)g
5503 (of)262 1866 y(pieces)f(should)f(tak)o(e)h(place.)20 b(This)14
5504 b(will)f(b)q(e)i(left)f(to)g(sp)q(ecial)h(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)e(criteria.)20
5505 b(The)262 1916 y(concept)15 b(will)e(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)f
5506 (progressiv)o(ely)h(mo)q(dify)d(those)j(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)262
5507 1966 y(whic)o(h)f(are)h(a\013ected)h(b)o(y)e(material)e(status.)18
5508 b(F)m(or)12 b(example,)f(passed)j(pa)o(wns)e(b)q(ecome)h(more)262
5509 2015 y(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(as)i(the)g(material)e(on)i(the)g(b)q(oard)g
5510 (diminishes.)324 2101 y(The)h(game)f(phase)i(is)f(based)h(on)f(non{pa)o(wn)g
5511 (material)e(b)q(ecause)k(in)e(c)o(hess)i(it)d(is)i(gen-)262
5512 2150 y(erally)d(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(to)i(trade)g(pieces)h(not)f(pa)o(wns)g
5513 (when)g(ahead)g(in)g(material.)i(Therefore,)262 2200 y(the)e(phase)h(pro)o
5514 (vides)g(a)f(metho)q(d)g(of)f(encouraging)i(the)g(program)d(to)i(trade)h
5515 (pieces)h(when)262 2250 y(ahead)i(in)f(order)i(to)f(increase)h(some)f(fa)o(v)
5516 o(ourable)f(p)q(ositional)f(criteria)j(suc)o(h)f(as)h(passed)262
5517 2300 y(pa)o(wn)f(v)n(alues.)34 b(T)m(rading)19 b(pa)o(wns)g(will)f(not)h(b)q
5518 (e)h(encouraged)g(b)q(ecause)h(the)f(phase)g(will)262 2350
5519 y(remain)12 b(una\013ected.)p 262 2411 573 2 v 308 2437 a Fj(1)325
5520 2449 y Fi(b)q(ecause)e(of)h(pa)o(wn)g(promotions)957 2574 y
5523 47 48 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.3)69 b(General)22 b(P)n(ositional)g(Ev)l(aluation)
5524 262 442 y Fu(4.3.1)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(3)i(:)24 b(Mobilit)n(y)262
5525 554 y Fp(Mobilit)o(y)8 b(is)i(the)h(degree)g(of)f(piece)h(freedom)e(in)h(a)g
5526 (giv)o(en)g(p)q(osition.)16 b(Study)10 b(has)g(sho)o(wn)h(that)262
5527 604 y(there)k(is)g(a)f(clear)h(di\013erence)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(the)f
5528 (mobilit)o(y)c(of)j(the)h(winning)f(and)g(losing)g(sides)262
5529 654 y(as)i(the)i(game)d(progresses.)28 b(This)17 b(is)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(exp)q
5530 (ected)i(when)e(one)g(side)g(has)g(a)g(material)262 703 y(adv)n(an)o(tage.)23
5531 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(it)f(has)h(also)g(b)q(een)h(found)e(that)h(the)g
5532 (side)h(whic)o(h)e(can)h(main)o(tain)262 753 y(the)e(highest)g(mobilit)o(y)d
5533 (is)j(the)g(side)g(most)f(lik)o(ely)g(to)g(win)h(the)g(game)f([27)o(].)324
5534 838 y(This)e(sho)o(ws)h(that)f(maximi)o(sing)d(mobilit)o(y)h(is)i(an)g
5535 (excellen)o(t)i(heuristic.)18 b(In)11 b(fact,)g(Slater)262
5536 888 y([59)o(])e(is)g(of)g(the)i(opinion)d(that)i(mobilit)o(y)c(in)j(itself)h
5537 (is)f(a)h(su\016cien)o(t)g(measure)f(of)h(all)e(the)i(factors)262
5538 938 y(suggested)15 b(b)o(y)f(Shannon)h([53)o(].)k(I)14 b(also)g(consider)h
5539 (mobilit)o(y)c(to)j(b)q(e)h(an)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(factor,)262
5540 988 y(although)f(I)i(do)g(think)g(man)o(y)e(other)i(heuristics)h(are)f(also)g
5541 (imp)q(ortan)o(t.)324 1073 y(In)g(1985,)e(Johnathon)i(Sc)o(hae\013er)i([51)o
5542 (])d(did)h(some)f(researc)o(h)i(to)f(\014nd)g(the)h(relativ)o(e)f(im-)262
5543 1123 y(p)q(ortance)e(of)g(v)n(arious)f(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria.)18
5544 b(In)12 b(this)g(researc)o(h)h(Sc)o(hae\013er)h(found)d(that)h(the)262
5545 1173 y(mobilit)o(y)f(heuristic)16 b(con)o(tributed)g(more)e(than)h(an)o(y)g
5546 (other)g(term)g(to)f(program)g(strength.)262 1223 y(In)i(fact,)i(when)f(a)g
5547 (mobilit)o(y)d(criterion)j(w)o(as)g(added)g(to)g(a)g(program)e(without)h(an)o
5548 (y)h(p)q(osi-)262 1272 y(tional)e(kno)o(wledge,)h(a)g(rating)g(increase)i(of)
5549 e(310)f(p)q(oin)o(ts)i(o)q(ccurred.)27 b(This)16 b(w)o(as)h(the)g(\014rst)262
5550 1322 y(ev)n(aluation)12 b(criterion)i(added.)k(It)c(could)f(therefore)i(b)q
5551 (e)g(exp)q(ected)g(to)f(mak)o(e)e(a)h(large)h(con-)262 1372
5552 y(tribution)c(to)h(program)e(p)q(erformance.)17 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12
5553 b(suc)o(h)g(a)f(large)f(increase)j(is)e(exceptional)262 1422
5554 y(and)i(clearly)h(sho)o(ws)h(mobilit)o(y)c(should)j(b)q(e)h(one)f(of)g(the)g
5555 (ma)r(jor)f(terms)h(in)f(an)o(y)h(ev)n(aluation)262 1472 y(function.)324
5556 1557 y(Normally)m(,)c(mobilit)o(y)g(is)j(tak)o(en)h(as)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q
5557 (er)e(of)h(legal)g(or)g(pseudo{legal)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)k(I)262
5558 1607 y(will)12 b(tak)o(e)i(a)f(sligh)o(tly)g(di\013eren)o(t)i(view)f(and)f
5559 (use)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)e(de\014nition)h(of)h(mobilit)o(y)o(:)344
5560 1737 y Fh(M)5 b(B)420 1743 y Fe(col)476 1737 y Fp(=)520 1706
5561 y Fc(P)564 1716 y Fk(64)564 1749 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)640 1737 y
5562 Fp(\()p Fh(A)687 1743 y Fe(col;sq)782 1737 y Fp(+)k Fh(P)850
5563 1743 y Fe(col;sq)936 1737 y Fp(\))344 1840 y Fl(where)380 1890
5564 y Fh(A)411 1896 y Fe(col;sq)510 1890 y Fp(:)47 b Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([P)
5565 o(a)o(wn,Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q(ok],)o(col,sq\))380 1989 y Fh(P)407
5566 1995 y Fe(col;sq)506 1989 y Fp(:)k Fl(if)12 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o
5567 (wn],col,sq\)\))628 2039 y Fh(])p Fp(Mo)o(v)o(es\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))569
5568 2089 y Fl(else)628 2139 y Fp(0)569 2188 y Fl(endif)262 2300
5569 y Fp(The)19 b(mobilit)o(y)e(of)i(the)h(king)e(is)h(not)h(included)f(in)g
5570 (this)h(de\014nition)f(b)q(ecause)i(I)e(do)h(not)262 2350 y(consider)f(a)g
5571 (kings)g(mobilit)o(y)d(mak)o(es)i(an)o(y)g(meaningful)f(con)o(tribution)h(to)
5572 h(a)g(successful)262 2399 y(strategy)m(.)33 b(The)20 b(king)e(m)o(ust)g(b)q
5573 (e)i(protected)h(in)e(the)g(op)q(ening)g(and)g(middle)e(game.)33
5574 b(In)262 2449 y(the)15 b(ending)h(it)f(should)g(b)q(e)h(used)g(activ)o(ely)m
5575 (.)21 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(its)f(mobilit)o(y)e(should)i(neither)h(b)q(e)
5578 48 49 bop 262 307 a Fp(minim)o(i)o(sed)12 b(nor)h(maxim)o(ised.)i(The)f
5579 (queens)h(mobilit)o(y)10 b(is)j(also)g(not)g(included)g(although)g(a)262
5580 357 y(sp)q(ecialised)j(queen)i(mobilit)o(y)13 b(function)j(is)g(included)g
5581 (in)g(de\014nition)g(27,)f(Queen)j(P)o(o)o(w)o(er.)262 407
5582 y(Other)13 b(non-pa)o(wn)f(pieces)i(are)f(giv)o(en)f(a)g(b)q(on)o(us)h(for)f
5583 (eac)o(h)h(square)g(they)g(attac)o(k,)g(including)262 457 y(friendly)g
5584 (pieces)i(defended.)324 542 y(Unlik)o(e)f(other)i(pieces,)f(pa)o(wns)g
5585 (cannot)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(to)g(squares)i(they)g(attac)o(k,)e(therefore)j(I)262
5586 592 y(ha)o(v)o(e)9 b(giv)o(en)g(pa)o(wns)h(a)f(b)q(on)o(us)h(for)g(squares)g
5587 (they)h(can)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(to.)16 b(This)10 b(in)f(e\013ect)i(encourages)262
5588 641 y(the)j(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)g(of)f(enem)o(y)g(pa)o(wns)h(b)o(y)g(pieces.)p
5589 641 735 673 5 v 641 1399 5 665 v 646 818 a Fg(rZ0l0skZ)646
5590 901 y(o0o0apop)646 984 y(0ZpZpZ0Z)646 1067 y(Z0OnO0Z0)646 1150
5591 y(QZ0O0ZbZ)646 1233 y(Z0Z0ZNZ0)646 1316 y(PO0Z0ZPO)646 1399
5592 y(SNA0ZRJ0)p 1310 1399 V 641 1403 673 5 v 317 1522 a Fp(Figure)g(4.2:)j
5593 Fl(HIAR)o(CS)f(4.1)g(v)g(Mephisto)p Fp(,)11 b(1989)i(Olympiad,)e(White)i(to)h
5594 (Pla)o(y)m(.)324 1640 y(Applying)f(these)i(Mobilit)o(y)d(criteria)i(to)g(the)
5595 h(p)q(osition)e(in)g(\014gure)i(4.2)e(giv)o(es:)344 1738 y
5596 Fh(M)5 b(B)420 1744 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1738 y Fp(=)14 b(43)344
5597 1787 y Fh(M)5 b(B)420 1793 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 1787 y Fp(=)14
5598 b(47)957 2574 y(48)p eop
5600 49 50 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.3.2)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(4)i(:)24
5601 b(Dev)n(elopmen)n(t)262 419 y Fp(The)11 b(main)f(ob)r(jectiv)o(e)i(of)e(the)j
5602 (op)q(ening)e(is)g(to)g(dev)o(elop)h(pieces)g(on)o(to)f(their)h('b)q(est')g
5603 (a)o(v)n(ailable)262 469 y(squares.)31 b(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t,)17
5604 b(therefore,)j(ob)o(viously)c(pla)o(ys)i(an)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(role)i(in)g
5605 (c)o(hess.)262 519 y(Man)o(y)c(op)q(enings)h(o\013er)h(material,)d(generally)
5606 i(pa)o(wns,)g(in)f(exc)o(hange)i(for)f(rapid)g(dev)o(elop-)262
5607 569 y(men)o(t.)22 b(A)16 b(dev)o(elop)q(ed)g(side)g(is)g(able)f(to)g(com)o
5608 (bine)g(pieces)i(in)e(attac)o(k,)g(often)h(catc)o(hing)g(an)262
5609 618 y(unprepared)e(and)e(undev)o(elop)q(ed)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(b)o(y)g
5610 (surprise.)19 b(I)12 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)h(it)g(is)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(for)262
5611 668 y(c)o(hess)k(programs)d(not)h(to)h(place)g(to)q(o)f(m)o(uc)o(h)f(faith)h
5612 (in)g(their)h(op)q(ening)g(b)q(o)q(oks.)k(A)13 b(program)262
5613 718 y(should)g(kno)o(w)h(ho)o(w)f(and)h(when)g(to)g(dev)o(elop)g(its)g
5614 (pieces.)344 801 y Fh(D)q(V)403 807 y Fe(col)459 801 y Fp(=)e
5615 Fh(K)538 807 y Fe(col)592 801 y Ff(\000)d Fh(B)664 807 y Fe(col)709
5616 801 y Ff(\001)o Fh(phase=)p Fp(3)g Ff(\000)h Fh(N)951 807 y
5617 Fe(col)995 801 y Ff(\001)p Fh(phase=)p Fp(2)f(+)h Fh(Q)1238
5618 807 y Fe(col)344 901 y Fl(where)380 950 y Fh(K)415 956 y Fe(col)473
5619 950 y Fp(:)36 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Castled\(col\)\))580 1000 y(phase)521
5620 1050 y Fl(else)580 1100 y(if)g Fp(\()p Fl(not)g Fp(\(K)o(CRigh)o(ts\(col\))g
5621 Fl(or)h Fp(QCRigh)o(ts\(col\)\))639 1150 y Ff(\000)p Fp(2)p
5622 Ff(\001)p Fh(phase)580 1200 y Fl(else)639 1249 y(if)f Fp(\()p
5623 Fl(not)g Fp(K)o(CRigh)o(ts\(col\)\))699 1299 y Ff(\000)p Fh(phase=)p
5624 Fp(2)639 1349 y Fl(else)699 1399 y(if)f Fp(\()p Fl(not)h Fp(QCRigh)o
5625 (ts\(col\)\))758 1449 y Ff(\000)p Fh(phase=)p Fp(4)699 1498
5626 y Fl(else)758 1548 y Fp(0)699 1598 y Fl(endif)639 1648 y(endif)580
5627 1698 y(endif)521 1747 y(endif)380 1847 y Fh(B)411 1853 y Fe(col)469
5628 1847 y Fp(:)40 b Fh(])p Fp(UnMo)o(v)o(ed\(col,Bishop\))380
5629 1947 y Fh(N)413 1953 y Fe(col)471 1947 y Fp(:)e Fh(])p Fp(UnMo)o(v)o
5630 (ed\(col,Knigh)o(t\))380 2046 y Fh(Q)413 2052 y Fe(col)470
5631 2046 y Fp(:)h Fl(if)13 b Fp(\()p Fh(B)610 2052 y Fe(col)664
5632 2046 y Fp(+)c Fh(N)738 2052 y Fe(col)794 2046 y Ff(\025)j Fp(2)i
5633 Fl(and)f Fh(])p Fp(UnMo)o(v)o(ed\(col,Queen\))i(=)f(0\))580
5634 2096 y Ff(\000)p Fh(phase)c Ff(\001)f Fp(\()p Fh(B)795 2102
5635 y Fe(col)849 2096 y Fp(+)h Fh(N)924 2102 y Fe(col)968 2096
5636 y Fp(\))p Fh(=)p Fp(4)521 2146 y Fl(else)580 2196 y Fp(0)521
5637 2246 y Fl(endif)262 2350 y Fp(These)15 b(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)f(criteria)h
5638 (encourage)g(castling)f(and)h(p)q(enalise)g(the)g(loss)f(of)g(castling)262
5639 2399 y(righ)o(ts)d(without)h(ha)o(ving)f(castled.)18 b(Knigh)o(ts)12
5640 b(and)g(bishops)g(are)g(p)q(enalised)g(for)g(not)g(ha)o(ving)262
5641 2449 y(mo)o(v)o(ed.)17 b(This)d(has)h(the)g(e\013ect)h(of)d(discouraging)h
5642 (the)h(program)d(from)h(mo)o(ving)f(the)i(same)957 2574 y(49)p
5645 50 51 bop 262 307 a Fp(piece)13 b(t)o(wice)h(in)e(the)i(op)q(ening)e(b)q
5646 (efore)i(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)e(is)h(complete.)k(Where)d(the)f(undev)o(el-)262
5647 357 y(op)q(ed)h(pieces)h(should)f(b)q(e)g(dev)o(elop)q(ed)h(to)e(is)h
5648 (de\014ned)h(b)o(y)f(other)g(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria.)324
5649 442 y(The)e(queen)g(is)f(discouraged)h(from)e(mo)o(ving)f(b)q(efore)j(at)g
5650 (least)f(3)g(minor)f(pieces)j(\(knigh)o(ts)262 492 y(and)k(bishops\))i(are)f
5651 (dev)o(elop)q(ed.)28 b(This)17 b(is)g(an)f(attempt)h(to)g(a)o(v)o(oid)e(p)q
5652 (ositions)i(where)h(the)262 542 y(program's)11 b(queen)k(is)e(dev)o(elop)q
5653 (ed)h(to)q(o)g(early)m(,)e(allo)o(wing)f(the)j(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(to)g(gain)e
5654 (a)h(temp)q(o)262 592 y(b)o(y)d(pla)o(ying)f(a)i(dev)o(eloping)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f
5655 (attac)o(king)h(the)i(queen.)18 b(Applying)10 b(these)i(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t)262
5656 641 y(criteria)i(to)f(the)i(p)q(osition)e(in)h(\014gure)g(4.2)f(giv)o(es:)344
5657 738 y Fh(D)q(V)403 744 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 738 y Fp(=)h(14)9
5658 b Ff(\000)h Fp(4)f Ff(\000)g Fp(7)g Ff(\000)h Fp(7)h(=)h Ff(\000)p
5659 Fp(4)344 788 y Fh(D)q(V)403 794 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 788 y Fp(=)i(14)9
5660 b Ff(\000)h Fp(0)f Ff(\000)g Fp(0)g Ff(\000)h Fp(0)h(=)h(14)262
5661 940 y Fu(4.3.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(5)i(:)24 b(Cen)n(tre)19
5662 b(Con)n(trol)262 1052 y Fp(The)g(imp)q(ortance)g(of)f(con)o(trolling)g(the)i
5663 (cen)o(tre)h(of)e(the)h(b)q(oard)f(cannot)h(b)q(e)g(to)q(o)f(highly)262
5664 1102 y(stressed.)37 b(A)19 b(clear)h(connection)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(winning)
5665 e(the)h(game)e(and)h(con)o(trolling)f(the)262 1151 y(cen)o(tre)f(has)g(b)q
5666 (een)g(established)g(in)f([27)o(].)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16
5667 b(this)h(will)d(come)i(as)g(no)g(surprise)i(to)262 1201 y(an)o(y)13
5668 b(strong)h(c)o(hess)i(pla)o(y)o(ers.)324 1286 y(The)g(cen)o(tre)i(is)e(con)o
5669 (trolled)f(b)o(y)h(b)q(oth)g(o)q(ccupation)g(and)g(attac)o(k)g(of)g(cen)o
5670 (tral)g(squares.)262 1336 y(Therefore)j(m)o(y)e(cen)o(tre)j(con)o(trol)e(ev)n
5671 (aluation)f(criteria)i(m)o(ust)f(detect)i(suc)o(h)f(factors)g(and)262
5672 1386 y(encourage)14 b(their)h(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(t.)p 641 1480
5673 673 5 v 641 2144 5 665 v 646 1563 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1646 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
5674 1729 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1812 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1895 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
5675 1978 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 2061 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 2144 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310
5676 2144 V 641 2148 673 5 v 687 1539 a Fl(1)58 b(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687
5677 1622 y(1)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(1)687 1705 y(1)g(2)h(4)g(4)f(4)h(4)g(2)f
5678 (1)687 1788 y(1)g(2)h(4)g(8)f(8)h(4)g(2)f(1)687 1871 y(1)g(2)h(4)g(8)f(8)h(4)
5679 g(2)f(1)687 1954 y(1)g(2)h(4)g(4)f(4)h(4)g(2)f(1)687 2037 y(1)g(2)h(2)g(2)f
5680 (2)h(2)g(2)f(1)687 2120 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)617
5681 2246 y Fp(Figure)14 b(4.3:)j(Cen)o(tre)e(Con)o(trol)e(b)q(on)o(us)h(table.)
5682 344 2396 y Fh(C)s(C)407 2402 y Fe(col)462 2396 y Fp(=)506 2365
5683 y Fc(P)550 2375 y Fk(64)550 2409 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)633 2396 y
5684 Fh(V)657 2402 y Fe(sq)691 2396 y Ff(\001)o Fp(\()p Fh(A)749
5685 2402 y Fe(col;sq)845 2396 y Fp(+)9 b Fh(O)918 2402 y Fe(col;sq)1013
5686 2396 y Fp(+)g Fh(P)1081 2402 y Fe(col;sq)1167 2396 y Fp(\))957
5689 51 52 bop 344 307 a Fl(where)380 357 y Fh(V)404 363 y Fe(sq)452
5690 357 y Fp(:)105 b(Cen)o(tre)15 b(Con)o(trol)e(b)q(on)o(us)h(table,)f(indexed)i
5691 (b)o(y)e(sq.)19 b(See)14 b(\014gure)h(4.3.)380 457 y Fh(A)411
5692 463 y Fe(col;sq)510 457 y Fp(:)47 b Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([An)o
5693 (y],col,sq\))380 556 y Fh(O)412 562 y Fe(col;sq)511 556 y Fp(:)f
5694 Fl(if)12 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Knigh)o(t],col,sq\)\))628 606 y(1)569
5695 656 y Fl(else)628 706 y Fp(0)569 756 y Fl(endif)380 855 y Fh(P)407
5696 861 y Fe(col;sq)506 855 y Fp(:)51 b Fl(if)12 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o
5697 (a)o(wn],col,sq\)\))628 905 y(1)569 955 y Fl(else)628 1005
5698 y Fp(0)569 1054 y Fl(endif)262 1181 y Fp(Pieces)i(are)g(giv)o(en)f(b)q(on)o
5699 (uses)h(for)f(attac)o(king)g(cen)o(tral)g(squares.)19 b(The)14
5700 b(b)q(on)o(us)g(is)f(dep)q(enden)o(t)262 1231 y(on)k(ho)o(w)f(close)i(the)g
5701 (square)g(is)f(to)g(the)h(cen)o(tre.)29 b(P)o(a)o(wn)17 b(attac)o(ks)h
5702 (receiv)o(e)g(an)f(additional)262 1281 y(b)q(on)o(us)f(to)h(re\015ect)h(the)g
5703 (imp)q(ortance)e(of)g(suc)o(h)h(attac)o(ks.)27 b(Occupation)17
5704 b(of)f(the)i(cen)o(tre)g(b)o(y)262 1331 y(knigh)o(ts)12 b(is)g(of)g
5705 (particular)h(imp)q(ortance.)k(A)c(knigh)o(t)e(has)i(a)g(relativ)o(ely)f
5706 (short)h(range,)g(more)262 1380 y(than)d(an)o(y)h(other)g(piece)h(it)e(needs)
5707 i(to)f(b)q(e)g(close)g(to)g(the)g(\014eld)g(of)f(action.)17
5708 b(A)11 b(cen)o(trally)f(placed)262 1430 y(knigh)o(t)j(is)g(b)q(est)i(able)f
5709 (to)f(exert)i(pressure)h(o)o(v)o(er)e(most)f(of)g(the)h(b)q(oard.)19
5710 b(Therefore,)14 b(cen)o(tral)262 1480 y(o)q(ccupation)g(b)o(y)f(knigh)o(ts)h
5711 (receiv)o(es)h(a)f(sp)q(ecial)g(b)q(on)o(us.)324 1565 y(I)e(b)q(eliev)o(e)i
5712 (that)e(cen)o(tre)j(con)o(trol)d(is)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(throughout)h(the)i
5713 (game,)d(although)h(its)262 1615 y(imp)q(ortance)d(should)i(diminish)d(as)j
5714 (the)g(game)e(progresses.)19 b(This)10 b(function)h(will)e(naturally)262
5715 1665 y(pla)o(y)f(a)i(less)g(prominen)o(t)e(role)i(as)g(pieces)h(are)f(exc)o
5716 (hanged)g(b)q(ecause)i(of)d(the)h(reduced)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)262
5717 1715 y(of)j(attac)o(ks)h(and)g(p)q(ossible)g(squares)i(o)q(ccupied.)22
5718 b(Therefore,)16 b(no)f(phase)h(adjustmen)o(t)e(w)o(as)262 1765
5719 y(felt)f(necessary)m(.)324 1850 y(Applied)e(to)g(the)h(p)q(osition)e(in)h
5720 (\014gure)g(4.2,)g(the)g(Cen)o(tre)i(Con)o(trol)d(criteria)i(will)d(pro)q
5721 (duce)262 1900 y(the)14 b(follo)o(wing)d(v)n(alues:)344 1997
5722 y Fh(C)s(C)407 2003 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1997 y Fp(=)j(169)344
5723 2047 y Fh(C)s(C)407 2053 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2047 y Fp(=)g(183)957
5726 52 53 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.3.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(6)i(:)24
5727 b(Square)19 b(Con)n(trol)262 419 y Fp(During)8 b(the)i(game)e(it)h(is)g(imp)q
5728 (ortan)o(t)f(to)h(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(a)f(balance)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(attac)o(k)
5729 e(and)h(defence.)262 469 y(As)k(the)h(game)e(progresses)j(this)e(balance)h
5730 (ma)o(y)d(shift)i(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(times)h(from)e(defence)262
5731 519 y(to)k(attac)o(k)h(and)g(visa{v)o(ersa.)28 b(Square)17
5732 b(con)o(trol)g(can)g(pro)o(vide)g(a)g(metho)q(d)f(of)h(measuring)262
5733 569 y(the)d(exten)o(t)h(to)f(whic)o(h)f(the)i(program)d(is)i(attac)o(king)f
5734 (or)h(defending.)324 654 y(W)m(e)i(can)h(de\014ne)h(attac)o(k)f(as)g(the)g(n)
5735 o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(squares)i(attac)o(k)o(ed)f(in)f(the)i(opp)q(onen)o(ts)
5736 262 704 y(half)12 b(of)h(the)h(b)q(oard.)k(Defence)d(can)f(b)q(e)g(de\014ned)
5737 h(as)e(the)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)d(of)h(squares)i(attac)o(k)o(ed)f(in)262
5738 754 y(ones)g(o)o(wn)f(half)g(of)h(the)g(b)q(oard.)324 839 y(A)j(comparison)f
5739 (b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(suc)o(h)g(attac)o(k)f(and)g(defence)i(for)e(b)q(oth)g(ev)
5740 o(en)o(tual)g(winners)262 889 y(and)e(losers)i(is)f(made)f(in)g([27)o(].)24
5741 b(Analysing)15 b(the)i(results)g(obtained)f(it)f(can)i(b)q(e)f(seen)i(that)
5742 262 938 y(throughout)c(the)h(game)f(the)h(winners)g(and)g(losers)g(main)o
5743 (tain)d(appro)o(ximately)g(the)j(same)262 988 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)c(of)g
5744 (squares)i(defended.)18 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(there)i(is)d(a)h(clear)g
5745 (di\013erence)i(in)d(the)h(attac)o(k)o(ed)262 1038 y(squares)j(b)q(et)o(w)o
5746 (een)h(winners)e(and)h(losers)g(as)f(the)h(game)d(progresses.)22
5747 b(The)14 b(b)q(est)i(strategy)m(,)262 1088 y(therefore,)i(seems)f(to)f(b)q(e)
5748 h(to)g(maxim)o(i)o(se)e(the)i(attac)o(k)f(while)h(main)o(taini)o(ng)d(an)i
5749 (adequate)262 1138 y(defence.)344 1240 y Fh(S)r(C)401 1246
5750 y Fe(col)457 1240 y Fp(=)501 1209 y Fc(P)545 1219 y Fk(64)545
5751 1252 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)621 1240 y Fp(\()p Fh(S)662 1246 y Fe(col;sq)757
5752 1240 y Ff(\001)9 b Fh(A)809 1246 y Fe(col;sq)895 1240 y Fp(\))344
5753 1343 y Fl(where)380 1392 y Fh(S)405 1398 y Fe(col;sq)505 1392
5754 y Fp(:)52 b(2)13 b(tables)h(of)g(square)g(v)n(alues)g(indexed)g(b)o(y)g
5755 (colour)g(col)f(and)h(square)g(sq.)569 1442 y(See)g(planning)f(section)i
5756 (4.11.7)d(for)h(details.)380 1542 y Fh(A)411 1548 y Fe(col;sq)510
5757 1542 y Fp(:)47 b Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([An)o(y],col,sq\))324
5758 1660 y(I)12 b(will)g(use)h(a)f(table)h(driv)o(en)g(function.)k(This)c(will)e
5759 (enable)i(pre-loaded)g(v)n(alues)f(deriv)o(ed)262 1710 y(from)k(an)j(initial)
5760 d(planning)i(phase)h(to)g(b)q(e)g(used.)33 b(A)19 b(planning)e(phase)j(could)
5761 e(use)i(this)262 1760 y(function)13 b(to)h(go)q(o)q(d)g(e\013ect)h(b)o(y)f
5762 (iden)o(tifying)f(a)g(basic)h(plan,)f(lik)o(e)h(a)f(king)g(side)i(attac)o(k.)
5763 j(The)262 1810 y(table)12 b(could)h(then)g(b)q(e)h(pre-loaded)f(with)f(v)n
5764 (alues)g(whic)o(h)h(w)o(ould)f(encourage)i(the)f(program)262
5765 1860 y(to)g(attac)o(k)h(certain)h(squares)g(on)e(the)i(king)e(side,)h(for)f
5766 (example.)324 1945 y(Applying)g(this)h(Square)g(Con)o(trol)f(criterion)h(to)g
5767 (the)h(p)q(osition)e(in)g(\014gure)i(4.2)e(giv)o(es:)344 2042
5768 y Fh(S)r(C)401 2048 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2042 y Fp(=)h(74)344
5769 2092 y Fh(S)r(C)401 2098 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2092 y Fp(=)g(62)957
5772 53 54 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.4)69 b(P)n(a)n(wn)23 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
5773 434 y Fp(P)o(a)o(wns)15 b(pro)o(vide)g(the)h(basic)g(framew)o(ork)d(around)j
5774 (whic)o(h)f(the)h(game)e(will)g(dev)o(elop.)22 b(The)262 483
5775 y(correct)15 b(handling)e(of)g(the)i(pa)o(wn)e(structure)j(is)e(vital)f(in)g
5776 (high)g(lev)o(el)h(c)o(hess.)365 599 y("P)o(a)o(wns)g(are)g(the)h(Soul)e(of)g
5777 (Chess")838 665 y Fm(Philidor)262 781 y Fp(I)i(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(this)h(is)f
5778 (the)h(one)f(area)h(whic)o(h)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(all)f(others)i(is)g(most)e
5779 (neglected)i(in)f(c)o(hess)262 831 y(programs.)h(The)11 b(problem)g(is)g
5780 (that)h(w)o(eak)f(pa)o(wns)h(do)f(not)g(usually)g(cause)i(an)o(y)e(imm)o
5781 (ediate)262 881 y(deterioration)k(in)g(the)i(o)o(v)o(erall)d(p)q(osition.)22
5782 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(o)o(v)o(er)g(a)f(longer)h(term,)e(p)q(erhaps)j(30)
5783 262 931 y(or)12 b(40)h(plies,)f(the)i(existence)g(of)f(w)o(eak)g(pa)o(wns)f
5784 (causes)j(n)o(umerous)d(p)q(ositional)g(w)o(eaknesses)262 981
5785 y(e.g.)17 b(w)o(eak)12 b(squares,)h(space)g(to)f(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade,)f
5786 (isolation)f(etc.)19 b(Often)12 b(a)g(game's)f(result)h(hinges)262
5787 1030 y(on)h(the)i(strength)g(or)f(w)o(eakness)h(of)e(the)h(underlying)g(pa)o
5788 (wn)f(structure.)324 1116 y(It)e(is)g(notable)g(in)f(a)h(recen)o(t)i([27)o
5789 (],)d(relativ)o(ely)h(large)f(study)i(of)e(ev)n(aluation)g(criteria,)i(that)
5790 262 1165 y(there)j(w)o(as)e(no)h(sp)q(eci\014c)h(atten)o(tion)e(giv)o(en)g
5791 (to)h(pa)o(wn)f(ev)n(aluation.)k(I)c(feel)h(this)g(is)f(a)h(serious)262
5792 1215 y(omission.)324 1300 y(My)e(pa)o(wn)g(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)j(will)d
5793 (b)q(e)j(amongst)e(the)h(most)f(complex)g(and)h(compre-)262
5794 1350 y(hensiv)o(e)i(of)f(the)h(whole)f(ev)n(aluation)f(function.)18
5795 b(I)13 b(feel)h(this)g(is)f(critical)g(to)h(o)o(v)o(erall)e(success)262
5796 1400 y(b)q(ecause)j(man)o(y)c(of)i(the)i(e\013ects)g(caused)g(b)o(y)e(bad)h
5797 (pa)o(wn)f(pla)o(y)f(cannot)i(b)q(e)g(determined)g(b)o(y)262
5798 1450 y(searc)o(h.)19 b(Therefore,)14 b(heuristics)h(m)o(ust)e(\014ll)g(this)h
5799 (gap.)324 1535 y(I)19 b(will)f(split)h(the)h(pa)o(wn)f(ev)n(aluation)f
5800 (criteria)i(up)f(so)g(they)h(can)g(b)q(e)g(dealt)f(with)g(in)262
5801 1585 y(su\016cien)o(t)14 b(detail.)262 1736 y Fu(4.4.1)55 b(De\014nition)17
5802 b(7)i(:)24 b(Doubled)19 b(P)n(a)n(wns)262 1848 y Fp(P)o(a)o(wns)e(are)g
5803 (doubled)g(if)f(there)j(are)e(at)g(least)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(pa)o(wns)g(of)f(the)i
5804 (same)e(colour)h(on)g(the)262 1898 y(same)12 b(\014le.)18 b(Doubled)13
5805 b(pa)o(wns)g(are)h(generally)f(w)o(eak.)k(They)d(are)g(unable)f(to)g(supp)q
5806 (ort)h(eac)o(h)262 1948 y(other)g(and)g(are)g(vulnerable)g(to)g(attac)o(k)g
5807 (and)f(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade.)344 2047 y Fh(D)q(P)406 2053 y Fe(col)462
5808 2047 y Fp(=)506 2016 y Fc(P)549 2027 y Fk(64)549 2060 y Fe(sq)q
5809 Fk(=1)651 2047 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))g
5810 Fl(and)g Fp(Doubled\(col,OnFile\(sq\)\)\))710 2100 y Fh(D)744
5811 2107 y Fe(O)q(nF)t(ile)p Fk(\()p Fe(sq)q Fk(\))651 2150 y Fl(else)710
5812 2200 y Fp(0)651 2250 y Fl(endif)344 2350 y(where)380 2399 y
5813 Fh(D)414 2405 y Fe(f)449 2399 y Fp(:)131 b([)p Ff(\000)p Fp(6)p
5814 Fh(;)7 b Ff(\000)p Fp(8)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(10)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p
5815 Fp(14)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(14)p Fh(;)f Ff(\000)p Fp(10)p Fh(;)h
5816 Ff(\000)p Fp(8)p Fh(;)f Ff(\000)p Fp(6])651 2449 y(Indexed)15
5817 b(b)o(y)f(\014le)g(f)f(\(1)h(to)g(8\).)957 2574 y(53)p eop
5819 54 55 bop 262 307 a Fp(Doubled)13 b(pa)o(wns)h(are)g(p)q(enalised,)g(the)g
5820 (size)h(of)e(the)h(p)q(enalt)o(y)g(dep)q(ends)h(on)f(the)g(\014le.)k(Dou-)262
5821 357 y(bled)e(pa)o(wns)g(are)g(w)o(orse)h(on)f(a)g(cen)o(tre)h(\014le)f(than)g
5822 (on)g(the)h(\015ank,)f(not)g(b)q(ecause)i(they)e(are)262 407
5823 y(considered)c(an)o(y)e(w)o(eak)o(er,)i(but)f(b)q(ecause)i(they)e(hinder)g
5824 (in)o(ter{piece)h(comm)o(unication.)i(Of-)262 457 y(ten)f(there)i(are)f(comp)
5825 q(ensations)e(for)h(doubled)g(pa)o(wns,)g(suc)o(h)h(as)f(op)q(en)h(\014les,)f
5826 (extra)h(cen)o(tre)262 506 y(con)o(trol)i(and)h(square)h(protection,)g(for)f
5827 (example.)26 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(these)g(asp)q(ects)h(are)f(dealt)262
5828 556 y(with)13 b(b)o(y)h(other)g(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria.)324
5829 641 y(This)d(criterion)g(tak)o(es)h(a)f(simplistic)e(view)i(of)g(the)g(p)q
5830 (enalties)h(asso)q(ciated)g(with)f(doubled)262 691 y(pa)o(wns)j(b)o(y)g
5831 (applying)f(a)h(basic)g(p)q(enalt)o(y)m(.)k(A)c(more)g(extensiv)o(e)h
5832 (analysis)e(of)h(the)h(asso)q(ciated)262 741 y(w)o(eaknesses)19
5833 b(suc)o(h)f(as)g(vulnerabilit)o(y)e(to)h(attac)o(k,)h(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)f
5834 (etc)i(are)f(addressed)h(in)e(the)262 791 y(general)d(pa)o(wn)f(w)o(eakness)i
5835 (criteria)f(\(de\014nition)g(9\).)262 943 y Fu(4.4.2)55 b(De\014nition)17
5836 b(8)i(:)24 b(Isolated)18 b(P)n(a)n(wns)262 1055 y Fp(A)12 b(pa)o(wn)f(is)h
5837 (isolated)f(if)h(there)h(do)q(es)g(not)e(exist)i(a)e(friendly)h(pa)o(wn)f(on)
5838 h(either)h(adjacen)o(t)f(\014le.)262 1104 y(Isolated)j(pa)o(wns)h(are)g(w)o
5839 (eak)g(b)q(ecause)h(they)g(cannot)e(b)q(e)i(supp)q(orted)g(b)o(y)e(friendly)h
5840 (pa)o(wns)262 1154 y(and)d(lik)o(e)g(doubled)h(pa)o(wns,)g(are)g(vulnerable)g
5841 (to)g(attac)o(k)f(and)h(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade.)344 1256 y Fh(I)s(P)392
5842 1262 y Fe(col)448 1256 y Fp(=)492 1225 y Fc(P)535 1236 y Fk(64)535
5843 1269 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)651 1256 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o
5844 (wn],col,sq\))g Fl(and)g Fp(Isolated\(col,OnFile\(sq\)\)\))710
5845 1309 y Fh(I)728 1316 y Fe(O)q(nF)t(ile)p Fk(\()p Fe(sq)q Fk(\))651
5846 1359 y Fl(else)710 1409 y Fp(0)651 1459 y Fl(endif)344 1558
5847 y(where)380 1608 y Fh(I)398 1614 y Fe(f)433 1608 y Fp(:)147
5848 b([)p Ff(\000)p Fp(6)p Fh(;)7 b Ff(\000)p Fp(10)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p
5849 Fp(14)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(20)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(20)p Fh(;)f
5850 Ff(\000)p Fp(14)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(10)p Fh(;)h Ff(\000)p
5851 Fp(6])651 1658 y(Indexed)15 b(b)o(y)f(\014le)g(f)f(\(1)h(to)g(8\).)262
5852 1777 y(Isolated)19 b(pa)o(wns)h(are)g(p)q(enalised)g(dep)q(ending)g(on)f
5853 (their)h(cen)o(tralisation.)35 b(An)20 b(isolated)262 1826
5854 y(pa)o(wn)13 b(on)g(the)i Fl(d)e Fp(or)h Fl(e)f Fp(\014les)i(is)e(considered)
5855 i(the)g(w)o(eak)o(est.)j(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(an)g(isolated)f(cen)o(tre)262
5856 1876 y(pa)o(wn)d(has)g(a)g(dynamic)f(strength)i(whic)o(h)g(Nimzo)o(witsc)o(h)
5857 e(so)h(elo)q(quen)o(tly)g(said)g(w)o(as)g(its)h("lust)262 1926
5858 y(to)16 b(expand".)28 b(This)17 b(asp)q(ect)i(is)e(co)o(v)o(ered)h(b)o(y)e
5859 (other)i(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria,)i(for)e(example,)262 1976
5860 y(cen)o(tre)i(con)o(trol.)29 b(Also)17 b(asp)q(ects)i(concerning)f(the)g(w)o
5861 (eaknesses)h(of)e(isolated)g(pa)o(wns)g(are)262 2026 y(sp)q(eci\014cally)d
5862 (addressed)h(in)f(the)g(pa)o(wn)g(w)o(eakness)h(criteria)f(b)q(elo)o(w.)262
5863 2177 y Fu(4.4.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(9)i(:)24 b(W)-5 b(eak)19
5864 b(P)n(a)n(wns)262 2289 y Fp(P)o(a)o(wns)e(are)h(w)o(eak)f(when)h(they)g(are)g
5865 (not)g(protected)h(b)o(y)e(friendly)g(pa)o(wns)g(and)h(a)f(single)262
5866 2339 y(pa)o(wn)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(cannot)h(b)q(e)h(made)e(whic)o(h)h(ac)o(hiev)o
5867 (es)g(this)g(protection.)29 b(W)m(eak)16 b(pa)o(wns)h(are)262
5868 2389 y(therefore)d(vulnerable)e(to)h(attac)o(k.)k(They)c(constitute)h
5869 (targets)f(whic)o(h)f(the)i(opp)q(onen)o(t)e(can)262 2439 y(aim)e(for.)17
5870 b(A)12 b(bac)o(kw)o(ard)h(pa)o(wn)f(is)g(therefore,)i(a)e(classic)g(example)g
5871 (of)f(a)h(w)o(eak)h(pa)o(wn)f(under)957 2574 y(54)p eop
5873 55 56 bop 262 307 a Fp(m)o(y)14 b(de\014nition.)23 b(The)16
5874 b(idea)f(of)g(this)h(de\014nition)g(is)f(to)h(pic)o(k)f(up)h(as)g(man)o(y)e
5875 (cases)j(of)e(w)o(eak)262 357 y(pa)o(wns)i(as)h(p)q(ossible)h(in)e(one)h
5876 (general)g(set)h(of)e(criteria.)31 b(Therefore)19 b(isolated,)f(doubled,)262
5877 407 y(bac)o(kw)o(ard)13 b(and)h(pa)o(wn)g(c)o(hain)f(bases)i(ma)o(y)d(all)h
5878 (b)q(e)h(p)q(enalised)g(for)g(w)o(eakness.)324 492 y(In)i("My)f(System")g
5879 ([43)o(],)g(Aron)h(Nimzo)o(witsc)o(h)f(giv)o(es)g(the)h(follo)o(wing)e(c)o
5880 (hess)j(strategy)262 542 y(for)9 b(handling)g(pa)o(wn)h(c)o(hains,)g("W)m(e)g
5881 (\014rst)g(direct)h(our)f(op)q(erations)h(against)e(the)i(base,)g(whic)o(h)
5882 262 592 y(w)o(e)17 b(attac)o(k)g(with)f(a)h(pa)o(wn,)g(and)f(b)o(y)h(threats)
5883 h(or)f(otherwise,)h(seek)g(to)f(cut)h(o\013)e(the)i(base)262
5884 641 y(from)13 b(its)j(asso)q(ciates)g(in)f(the)h(c)o(hain.)23
5885 b(This)15 b(done,)h(w)o(e)g(turn)g(our)f(atten)o(tion)h(to)f(the)h(next)262
5886 691 y(opp)q(onen)o(t,)d(namely)f(the)i(link)e(whic)o(h)h(has)h(no)o(w)f(b)q
5887 (ecome)g(the)h(new)g(base".)k(This)13 b(metho)q(d)262 741 y(of)18
5888 b(handling)g(pa)o(wn)h(c)o(hains)h(will)e(b)q(e)i(encouraged)g(b)o(y)f(this)h
5889 (de\014nition)f(b)q(ecause)i(w)o(eak)262 791 y(pa)o(wn)11 b(bases)i(are)f
5890 (iden)o(ti\014ed)g(and)f(progressiv)o(ely)h(p)q(enalised,)g(therefore)h
5891 (encouraging)f(the)262 841 y(attac)o(king)h(side)h(to)g(build)f(up)h
5892 (pressure)i(on)e(the)g(w)o(eak)g(pa)o(wn.)344 943 y Fh(W)6
5893 b(P)416 949 y Fe(col)471 943 y Fp(=)515 912 y Fc(P)559 922
5894 y Fk(64)559 955 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)642 943 y Fh(W)g(K)722 949
5895 y Fe(col;sq)344 1046 y Fl(where)380 1095 y Fh(W)g(K)460 1101
5896 y Fe(col;sq)559 1095 y Fp(:)j Fl(if)k Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))g
5897 Fl(and)g Fp(W)m(eak\(col,sq\)\))639 1145 y Fh(W)6 b(K)719 1151
5898 y Fe(col;sq)817 1145 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(W)900 1151 y Fe(col;sq)995
5899 1145 y Ff(\000)d Fp(10)g Ff(\001)g Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([P)o(a)o
5900 (wn],Opp\(col\),)p Fh(sq)1625 1151 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1744
5901 1145 y Fp(\))639 1195 y Fl(if)k Fp(\(SemiOp)q(en\(Opp\(col\),OnFile\(sq\)\))
5902 639 1245 y Fl(and)h Fp(Has\([Ro)q(ok,Queen],Opp\(col\)\)\))699
5903 1295 y Fh(W)6 b(K)779 1301 y Fe(col;sq)876 1295 y Fp(=)12 b
5904 Fh(W)6 b(K)1000 1301 y Fe(col;sq)1086 1295 y Ff(\000)14 b Fp(phase/2)639
5905 1345 y Fl(endif)639 1394 y(if)f Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Ro)q
5906 (ok],Opp\(col\),sq\)\))699 1444 y Fh(W)6 b(K)779 1450 y Fe(col;sq)876
5907 1444 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(W)6 b(K)1000 1450 y Fe(col;sq)1095 1444
5908 y Ff(\000)k Fp(4)639 1494 y Fl(endif)639 1544 y(if)j Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([An)o
5909 (y],Opp\(col\),)p Fh(sq)1170 1550 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1290 1544
5910 y Fp(\)\))699 1594 y Fh(W)6 b(K)779 1600 y Fe(col;sq)876 1594
5911 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(W)6 b(K)1000 1600 y Fe(col;sq)1095 1594 y Ff(\000)k
5912 Fp(8)639 1643 y Fl(endif)580 1693 y(else)639 1743 y Fh(W)c(K)719
5913 1749 y Fe(col;sq)817 1743 y Fp(=)12 b(0)580 1793 y Fl(endif)380
5914 1892 y Fh(W)419 1898 y Fe(col;sq)518 1892 y Fp(:)50 b(di\013)14
5915 b(=)g Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(Opp\(col\),sq\))580 1942
5916 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(di\013)h Fh(>)g Fp(0\))639 1992 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(di\013)h
5917 Fh(<)g Fp(5\))699 2042 y Fh(W)738 2048 y Fe(col;sq)835 2042
5918 y Fp(=)g([)p Ff(\000)p Fp(10)p Fh(;)7 b Ff(\000)p Fp(18)p Fh(;)g
5919 Ff(\000)p Fp(26)p Fh(;)g Ff(\000)p Fp(32])758 2092 y(Indexed)14
5920 b(b)o(y)g(di\013)g(\(1)f(to)h(4\).)639 2142 y Fl(else)699 2191
5921 y Fh(W)738 2197 y Fe(col;sq)835 2191 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(35)639
5922 2241 y Fl(endif)580 2291 y(else)639 2341 y Fh(W)678 2347 y
5923 Fe(col;sq)776 2341 y Fp(=)g Ff(\000)p Fp(4)580 2391 y Fl(endif)957
5926 56 57 bop 262 307 a Fp(W)m(eak)10 b(pa)o(wns)h(are)g(p)q(enalised)g(for)g
5927 (the)g(sev)o(erit)o(y)g(of)g(the)g(attac)o(k)g(up)q(on)g(them.)16
5928 b(A)11 b(p)q(enalt)o(y)g(is)262 357 y(levied)h(when)g(a)g(w)o(eak)g(pa)o(wn)g
5929 (is)g(on)g(a)g(semi-op)q(en)g(\014le)g(and)g(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)f(has)h
5930 (the)f(pieces)262 407 y(to)j(tak)o(e)g(adv)n(an)o(tage)g(of)g(this)g(w)o
5931 (eakness.)24 b(A)15 b(w)o(eak)h(pa)o(wn)f(whose)h(adv)n(ance)f(is)h
5932 (restricted)262 457 y(b)o(y)d(enem)o(y)g(pa)o(wn)h(attac)o(ks)g(is)g(further)
5933 h(p)q(enalised.)324 542 y(The)k(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)g(of)f(w)o(eak)h(p)q(oin)o
5934 (ts)g(form)e(an)i(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(part)j(of)e(p)q(ositional)g(c)o(hess.)262
5935 592 y(Therefore)d(w)o(eak)e(pa)o(wns)h(are)h(p)q(enalised)f(for)f(b)q(eing)h
5936 (blo)q(c)o(k)n(aded)g(b)o(y)g(the)g(opp)q(onen)o(t.)262 742
5937 y Fu(4.4.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(10)i(:)24 b(P)n(assed)c(P)n(a)n(wns)262
5938 854 y Fp(A)c(pa)o(wn)g(is)g(passed)h(when)g(no)f(enem)o(y)g(pa)o(wns)g(on)g
5939 (the)h(same)f(or)g(adjacen)o(t)h(\014les)f(hinder)262 904 y(the)i(pa)o(wns)g
5940 (adv)n(ance)f(to)h(the)g(promotion)e(square.)30 b(A)18 b(passed)h(pa)o(wn)e
5941 (is)h(of)f(particular)262 954 y(v)n(alue,)e(esp)q(ecially)g(as)h(the)g(game)f
5942 (progresses)i(in)o(to)e(the)i(endgame.)22 b(It)16 b(not)g(only)f(carries)262
5943 1004 y(the)h(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(threat)h(of)e(b)q(ecoming)g(a)h(queen,)h(but)f
5944 (also)g(distracts)h(the)g(enem)o(y)e(pieces)262 1054 y(from)d(other)i(duties)
5945 h(in)e(order)i(to)e(restrain)i(the)g(passed)f(pa)o(wn.)344
5946 1151 y Fh(P)6 b(P)404 1157 y Fe(col)459 1151 y Fp(=)503 1120
5947 y Fc(P)546 1130 y Fk(64)546 1163 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)629 1151 y
5948 Fh(P)g(D)696 1157 y Fe(col;sq)344 1254 y Fl(where)380 1303
5949 y Fh(P)g(D)447 1309 y Fe(col;sq)546 1303 y Fp(:)58 b Fl(if)13
5950 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))g Fl(and)g Fp(P)o(assed\(col,sq\)\))
5951 675 1353 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(phase)h Fh(>)g Fp(9\))734 1403 y Fh(P)6
5952 b(D)801 1409 y Fe(col;sq)898 1403 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6 b Fp(4)996
5953 1410 y Fe(O)q(nRank)q Fk(\()p Fe(col;sq)q Fk(\))675 1453 y
5954 Fl(else)734 1503 y(if)13 b Fp(\()p Fh(M)5 b(tl)864 1510 y Fe(O)q(pp)p
5955 Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\))1008 1503 y Fp(=)14 b(KingV)m(alue\))793
5956 1553 y Fl(if)f Fp(\()p Fl(not)g Fp(InsideQuadrate\(Opp\(col\),sq\)\))852
5957 1602 y Fh(P)6 b(D)919 1608 y Fe(col;sq)1016 1602 y Fp(=)12
5958 b Fh(P)6 b Fp(1)1114 1609 y Fe(O)q(nRank)q Fk(\()p Fe(col;sq)q
5959 Fk(\))793 1652 y Fl(else)852 1702 y Fh(P)g(D)919 1708 y Fe(col;sq)1016
5960 1702 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6 b Fp(2)1114 1709 y Fe(O)q(nRank)q Fk(\()p
5961 Fe(col;sq)q Fk(\))793 1752 y Fl(endif)734 1802 y(else)793 1851
5962 y Fh(P)g(D)860 1857 y Fe(col;sq)957 1851 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6
5963 b Fp(3)1055 1858 y Fe(O)q(nRank)q Fk(\()p Fe(col;sq)q Fk(\))734
5964 1901 y Fl(endif)734 1951 y(if)13 b Fp(\(InsideQuadrate\(Opp\(col\),sq\)\))793
5965 2001 y Fh(P)6 b(D)860 2007 y Fe(col;sq)957 2001 y Fp(=)12 b
5966 Fh(P)6 b(D)1068 2007 y Fe(col;sq)1163 2001 y Ff(\000)j Fh(r)q(ev)q(P)d(hase=)
5967 p Fp(2)734 2051 y Fl(endif)734 2100 y Fh(P)g(D)801 2106 y Fe(col;sq)898
5968 2100 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6 b(D)1009 2106 y Fe(col;sq)1104 2100
5969 y Ff(\000)j Fh(])p Fp(Occupied\()p Fh(sq)1382 2106 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1503
5970 2100 y Fp(,PSq\(col,sq\)\))p Ff(\001)p Fp(revPhase/4)734 2150
5971 y Fl(if)30 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,)p Fh(sq)1224
5972 2156 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1342 2150 y Fp(\))793 2200 y Fl(or)13
5973 b Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\)\))793 2250 y
5974 Fh(P)6 b(D)860 2256 y Fe(col;sq)957 2250 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6
5975 b(D)1068 2256 y Fe(col;sq)1163 2250 y Fp(+)j Fh(U)c(N)1270
5976 2257 y Fe(O)q(nRank)q Fk(\()p Fe(col;sq)q Fk(\))734 2300 y
5977 Fl(endif)734 2350 y(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),)p
5978 Fh(sq)1265 2356 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1384 2350 y Fp(\)\))793
5979 2399 y Fh(P)6 b(D)860 2405 y Fe(col;sq)957 2399 y Fp(=)12 b
5980 Fh(P)6 b(D)1068 2405 y Fe(col;sq)1163 2399 y Ff(\000)j Fh(r)q(ev)q(P)d(hase)
5981 734 2449 y Fl(endif)957 2574 y Fp(56)p eop
5983 57 58 bop 734 307 a Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)g(square)f Fp(sq2)f
5984 Fl(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g Fp(sq)h Fl(and)f Fp(PSq\(col,sq\))h Fl(do)793
5985 357 y Fh(P)6 b(D)860 363 y Fe(col;sq)957 357 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6
5986 b(D)1068 363 y Fe(col;sq)1163 357 y Fp(+)j(4)g Ff(\001)g Fh(])p
5987 Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(col,sq2\))734 407 y Fl(endfor)675 457
5988 y(endif)675 506 y Fh(P)d(D)742 512 y Fe(col;sq)839 506 y Fp(=)12
5989 b Fh(P)6 b(D)950 512 y Fe(col;sq)1035 506 y Ff(\001)14 b Fp(revPhase/16)616
5990 556 y Fl(else)675 606 y Fh(P)6 b(D)742 612 y Fe(col;sq)839
5991 606 y Fp(=)12 b(0)616 656 y Fl(endif)380 756 y Fh(P)6 b Fp(1)434
5992 762 y Fe(r)465 756 y Fp(:)139 b([0)p Fh(;)7 b Fp(400)p Fh(;)g
5993 Fp(400)p Fh(;)f Fp(450)o Fh(;)h Fp(5)o(15)p Fh(;)f Fp(600)p
5994 Fh(;)g Fp(700)o Fh(;)h Fp(0])675 805 y(Indexed)15 b(b)o(y)e(rank)h(r)g(\(1)g
5995 (to)g(8\).)380 905 y Fh(P)6 b Fp(2)434 911 y Fe(r)465 905 y
5996 Fp(:)139 b([0)p Fh(;)7 b Fp(40)p Fh(;)g Fp(40)p Fh(;)g Fp(5)o(5)p
5997 Fh(;)f Fp(80)p Fh(;)g Fp(115)p Fh(;)g Fp(155)o Fh(;)h Fp(0])675
5998 955 y(Indexed)15 b(b)o(y)e(rank)h(r)g(\(1)g(to)g(8\).)380 1054
5999 y Fh(P)6 b Fp(3)434 1060 y Fe(r)465 1054 y Fp(:)139 b([0)p
6000 Fh(;)7 b Fp(22)p Fh(;)g Fp(22)p Fh(;)g Fp(4)o(0)p Fh(;)f Fp(65)p
6001 Fh(;)g Fp(95)p Fh(;)g Fp(135)p Fh(;)g Fp(0])675 1104 y(Indexed)15
6002 b(b)o(y)e(rank)h(r)g(\(1)g(to)g(8\).)380 1204 y Fh(P)6 b Fp(4)434
6003 1210 y Fe(r)465 1204 y Fp(:)139 b([0)p Fh(;)7 b Fp(16)p Fh(;)g
6004 Fp(16)p Fh(;)g Fp(3)o(2)p Fh(;)f Fp(44)p Fh(;)g Fp(56)p Fh(;)g
6005 Fp(68)p Fh(;)g Fp(0])675 1254 y(Indexed)15 b(b)o(y)e(rank)h(r)g(\(1)g(to)g
6006 (8\).)380 1353 y Fh(U)5 b(N)446 1359 y Fe(r)478 1353 y Fp(:)126
6007 b([0)p Fh(;)7 b Fp(6)p Fh(;)g Fp(6)p Fh(;)g Fp(12)p Fh(;)f
6008 Fp(28)o Fh(;)h Fp(86)o Fh(;)g Fp(12)o(0)p Fh(;)g Fp(0)o(])675
6009 1403 y(Indexed)15 b(b)o(y)e(rank)h(r)g(\(1)g(to)g(8\).)262
6010 1522 y(Using)d(this)g(de\014nition,)g(passed)h(pa)o(wns)f(are)h(classi\014ed)
6011 g(under)g(4)f(categories.)18 b(This)11 b(allo)o(ws)262 1571
6012 y(unstoppable)17 b(passed)h(pa)o(wns)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(iden)o(ti\014ed)f(and)g
6013 (giv)o(en)g(increased)i(b)q(on)o(uses.)29 b(The)262 1621 y(v)n(alue)8
6014 b(of)h(a)g(passed)i(pa)o(wn)e(is)g(dep)q(enden)o(t)i(on)e(its)h(category)g
6015 (and)f(the)h(obstructions)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)262 1671 y(its)j(curren)o(t)j
6016 (square)e(and)g(the)h(queening)f(square.)324 1756 y(The)c(passed)h(pa)o(wn)f
6017 (is)g(p)q(enalised)g(for)g(b)q(eing)g('within)f(range')h(of)f(the)i(enem)o(y)
6018 e(king.)16 b(The)262 1806 y(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)g(of)h(a)g(passed)h(pa)o(wn)f
6019 (is)g(v)o(ery)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)i(as)e(it)g(is)g(a)g(metho)q(d)f(of)h(mec)o
6020 (hanically)262 1856 y(stopping)c(the)i(pa)o(wns)f(progress.)365
6021 1939 y("The)g(passed)h(pa)o(wn)f(is)g(a)f(criminal)f(who)h(should)h(b)q(e)h
6022 (k)o(ept)f(under)h(lo)q(c)o(k)e(and)365 1989 y(k)o(ey)m(.)18
6023 b(Mild)13 b(measures,)h(suc)o(h)g(as)g(p)q(olice)g(surv)o(eillance)g(are)g
6024 (not)g(su\016cien)o(t.")1206 2055 y Fm(A)o(r)n(on)g(Nimzowitsch)262
6025 2174 y Fp(Therefore,)e(a)e(passed)i(pa)o(wn)e(is)g(p)q(enalised)h(for)g(b)q
6026 (oth)f(immediate)e(and)j(future)g(blo)q(c)o(k)n(aders.)262
6027 2223 y(This)18 b(has)h(the)h(b)q(ene\014t)g(of)e(encouraging)h(the)g(opp)q
6028 (osing)f(side)h(to)g(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)f(along)g(the)262 2273
6029 y(complete)c(path)h(of)g(the)h(passed)g(pa)o(wn.)22 b(Connected)17
6030 b(or)e(united)h(passed)g(pa)o(wns)f(receiv)o(e)262 2323 y(a)e(b)q(on)o(us)g
6031 (for)g(their)h(added)g(strength.)19 b(This)13 b(b)q(on)o(us)h(increases)h
6032 (dramatically)10 b(with)j(rank.)262 2373 y(Con)o(trol)k(is)h(encouraged)i(o)o
6033 (v)o(er)e(all)f(squares)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(the)f(pa)o(wn)f(and)g(the)h
6034 (promotion)262 2423 y(square.)f(The)d(b)q(on)o(uses)g(and)e(p)q(enalties)i
6035 (are)f(adjusted)g(dep)q(ending)h(on)f(the)g(game)e(phase.)957
6038 58 59 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.4.5)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(11)i(:)24
6039 b(P)n(a)n(wn)d(T)-5 b(able)344 403 y Fh(P)6 b(T)401 409 y Fe(col)456
6040 403 y Fp(=)500 372 y Fc(P)544 382 y Fk(64)544 415 y Fe(sq)q
6041 Fk(=1)675 403 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\)\))734
6042 456 y Fh(P)6 b(S)r(T)818 462 y Fe(col;sq)675 506 y Fl(else)734
6043 556 y Fp(0)675 605 y Fl(endif)344 705 y(where)380 755 y Fh(P)g(S)r(T)464
6044 761 y Fe(col;sq)564 755 y Fp(:)40 b(P)o(a)o(wn)13 b(Square)i(T)m(able.)i
6045 (Initialised)c(b)q(efore)i(eac)o(h)f(searc)o(h.)616 805 y(See)h(planning)d
6046 (section)j(4.11.3)d(for)h(details.)262 931 y(A)j(static)g(pa)o(wn)g(square)g
6047 (table)g(will)f(b)q(e)h(used)h(to)f(store)h(the)g(v)n(alues)e(of)h(eac)o(h)g
6048 (square)h(for)262 981 y(ha)o(ving)e(a)h(pa)o(wn)g(o)q(ccup)o(y)h(that)f
6049 (square.)27 b(This)16 b(enables)h(kno)o(wledge)f(calculated)h(at)f(the)262
6050 1031 y(ro)q(ot)e(to)h(b)q(e)g(e\016cien)o(tly)g(applied)f(at)g(leaf)g(no)q
6051 (des.)22 b(The)15 b(table)f(will)g(b)q(e)h(calculated)g(b)q(efore)262
6052 1081 y(commencemen)o(t)c(of)j(the)g(searc)o(h)h(in)e(an)h(initial)e(planning)
6053 h(phase.)262 1232 y Fu(4.4.6)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(12)i(:)24
6054 b(P)n(a)n(wn)d(V)-5 b(alue)344 1323 y Fh(P)6 b(V)401 1329 y
6055 Fe(col)456 1323 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(D)q(P)562 1329 y Fe(col)615
6056 1323 y Fp(+)e Fh(I)s(P)705 1329 y Fe(col)758 1323 y Fp(+)g
6057 Fh(W)c(P)872 1329 y Fe(col)925 1323 y Fp(+)j Fh(P)d(P)1026
6058 1329 y Fe(col)1078 1323 y Fp(+)k Fh(P)c(T)1177 1329 y Fe(col)344
6059 1423 y Fl(where)380 1473 y Fh(D)q(P)442 1479 y Fe(col)498 1473
6060 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Doubled)13 b(P)o(a)o(wns)i(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(7\).)380
6061 1572 y Fh(I)s(P)428 1578 y Fe(col)498 1572 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Isolated)14
6062 b(P)o(a)o(wns)h(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(8\).)380 1672 y Fh(W)6
6063 b(P)452 1678 y Fe(col)498 1672 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(W)l(eak)17 b(P)o(a)o(wns)e
6064 (\(De\014niti)o(on)d(9\).)380 1772 y Fh(P)6 b(P)440 1778 y
6065 Fe(col)498 1772 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(P)o(assed)15 b(P)o(a)o(wns)g(\(De\014niti)o
6066 (on)d(10\).)380 1871 y Fh(P)6 b(T)437 1877 y Fe(col)498 1871
6067 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(P)o(a)o(wn)15 b(T)l(able)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(11\).)262
6068 1998 y Fp(All)d(the)j(pa)o(wn)e(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)i(used)h(in)e(this)h
6069 (section)g(can)g(b)q(e)g(summed)e(to)i(calculate)262 2048 y(a)h(total)g(pa)o
6070 (wn)h(v)n(alue)f(for)h(ev)o(ery)g(pa)o(wn)g(of)f(a)h(giv)o(en)f(colour.)957
6073 59 60 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0s0ZrZkZ)646
6074 482 y(Z0Z0Z0ob)646 565 y(pZ0o0o0o)646 648 y(Z0mPlPZ0)646 731
6075 y(pZPZPZPZ)646 814 y(Z0Z0L0MP)646 897 y(0Z0M0ZKZ)646 980 y(ZRZ0S0Z0)p
6076 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 339 1102 a Fp(Figure)14 b(4.4:)j
6077 Fl(Capablanca)e(v)h(Bogljub)q(o\013)p Fp(,)11 b(London)i(1922,)g(White)g(to)h
6078 (Pla)o(y)m(.)324 1221 y(Applying)e(these)j(pa)o(wn)f(ev)n(aluation)e
6079 (criteria)i(to)f(the)h(p)q(osition)f(sho)o(wn)h(in)f(\014gure)h(4.4,)262
6080 1271 y(will)e(pro)q(duce)j(the)g(follo)o(wing)c(results:)344
6081 1368 y Fh(P)6 b(V)401 1374 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1368 y Fp(=)14
6082 b(0)9 b(+)h(0)f Ff(\000)g Fp(74)g(+)h(0)f(+)g(118)i(=)h(44)344
6083 1418 y Fh(P)6 b(V)401 1424 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 1418 y Fp(=)14
6084 b Ff(\000)p Fp(12)9 b Ff(\000)h Fp(32)f Ff(\000)g Fp(70)g(+)g(18)g(+)h(84)h
6085 (=)g Ff(\000)p Fp(12)957 2574 y(59)p eop
6087 60 61 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.5)69 b(Knigh)n(t)23 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
6088 434 y Fp(Knigh)o(ts)17 b(are)h(v)o(ery)g(useful)g(pieces,)h(particularly)e
6089 (in)g(the)h(op)q(ening)f(and)h(middle)e(game.)262 483 y(Knigh)o(ts)10
6090 b(are)h(esp)q(ecially)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)h(in)e(closed)i(p)q(ositions)e(where)i
6091 (they)f(can)g('jump')d(o)o(v)o(er)j(an)262 533 y(obstructing)g(pa)o(wn)g(c)o
6092 (hain.)17 b(A)12 b(knigh)o(t)e(b)q(ecomes)i(v)o(ery)f(strong)h(if)e(it)h
6093 (reac)o(hes)i(an)e(adv)n(anced)262 583 y(cen)o(tral)i(p)q(ost)h(whic)o(h)g
6094 (cannot)f(b)q(e)i(attac)o(k)o(ed)e(b)o(y)h(enem)o(y)e(pa)o(wns.)18
6095 b(In)c(the)g(ending,)f(knigh)o(ts)262 633 y(are)i(generally)g(less)h
6096 (e\013ectiv)o(e)h(b)q(ecause)g(they)f(only)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(short)h(range.)
6097 23 b(Knigh)o(ts)15 b(also)262 683 y(ha)o(v)o(e)e(the)i(abilit)o(y)d(to)i
6098 (fork)f(opp)q(osing)g(forces.)262 834 y Fu(4.5.1)55 b(De\014nition)17
6099 b(13)i(:)24 b(Knigh)n(t)19 b(V)-5 b(alue)344 1001 y Fh(N)5
6100 b(V)406 1007 y Fe(col)462 1001 y Fp(=)506 970 y Fc(P)549 980
6101 y Fk(64)549 1013 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675 1001 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o
6102 (y\([Knigh)o(t],col,sq\)\))734 1054 y Fh(N)5 b(S)r(T)823 1060
6103 y Fe(col;sq)675 1104 y Fl(else)734 1153 y Fp(0)675 1203 y Fl(endif)344
6104 1303 y(where)380 1353 y Fh(N)g(S)r(T)469 1359 y Fe(col;sq)569
6105 1353 y Fp(:)35 b(Knigh)o(t)13 b(Square)i(T)m(able.)i(Initialised)c(b)q(efore)
6106 h(eac)o(h)h(searc)o(h.)616 1402 y(See)g(planning)d(section)j(4.11.4)d(for)h
6107 (details.)262 1529 y(Knigh)o(t)19 b(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)h(are)h(com)o
6108 (bined)e(in)h(a)g(knigh)o(t)g(square)h(table.)34 b(Concepts)262
6109 1579 y(suc)o(h)19 b(as)f(pa)o(wn)g(holes,)i(strong)e(squares,)j(cen)o
6110 (tralisation)d(and)g(king)g(closeness)i(will)d(b)q(e)262 1629
6111 y(calculated)d(in)f(an)h(initial)e(planning)g(phase.)324 1714
6112 y(It)k(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(remem)o(b)q(ered)f(that)h(all)e(ev)n(aluation)g
6113 (criteria)h(are)h(in)o(trinsically)e(link)o(ed.)262 1764 y(Therefore,)g
6114 (knigh)o(ts)f(will)e(b)q(e)j(additionally)d(ev)n(aluated)i(b)o(y)g(other)h
6115 (criteria)g(for)f(suc)o(h)h(fea-)262 1814 y(tures)f(as)f(the)g(pa)o(wn)g(blo)
6116 q(c)o(k)n(ade,)f(cen)o(tre)j(con)o(trol,)d(square)i(con)o(trol,)f(...)j
6117 (etc,etc.)k(Applying)262 1864 y(these)15 b(knigh)o(t)e(ev)n(aluation)f
6118 (criteria)j(to)e(the)i(p)q(osition)e(in)h(\014gure)g(4.4)f(giv)o(es:)344
6119 1961 y Fh(N)5 b(V)406 1967 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1961 y Fp(=)14
6120 b(6)344 2011 y Fh(N)5 b(V)406 2017 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2011 y
6121 Fp(=)14 b(6)957 2574 y(60)p eop
6123 61 62 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.6)69 b(Bishop)23 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
6124 434 y Fp(Bishops)16 b(are)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)h(pieces)g(throughout)f(the)g
6125 (game,)f(but)h(esp)q(ecially)f(in)h(op)q(en)g(p)q(osi-)262
6126 483 y(tions)d(where)h(their)g(scop)q(e)h(is)e(less)h(hindered.)k(A)c(bishop)f
6127 (is)g(often)h(used)g(to)f(pin)g(opp)q(osing)262 533 y(forces)h(and)e(attac)o
6128 (k)i(w)o(eak)f(p)q(oin)o(ts.)k(A)c(single)g(bishop)g(can)g(only)g(exert)h
6129 (pressure)h(\(attac)o(k\))262 583 y(on)h(squares)i(of)e(the)h(colour)f(it)g
6130 (is)h(on.)26 b(Therefore,)18 b(bishops)e(are)h(particularly)f(e\013ectiv)o(e)
6131 262 633 y(in)f(pairs)i(where)g(they)g(can)g(attac)o(k)f(b)q(oth)g(coloured)h
6132 (squares.)27 b(In)16 b(the)h(ending,)f(bishops)262 683 y(are)g(as)f(a)h
6133 (general)f(rule)h(b)q(etter)h(than)f(knigh)o(ts.)23 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16
6134 b(there)h(are)f(strategies)h(whic)o(h)262 732 y(diminish)11
6135 b(a)j(bishops)g(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)g(e.g.)k(pa)o(wn)13 b(obstructions.)262
6136 883 y Fu(4.6.1)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(14)i(:)24 b(Bishop)19
6137 b(A)n(ttac)n(k)344 1050 y Fh(B)r(A)408 1056 y Fe(col)464 1050
6138 y Fp(=)508 1019 y Fc(P)552 1029 y Fk(64)552 1062 y Fe(sq)q
6139 Fk(=1)675 1050 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q
6140 (ok,Queen],Opp\(col\),sq\))675 1103 y Fl(and)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o
6141 (ed\([Bishop],col,sq\)\))734 1153 y(V)m(alue\(sq\))675 1202
6142 y Fl(else)734 1252 y Fp(0)675 1302 y Fl(endif)262 1424 y Fp(Bishops)d(are)g
6143 (giv)o(en)f(a)h(b)q(on)o(us)g(for)f(attac)o(king)g(enem)o(y)g(pieces,)j(the)e
6144 (v)n(alue)f(of)g(whic)o(h)h(dep)q(ends)262 1473 y(on)18 b(the)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g
6145 (of)g(piece)g(attac)o(k)o(ed.)33 b(This)18 b(criterion)i(will)d(encourage)i
6146 (the)h(program)d(to)262 1523 y(harass)c(the)h(enem)o(y)e(forces)i
6147 (particularly)e(those)i(of)e(high)g(v)n(alue,)g(e.g.)18 b(ro)q(oks)13
6148 b(and)g(queens.)324 1608 y(Note)18 b(that)f(pa)o(wns)h(are)g(excluded)h(as)e
6149 (they)i(are)f(more)e(lik)o(ely)g(to)i(obstruct)h(the)f(at-)262
6150 1658 y(tac)o(king)e(bishop)i(than)f(b)q(e)h(harassed)h(themselv)o(es.)29
6151 b(See)19 b(de\014nition)e(18,)g(Enem)o(y)g(P)o(a)o(wn)262 1708
6152 y(Obstruction,)d(for)g(more)e(details.)262 1859 y Fu(4.6.2)55
6153 b(De\014nition)17 b(15)i(:)24 b(Bishop)19 b(on)g(Kings)f(Diagonal)344
6154 2025 y Fh(B)r(K)412 2031 y Fe(col)469 2025 y Fp(=)512 1994
6155 y Fc(P)556 2005 y Fk(64)556 2038 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675 2025 y
6156 Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Bishop],col,sq\))675 2078 y Fl(and)g
6157 Fp(SameDiagonal\(sq,Ki)o(ngSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\)\))734 2128 y(phase/2)675
6158 2178 y Fl(else)734 2228 y Fp(0)675 2278 y Fl(endif)262 2399
6159 y Fp(Bishops)f(are)g(encouraged)g(to)g(remain)e(on)i(the)g(same)f(diagonal)f
6160 (as)h(the)i(enem)o(y)e(king.)16 b(The)262 2449 y(b)q(on)o(us)e(receiv)o(ed)h
6161 (decreases)h(as)e(the)h(game)d(progresses.)20 b(This)14 b(is)f(an)h(attempt)f
6162 (to)h(correct)957 2574 y(61)p eop
6164 62 63 bop 262 307 a Fp(a)16 b(w)o(eakness)i(I)e(feel)h(most)f(c)o(hess)i
6165 (programs)d(ha)o(v)o(e.)26 b(That)17 b(of)f(lea)o(ving)f(the)j(king)e(on)g
6166 (the)262 357 y(same)e(diagonal)f(as)i(the)h(enem)o(y)e(bishop,)h
6167 (particularly)f(when)i(it)f(is)g(on)f(a)h(long)f(diagonal)262
6168 407 y(and)f(a)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(pieces)i(are)g(in)o(terp)q(osed.)324
6169 492 y(The)d(ideas)g(b)q(ehind)g(suc)o(h)h(a)f(strategy)g(are)h(normally)c
6170 (more)i(long)g(term)g(and)h(therefore)262 542 y(cannot)i(b)q(e)i(clearly)e
6171 (iden)o(ti\014ed)h(b)o(y)f(searc)o(h.)22 b(Against)14 b(a)g(h)o(uman)f(opp)q
6172 (onen)o(t)i(this)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)262 592 y(bishop)g(placemen)o(t)g(will)f
6173 (hop)q(efully)h(pro)o(vide)h(an)f(attac)o(king)g(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(whic)o(h)h
6174 (disturbs)262 641 y(the)e(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(liking)d(for)h(the)i(p)q
6175 (osition.)262 793 y Fu(4.6.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(16)i(:)24
6176 b(Bishop)19 b(P)n(air)344 955 y Fh(B)r(P)404 961 y Fe(col)462
6177 955 y Fp(=)122 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Has\([Bishop],col\))g Fh(>)h
6178 Fp(1\))675 1005 y(8)616 1055 y Fl(else)675 1104 y Fp(0)616
6179 1154 y Fl(endif)262 1281 y Fp(Bishops)i(w)o(ork)g(most)f(e\013ectiv)o(ely)i
6180 (in)e(pairs.)25 b(This)16 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i(they)e(can)h(con)o(trol)e(b)q
6181 (oth)262 1331 y(coloured)i(squares)h(and)f(hence)i(complemen)o(t)c(eac)o(h)j
6182 (other.)29 b(Therefore,)19 b(this)e(heuristic)262 1381 y(rew)o(ards)d(the)h
6183 (pla)o(y)o(er)e(who)h(main)o(tains)d(a)j(pair)f(of)h(bishops.)262
6184 1532 y Fu(4.6.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(17)i(:)24 b(Horrwitz)19
6185 b(Bishops)344 1699 y Fh(H)s(B)413 1705 y Fe(col)469 1699 y
6186 Fp(=)513 1668 y Fc(P)557 1678 y Fk(64)557 1711 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675
6187 1699 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Bishop],col,sq\))g
6188 Fl(and)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Bishop],col,)p Fh(sq)1730 1705
6189 y Fe(next)1798 1699 y Fp(\)\))734 1752 y(2)675 1802 y Fl(else)734
6190 1851 y Fp(0)675 1901 y Fl(endif)262 2028 y Fp(This)e(criterion)i(essen)o
6191 (tially)f(rew)o(ards)h(a)e(bishop)h(pair)g(for)f(w)o(orking)h(together.)18
6192 b(When)12 b(t)o(w)o(o)262 2078 y(bishops)i(w)o(ork)g(on)g(adjacen)o(t)g
6193 (diagonals)f(their)i(scop)q(e)g(and)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)h(is)f(greatly)g
6194 (increased.)262 2128 y(This)h(barrier)h(of)f('bishop)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(er')h(can)
6195 h(completely)e(restrict)j(an)e(enem)o(y)g(king,)g(particu-)262
6196 2177 y(larly)f(in)i(an)g(ending)g(where)h(the)f(p)q(osition)g(is)g(op)q(en.)
6197 24 b(Therefore,)18 b(a)d(b)q(on)o(us)i(is)e(giv)o(en)h(for)262
6198 2227 y(ev)o(ery)e(pair)g(of)f(adjacen)o(t)h(horizon)o(tal)f(squares)i(attac)o
6199 (k)o(ed)f(b)o(y)g(bishops.)957 2574 y(62)p eop
6201 63 64 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.6.5)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(18)i(:)24
6202 b(Enem)n(y)17 b(P)n(a)n(wn)k(Obstruction)344 474 y Fh(E)r(O)409
6203 480 y Fe(col)464 474 y Fp(=)508 443 y Fc(P)552 453 y Fk(64)552
6204 486 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)635 474 y Fh(O)q(B)699 480 y Fe(col;sq)344
6205 577 y Fl(where)380 626 y Fh(O)q(B)444 632 y Fe(col;sq)544 626
6206 y Fp(:)60 b Fl(if)30 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],Opp\(col\),sq\))14
6207 b Fl(and)f Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Bishop],col,sq\)\))675 676
6208 y Fl(case)h Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([P)o(a)o(wn],Opp\(col\),sq\))f
6209 Fl(of)734 726 y Fp(0)h(:)k Fh(O)q(B)863 732 y Fe(col;sq)960
6210 726 y Fp(=)12 b(2)734 826 y(1)i(:)k Fl(for)d(eac)o(h)g(square)e
6211 Fp(sq1)h Fl(do)852 875 y(for)h(eac)o(h)h(square)d Fp(sq2)h
6212 Fl(do)911 925 y(if)f Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(king\([Bishop],col,sq1,sq\))911
6213 975 y Fl(and)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(king\([P)o(a)o(wn],Opp\(col\),sq2,sq\)\))970
6214 1025 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(SameDiagonal\(sq1,)o(sq2\)\))1029 1075
6215 y Fh(O)q(B)1093 1081 y Fe(col;sq)1191 1075 y Fp(=)f Ff(\000)p
6216 Fp(10)970 1125 y Fl(else)1029 1174 y Fh(O)q(B)1093 1180 y Fe(col;sq)1191
6217 1174 y Fp(=)g Ff(\000)p Fp(6)970 1224 y Fl(endif)911 1274 y(endif)852
6218 1324 y(endfor)793 1374 y(endfor)734 1473 y Fp(2)i(:)k Fh(O)q(B)863
6219 1479 y Fe(col;sq)960 1473 y Fp(=)12 b Ff(\000)p Fp(16)675 1523
6220 y Fl(endcase)616 1573 y(endif)262 1700 y Fp(It)i(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(to)i
6221 (p)q(enalise)h(a)f(bishop)f(whic)o(h)i(is)f(attac)o(king)f(an)h(almost)e(imp)
6222 q(enetrable)262 1749 y(enem)o(y)17 b(pa)o(wn)g(w)o(all.)29
6223 b(The)18 b(degree)i(of)d(pa)o(wn)h(protection)g(pro)o(vided)g(b)o(y)g(the)g
6224 (opp)q(onen)o(t)262 1799 y(to)12 b(the)i(attac)o(k)o(ed)g(enem)o(y)e(pa)o(wn)
6225 h(is)g(determined)g(and)g(an)g(appropriate)g(p)q(enalt)o(y)g(applied.)262
6226 1849 y(A)g(bishop)h(attac)o(king)f(an)h(unprotected)h(\(b)o(y)f(pa)o(wns\))g
6227 (enem)o(y)f(pa)o(wn)h(actually)e(receiv)o(es)k(a)262 1899 y(small)11
6228 b(b)q(on)o(us)j(to)g(indicate)g(that)g(it)f(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j(an)e(e\013ectiv)
6229 o(e)j(attac)o(k.)324 1984 y(This)c(criterion)h(helps)f(encourage)h(the)g
6230 (program)e(to)h(place)g(its)h(bishops)f(on)g(diagonals)262
6231 2034 y(where)j(they)g(can)f(b)q(e)h(most)e(e\013ectiv)o(e.)20
6232 b(Hence,)15 b(this)f(in)g(e\013ect,)i(complemen)o(ts)c(de\014nition)262
6233 2084 y(14)h(\(Bishop)h(A)o(ttac)o(k\))g(whic)o(h)f(is)h(also)f(concerned)j
6234 (with)d(the)h(e\013ectiv)o(eness)j(of)c(attac)o(ks)h(on)262
6235 2134 y(enem)o(y)f(pieces)i(b)o(y)e(bishops.)957 2574 y(63)p
6238 64 65 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.6.6)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(19)i(:)24
6239 b(Bishop)19 b(T)-5 b(able)344 474 y Fh(B)r(T)401 480 y Fe(col)458
6240 474 y Fp(=)501 443 y Fc(P)545 453 y Fk(64)545 486 y Fe(sq)q
6241 Fk(=1)675 474 y Fp(if)13 b(\(Occup)o(y\([Bishop],col,sq\)\))734
6242 527 y Fh(B)r(S)r(T)818 533 y Fe(col;sq)675 577 y Fl(else)734
6243 626 y Fp(0)675 676 y Fl(endif)344 776 y(where)380 826 y Fh(B)r(S)r(T)464
6244 832 y Fe(col;sq)565 826 y Fp(:)39 b(Bishop)14 b(Square)g(T)m(able.)k
6245 (Initialised)12 b(b)q(efore)j(eac)o(h)f(searc)o(h.)616 875
6246 y(See)h(planning)d(section)j(4.11.5)d(for)h(details.)262 1002
6247 y(A)h(static)h(bishop)f(square)i(table)e(will)f(b)q(e)i(used)h(to)e(store)h
6248 (the)g(v)n(alues)g(of)f(eac)o(h)h(square)g(for)262 1052 y(ha)o(ving)e(a)h
6249 (bishop)h(o)q(ccup)o(y)g(that)g(square.)21 b(This)15 b(enables)g(kno)o
6250 (wledge)g(calculated)f(at)h(the)262 1102 y(ro)q(ot)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(e\016cien)o
6251 (tly)g(applied)f(at)g(leaf)g(no)q(des.)22 b(The)15 b(table)f(will)g(b)q(e)h
6252 (calculated)g(b)q(efore)262 1152 y(commencemen)o(t)c(of)j(the)g(searc)o(h)h
6253 (in)e(an)h(initial)e(planning)h(phase.)262 1303 y Fu(4.6.7)55
6254 b(De\014nition)17 b(20)i(:)24 b(Bishop)19 b(V)-5 b(alue)344
6255 1430 y Fh(B)r(V)401 1436 y Fe(col)457 1430 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(B)r(A)565
6256 1436 y Fe(col)619 1430 y Fp(+)e Fh(B)r(K)729 1436 y Fe(col)783
6257 1430 y Fp(+)f Fh(B)r(P)884 1436 y Fe(col)938 1430 y Fp(+)g
6258 Fh(H)s(B)1048 1436 y Fe(col)1102 1430 y Fp(+)g Fh(E)r(O)1208
6259 1436 y Fe(col)1261 1430 y Fp(+)h Fh(B)r(T)1360 1436 y Fe(col)344
6260 1529 y Fl(where)380 1579 y Fh(B)r(A)444 1585 y Fe(col)498 1579
6261 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Bishop)14 b(A)o(ttac)o(k)h(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(14\).)380
6262 1679 y Fh(B)r(K)448 1685 y Fe(col)498 1679 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Bishop)14
6263 b(On)h(Kings)g(Diagonal)f(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(15\).)380 1778
6264 y Fh(B)r(P)440 1784 y Fe(col)498 1778 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Bishop)14
6265 b(P)o(air)g(\(De\014nitio)o(n)f(16\).)380 1878 y Fh(H)s(B)449
6266 1884 y Fe(col)498 1878 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Horrwitz)15 b(Bishops)f(\(De\014niti)o
6267 (on)e(17\).)380 1978 y Fh(E)r(O)445 1984 y Fe(col)498 1978
6268 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Enem)o(y)15 b(P)o(a)o(wn)h(Obstructio)o(n)d(\(De\014niti)o(on)
6269 f(18\).)380 2077 y Fh(B)r(T)437 2083 y Fe(col)498 2077 y Fp(:)23
6270 b Fl(Bishop)14 b(T)l(able)h(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(19\).)262 2204
6271 y Fp(All)d(the)h(bishop)g(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(de\014ned)h(in)f(this)g
6272 (section)g(are)h(summed)d(to)i(calculate)262 2254 y(the)j(total)f(bishop)h(v)
6273 n(alue)f(for)h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(colour.)957 2574 y(64)p eop
6275 65 66 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZ0Z0skZ)646
6276 482 y(Z0ZqZpo0)646 565 y(0ZbZ0m0o)646 648 y(opa0oPZ0)646 731
6277 y(0Z0oPZPZ)646 814 y(OPZBZ0ZQ)646 897 y(0APM0Z0O)646 980 y(Z0Z0SRJ0)p
6278 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 340 1102 a Fp(Figure)14 b(4.5:)j
6279 Fl(V)l(an)f(Vliet)d(v)k(Nimzo)o(witsc)o(h)p Fp(,)11 b(Ostend,)j(1907,)f(Blac)
6280 o(k)h(to)f(pla)o(y)m(.)324 1221 y(Applying)g(these)i(bishop)e(ev)n(aluation)g
6281 (criteria)h(to)f(the)i(p)q(osition)e(in)g(\014gure)h(4.5)f(giv)o(es:)344
6282 1368 y Fh(B)r(V)401 1374 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1368 y Fp(=)h(0)9
6283 b(+)h(0)f(+)g(8)g(+)h(4)f Ff(\000)g Fp(8)g(+)h(18)h(=)h(22)344
6284 1418 y Fh(B)r(V)401 1424 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 1418 y Fp(=)i(0)9
6285 b(+)h(7)f(+)g(8)g(+)h(6)f(+)g(4)g(+)h(20)h(=)h(45)957 2574
6288 66 67 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.7)69 b(Ro)r(ok)23 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
6289 434 y Fp(The)d(ro)q(ok)f(is)h(a)g(v)o(ery)g(strong)g(piece.)37
6290 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(it)e(requires)i('ro)q(om')d(to)h(w)o(ork)h(most)262
6291 483 y(e\013ectiv)o(ely)m(.)324 569 y(In)14 b(the)g(op)q(ening)g(the)h(main)d
6292 (ob)r(jectiv)o(e)i(of)g(the)g(ro)q(oks)g(is)g(to)g(unite)g(with)g(one)g
6293 (another)262 618 y(and)f(supp)q(ort)i(more)e(adv)n(anced)h(pieces.)19
6294 b(This)14 b(pro)o(vides)g(extra)g(protection)g(and)g(div)o(ersi-)262
6295 668 y(\014es)g(the)h(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(plans)j(for)g(eac)o(h)g(ro)q(ok.)324
6296 753 y(In)e(the)i(middle)d(game)g(they)i(should)g(b)q(e)g(placed)g(on)f(the)i
6297 (\014le)e(where)i(a)e(break)i(through)262 803 y(is)d(lik)o(ely)g(to)h(o)q
6298 (ccur)h(or)f(to)g(protect)h(a)f(w)o(eak)g(or)g(strong)g(p)q(oin)o(t.)17
6299 b(Ro)q(oks)12 b(should)f(not)h(usually)262 853 y(lea)o(v)o(e)g(the)h
6300 (con\014nes)h(of)e(their)g(o)o(wn)h(forces)g(unless)g(they)g(can)g(gain)f
6301 (material)e(or)j(p)q(enetrate)262 903 y(to)e(the)h(7th)g(rank)f(successfully)
6302 m(.)18 b(A)12 b(ro)q(ok)g(can)f(mak)o(e)g(a)g(hea)o(vy)g(con)o(tribution)h
6303 (to)f(an)h(attac)o(k)262 953 y(on)h(the)i(enem)o(y)e(king)g(pro)o(vided)h(it)
6304 f(can)h(b)q(e)h(mano)q(euvred)e(in)o(to)g(an)h(attac)o(king)f(p)q(osition.)
6305 324 1038 y(The)e(endgame)f(is)h(where)i(the)e(ro)q(ok)g(truly)g(excels.)18
6306 b(Its)12 b(range)f(allo)o(ws)f(it)h(to)f(exert)j(pres-)262
6307 1088 y(sure)i(o)o(v)o(er)f(most)f(of)h(the)h(b)q(oard.)k(It)c(can)f(threaten)
6308 i(enem)o(y)e(pa)o(wns)g(and)g(cause)i(un)o(timely)262 1138
6309 y(pa)o(wn)e(adv)n(ances.)21 b(It)14 b(can)h(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)f(and)h
6310 (obstruct)h(enem)o(y)d(pa)o(wns)i(and)g(of)f(course)i(cap-)262
6311 1187 y(ture)c(them.)17 b(A)12 b(ro)q(ok)g(is)f(excellen)o(t)i(at)f
6312 (restricting)h(the)f(enem)o(y)g(kings)f(mo)o(v)o(emen)o(t)e(thereb)o(y)262
6313 1237 y(k)o(eeping)15 b(it)g(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)f(from)g(the)i(\014eld)f(of)g
6314 (action.)22 b(It)15 b(also)g(has)g(the)h(abilit)o(y)e(to)h(supp)q(ort)h(the)
6315 262 1287 y(adv)n(ance)d(of)h(friendly)f(passed)i(pa)o(wns)f(and)g(obstruct)h
6316 (enem)o(y)e(ones.)262 1439 y Fu(4.7.1)55 b(De\014nition)17
6317 b(21)i(:)24 b(Ro)r(ok{King)18 b(Closeness)344 1605 y Fh(RC)406
6318 1611 y Fe(col)461 1605 y Fp(=)505 1574 y Fc(P)549 1584 y Fk(64)549
6319 1618 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675 1605 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Ro)q
6320 (ok],col,sq\)\))734 1658 y Ff(\000)p Fp(2)p Ff(\001)p Fp
6321 (KingDistance\(sq,KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\))675 1708 y Fl(else)734
6322 1758 y Fp(0)675 1808 y Fl(endif)262 1934 y Fp(Eac)o(h)18 b(ro)q(ok)g(is)g(p)q
6323 (enalised)g(for)g(its)g(distance)h(from)d(the)j(enem)o(y)e(king.)30
6324 b(A)18 b(ro)q(ok)g(on)g(the)262 1984 y(same)13 b(\014le)h(\(or)g(rank\))g(as)
6325 g(the)g(enem)o(y)g(king)f(w)o(ould)g(not)h(receiv)o(e)h(an)o(y)f(p)q(enalt)o
6326 (y)g(no)f(matter)262 2034 y(what)j(the)g(corresp)q(onding)h(rank)g(\(or)f
6327 (\014le\))g(distance)h(is.)25 b(An)o(y)16 b(p)q(enalties)h(giv)o(en)e(will)g
6328 (b)q(e)262 2084 y(directly)e(related)i(to)e(the)h(minim)n(um)c(rank)j(or)h
6329 (\014le)f(distance.)19 b(This)14 b(a)o(v)o(oids)e(the)i(pitfall)e(of)262
6330 2134 y(encouraging)k(a)g(ro)q(ok)g(to)g(mak)o(e)f(w)o(eak)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)
6331 h(order)h(to)f(attain)f(the)i(b)q(est)h(rank)e Fm(and)262 2183
6332 y Fp(\014le)d(distance.)18 b(F)m(or)13 b(example,)f(in)h(\014gure)h(4.6,)e
6333 (this)h(criterion)h(w)o(ould)e Fl(not)h Fp(encourage)h(the)262
6334 2233 y(mo)o(v)o(es)e(Rh4-h5)h(or)h(Rg3-g4,)e(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(it)h
6335 Fl(w)o(ould)e Fp(encourage)j(the)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(Rg3-h3.)957
6338 67 68 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0ZrZ0Zna)646
6339 482 y(ZbZ0ZpZk)646 565 y(pZ0o0o0o)646 648 y(ZpZ0sPZ0)646 731
6340 y(0Z0Z0M0S)646 814 y(ZNZBZ0S0)646 897 y(qZPL0ZPO)646 980 y(Z0Z0Z0J0)p
6341 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 275 1102 a Fp(Figure)14 b(4.6:)j(Illustration)c
6342 (of)g(the)i(Ro)q(ok{King)d(Closeness)j(Heuristic,)f(White)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(.)
6343 262 1254 y Fu(4.7.2)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(22)i(:)24 b(Connected)19
6344 b(Ro)r(oks)344 1420 y Fh(C)s(R)409 1426 y Fe(col)464 1420 y
6345 Fp(=)508 1389 y Fc(P)551 1400 y Fk(64)551 1433 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675
6346 1420 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Ro)q(ok],col,sq\))f Fl(and)h
6347 Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Ro)q(ok],col,sq\)\))734 1473 y(3)675
6348 1523 y Fl(else)734 1573 y Fp(0)675 1623 y Fl(endif)262 1750
6349 y Fp(Ro)q(oks)j(are)h(said)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(connected)i(if)c(they)j(defend)f
6350 (eac)o(h)g(other.)27 b(Ro)q(oks)17 b(are)g(giv)o(en)f(a)262
6351 1799 y(b)q(on)o(us)g(for)h(b)q(eing)f(connected.)29 b(This)16
6352 b(encourages)i(ro)q(oks)f(to)f(double)h(up)g(on)f(op)q(en)h(\014les)262
6353 1849 y(and)12 b(w)o(eak)h(p)q(oin)o(ts.)18 b(Connected)c(ro)q(oks)f(are)g
6354 (also)g(self)f(supp)q(orting)i(whic)o(h)e(div)o(ersi\014es)i(the)262
6355 1899 y(options)f(a)o(v)n(ailable.)957 2574 y(67)p eop
6357 68 69 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.7.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(23)i(:)24
6358 b(Ro)r(ok)18 b(on)h(Op)r(en)f(File)344 403 y Fh(RO)408 409
6359 y Fe(col)463 403 y Fp(=)507 372 y Fc(P)551 382 y Fk(64)551
6360 415 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675 403 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Ro)q
6361 (ok],col,sq\)\))734 456 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(Op)q(en\(OnFile\(sq\)\)\))793
6362 506 y(14)734 556 y Fl(else)793 605 y(if)g Fp(\(SemiOp)q
6363 (en\(col,OnFile\(sq\)\)\))852 655 y(6)793 705 y Fl(else)852
6364 755 y Fp(0)793 805 y Fl(endif)734 854 y(endif)675 904 y(else)734
6365 954 y Fp(0)675 1004 y Fl(endif)262 1119 y Fp(A)h(\014le)h(is)g(op)q(en)g(if)e
6366 (no)i(pa)o(wns)g(of)f(an)o(y)g(colour)g(exist)h(on)g(the)g(\014le.)21
6367 b(A)14 b(\014le)h(is)g(semi{op)q(en)e(if)262 1168 y(only)e(enem)o(y)h(pa)o
6368 (wns)h(exist)g(on)f(the)i(\014le.)j(Ro)q(oks)12 b(receiv)o(e)i(a)f(b)q(on)o
6369 (us)f(for)h(b)q(eing)f(on)h(an)f(op)q(en)262 1218 y(\014le.)18
6370 b(Con)o(trol)13 b(of)g(the)i(op)q(en)f(\014le)g(is)g(vital)f(in)h(order)g(to)
6371 g(b)q(e)h(able)e(to)h(ev)o(en)o(tually)g(p)q(enetrate)262 1268
6372 y(to)k(the)i(7th)e(and)h(8th)g(ranks.)33 b(Ev)o(en)19 b(if)f(the)h(opp)q
6373 (onen)o(t)g(has)g(con)o(trol)g(of)f(the)i(\014le)e(it)h(is)262
6374 1318 y(imp)q(ortan)o(t)12 b(to)h(rew)o(ard)i(attempts)e(whic)o(h)h(c)o
6375 (hallenge)g(this)g(con)o(trol.)324 1403 y(This)d(heuristic)g(has)h(the)f
6376 (added)h(b)q(ene\014t)g(of)e(encouraging)h(the)h(program)d(to)i(op)q(en)g
6377 (\014les)262 1453 y(whic)o(h)i(it)h(can)g(con)o(trol)g(and)f(k)o(eep)i
6378 (closed)f(those)h(whic)o(h)f(w)o(ould)f(b)q(ene\014t)i(the)f(opp)q(onen)o(t.)
6379 324 1538 y(A)k(ro)q(ok)g(is)g(also)f(rew)o(arded)j(for)d(b)q(eing)h(on)g(a)g
6380 (semi{op)q(en)f(\014le.)31 b(The)19 b(enem)o(y)e(pa)o(wn)262
6381 1588 y(whic)o(h)12 b(mak)o(es)g(the)h(\014le)f(semi{op)q(en)g(is)h(an)f(ob)o
6382 (vious)g(w)o(eak)h(p)q(oin)o(t)f(to)g(c)o(hallenge)h(with)f(ones)262
6383 1638 y(o)o(wn)f(pa)o(wns.)18 b(In)12 b(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(the)i(opp)q(onen)o
6384 (t)f(can)h(b)q(e)f(put)h(on)f(the)g(defensiv)o(e)h(and)f(attempts)262
6385 1688 y(can)f(b)q(e)h(made)e(to)h(build)f(up)i(pressure)h(or)e(fully)f(op)q
6386 (en)i(the)g(\014le)f(at)g(an)g(opp)q(ortune)h(momen)o(t.)262
6387 1837 y Fu(4.7.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(24)i(:)24 b(Ro)r(ok)18
6388 b(on)h(Sev)n(en)n(th)f(Rank)344 1933 y Fh(RS)401 1939 y Fe(col)457
6389 1933 y Fp(=)501 1902 y Fc(P)545 1912 y Fk(64)545 1945 y Fe(sq)q
6390 Fk(=1)675 1933 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([Ro)q(ok],col,sq\))f
6391 Fl(and)h Fp(OnRank\(col,sq\))h(=)g(7\))734 1986 y Fl(if)f Fp
6392 (\(OnRank\(col,KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\))g Ff(\025)h Fp(7\))793
6393 2036 y(14)734 2085 y Fl(else)793 2135 y Fp(6)734 2185 y Fl(endif)675
6394 2235 y(else)734 2285 y Fp(0)675 2334 y Fl(endif)262 2449 y
6395 Fp(P)o(enetration)j(to)f(the)h(7th)g(rank)g(is)f(the)h(natural)f(consequence)
6396 j(and)e(goal)e(of)h(ro)q(ok)h(pla)o(y)957 2574 y(68)p eop
6398 69 70 bop 262 307 a Fp(on)13 b(op)q(en)i(\014les.)k(A)c(ro)q(ok)f(on)f(the)i
6399 (7th)f(rank)g(can)h(wreak)f(ha)o(v)o(o)q(c)g(on)g(the)h(enem)o(y)e(king)h
6400 (and)262 357 y(pa)o(wns.)20 b(Therefore)15 b(o)q(ccupation)g(of)f(the)h(7th)g
6401 (rank)f(b)o(y)g(a)h(ro)q(ok)f(receiv)o(es)i(a)e(b)q(on)o(us.)21
6402 b(This)262 407 y(b)q(on)o(us)14 b(is)f(esp)q(ecially)h(large)g(if)f(the)i
6403 (enem)o(y)e(king)g(is)h(on)f(the)i(7th)e(or)h(8th)g(ranks.)262
6404 558 y Fu(4.7.5)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(25)i(:)24 b(Ro)r(ok)18
6405 b(V)-5 b(alue)344 649 y Fh(RV)400 655 y Fe(col)456 649 y Fp(=)12
6406 b Fh(RC)562 655 y Fe(col)614 649 y Fp(+)e Fh(C)s(R)721 655
6407 y Fe(col)773 649 y Fp(+)g Fh(RO)879 655 y Fe(col)931 649 y
6408 Fp(+)g Fh(RS)1030 655 y Fe(col)344 748 y Fl(where)380 798 y
6409 Fh(RC)442 804 y Fe(col)498 798 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Ro)q(ok{King)15
6410 b(Closeness)f(\(De\014nitio)o(n)f(21\).)380 898 y Fh(C)s(R)445
6411 904 y Fe(col)498 898 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Connected)15 b(Ro)q(oks)g(\(De\014nitio)o
6412 (n)e(22\).)380 997 y Fh(RO)444 1003 y Fe(col)498 997 y Fp(:)23
6413 b Fl(Ro)q(ok)16 b(on)f(Op)q(en)g(File)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)d(23\).)380
6414 1097 y Fh(RS)437 1103 y Fe(col)498 1097 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Ro)q(ok)16
6415 b(On)f(Sev)o(en)o(th)f(Rank)h(\(De\014nitio)o(n)e(24\).)262
6416 1219 y Fp(All)g(the)h(ro)q(ok)g(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)h(de\014ned)h(in)e
6417 (this)i(section)f(are)h(summed)d(to)i(calculate)262 1269 y(the)g(total)f(ro)q
6418 (ok)h(v)n(alue)f(for)h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(colour.)p 641 1363 673
6419 5 v 641 2027 5 665 v 646 1446 a Fg(0ZrZ0ZkZ)646 1529 y(ZqZ0ZpZp)646
6420 1612 y(po0LpZpZ)646 1695 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1778 y(PZ0O0Z0Z)646
6421 1861 y(Z0Z0O0ZP)646 1944 y(0ZrZ0OPZ)646 2027 y(SRZ0Z0J0)p 1310
6422 2027 V 641 2031 673 5 v 343 2146 a Fp(Figure)g(4.7:)j Fl(Alatorze\013)d(v)i
6423 (Capablanca)p Fp(,)d(Mosco)o(w,)h(1935,)e(Blac)o(k)i(to)f(pla)o(y)m(.)324
6424 2261 y(Applying)g(these)i(ro)q(ok)f(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(to)g(the)h(p)q
6425 (osition)e(in)g(\014gure)i(4.7)e(giv)o(es:)344 2355 y Fh(RV)400
6426 2361 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2355 y Fp(=)h Ff(\000)p Fp(22)9 b(+)h(6)f(+)g(6)g(+)h
6427 (0)h(=)h Ff(\000)p Fp(10)344 2405 y Fh(RV)400 2411 y Fe(B)q(lack)533
6428 2405 y Fp(=)i Ff(\000)p Fp(10)9 b(+)h(6)f(+)g(28)g(+)h(14)h(=)g(38)957
6431 70 71 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.8)69 b(Queen)22 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
6432 434 y Fp(The)12 b(queen)h(is)f(the)h(most)d(p)q(o)o(w)o(erful)i(and)g(also)f
6433 (the)i(most)e(v)n(aluable)g(piece)i(apart)f(from)e(the)262
6434 483 y(king.)16 b(The)e(queen)f(has)g(great)g(range)g(whic)o(h)g(allo)o(ws)e
6435 (it)i(to)f(mak)o(e)g(sim)o(ultaneous)f(m)o(ultiple)262 533
6436 y(attac)o(ks)j(on)f(enem)o(y)h(pieces.)324 618 y(In)e(the)g(op)q(ening)g(a)g
6437 (queen)h(should)e(not)h(b)q(e)h(exp)q(osed)g(to)f(hostile)g(attac)o(ks)g
6438 (where)h(a)f(loss)262 668 y(of)k(temp)q(o)h(will)f(o)q(ccur.)30
6439 b(Therefore,)19 b(lik)o(e)e(ro)q(oks)h(it)f(should)g(b)q(e)h(k)o(ept)g(bac)o
6440 (k)g(during)f(the)262 718 y(op)q(ening.)324 803 y(In)g(the)h(middle)d(game)h
6441 (the)i(queen)g(can)f(truly)g(exert)i(its)e(p)q(o)o(w)o(ers.)29
6442 b(The)17 b(queen)h(can)262 853 y(harass)c(enem)o(y)f(pieces,)h(help)g(build)f
6443 (up)h(attac)o(king)f(formations)f(and)h(launc)o(h)h(attac)o(ks)g(on)262
6444 903 y(the)19 b(enem)o(y)g(king.)33 b(Once)21 b(pieces)f(b)q(egin)f(to)h(b)q
6445 (e)f(exc)o(hanged)h(the)g(p)q(osition)f(in)o(v)n(ariably)262
6446 953 y(b)q(ecomes)14 b(clearer)h(and)e(allo)o(ws)g(the)h(queen)h(to)f(mo)o(v)o
6447 (e)e(with)i(more)f(freedom.)324 1038 y(In)h(the)g(ending)g(a)f(queen)i(is)e
6448 (ruthless,)i(often)f(pic)o(king)f(up)g(stra)o(y)h(pa)o(wns)g(and)g(holding)
6449 262 1088 y(bac)o(k)h(enem)o(y)g(adv)n(ances.)24 b(Ev)o(en)16
6450 b(in)f(inferior)g(endgames,)g(the)h(queen)h(can)e(o\013er)i(coun)o(ter)262
6451 1138 y(c)o(hances)12 b(and)f(can)g(sometimes)e(b)q(e)i(used)h(to)f(dra)o(w)g
6452 (otherwise)g(lost)g(games)f(b)o(y)h(a)f(rep)q(etition)262 1187
6453 y(of)j(mo)o(v)o(es.)262 1339 y Fu(4.8.1)55 b(De\014nition)17
6454 b(26)i(:)24 b(Queen{King)18 b(Closeness)344 1506 y Fh(QC)407
6455 1512 y Fe(col)462 1506 y Fp(=)506 1475 y Fc(P)550 1485 y Fk(64)550
6456 1518 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)675 1506 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o
6457 (y\([Queen],col,sq\)\))734 1559 y Ff(\000)p Fp(2)p Ff(\001)p
6458 Fp(KingDistance\(sq,KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\))675 1608 y Fl(else)734
6459 1658 y Fp(0)675 1708 y Fl(endif)262 1835 y Fp(The)j(queen)h(is)f(p)q
6460 (enalised)h(for)f(its)g(distance)h(from)d(the)j(enem)o(y)f(king.)24
6461 b(A)16 b(queen)h(on)f(the)262 1885 y(same)e(rank)h(\(or)h(\014le\))g(as)f
6462 (the)h(enem)o(y)f(king)f(will)g(receiv)o(e)j(no)e(p)q(enalt)o(y)h(regardless)
6463 g(of)f(the)262 1934 y(corresp)q(onding)g(\014le)g(\(or)g(rank\))f(distance.)
6464 21 b(An)o(y)15 b(p)q(enalties)g(giv)o(en)f(will)g(b)q(e)h(directly)g(pro-)262
6465 1984 y(p)q(ortional)d(to)i(the)h(minim)n(um)9 b(rank)14 b(or)g(\014le)g
6466 (distance.)324 2069 y(This)c(criterion)h(therefore)h(encourages)g(the)g
6467 (queen)f(to)f(k)o(eep)i(close)f(to)f(the)i(enem)o(y)d(king)262
6468 2119 y(with)k(resp)q(ect)j(to)d(either)h(the)g(rank)g(or)f(\014le)h
6469 (distance,)g(not)f(b)q(oth.)18 b(If)c(a)f(more)f(dominating)262
6470 2169 y(queen/king)g(p)q(osition)f(is)h(w)o(arran)o(ted,)h(the)g(king)e(safet)
6471 o(y)i(criteria)f(will)f(highligh)o(t)f(this)j(and)262 2219
6472 y(encourage)h(its)g(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(t.)957 2574 y(70)p eop
6474 71 72 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.8.2)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(27)i(:)24
6475 b(Queen)19 b(P)n(o)n(w)n(er)344 474 y Fh(QP)404 480 y Fe(col)459
6476 474 y Fp(=)503 443 y Fc(P)547 453 y Fk(64)547 486 y Fe(sq)q
6477 Fk(=1)675 474 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Queen],col,sq\))675
6478 527 y Fl(and)i(not)e Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn,Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q
6479 (ok],Opp\(col\),)o(sq\)\))734 577 y(1)675 626 y Fl(else)734
6480 676 y Fp(0)675 726 y Fl(endif)262 853 y Fp(As)h(explained)f(in)h(the)g
6481 (mobilit)o(y)d(de\014nition,)i(a)h(straigh)o(t)f(forw)o(ard)h(measure)g(of)f
6482 (a)g(queens)262 903 y(mobilit)o(y)e(is)k(not)g(adequate.)22
6483 b(It)15 b(is)g(often)g(the)g(queens)h(placemen)o(t)f(rather)h(than)f(its)f
6484 (mo-)262 952 y(bilit)o(y)d(whic)o(h)i(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)j(I)d(feel)g(a)f
6485 (queens)j(real)e(mobilit)o(y)c(is)k(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(squares)262
6486 1002 y(it)i(can)i(actually)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g(to)h(without)f(b)q(eing)i(captured)
6487 g(b)o(y)f(lo)o(w)o(er)g(v)n(alued)f(enem)o(y)h(pieces.)262
6488 1052 y(Therefore,)c(the)f(queen)h(is)f(encouraged)h(to)e(maximi)o(se)f(its)i
6489 (mobilit)o(y)d(to)i(accessible)i(squares)262 1102 y(only)m(.)16
6490 b(This)d(means)f(attac)o(ks)i(on)e(squares)j(whic)o(h)d(are)i(undefended)g
6491 (or)f(only)g(defended)h(b)o(y)262 1152 y(the)g(enem)o(y)f(queen)i(or)f(king)f
6492 (are)h(w)o(orth)o(while.)324 1237 y(I)f(feel)h(this)f(criterion)h(pro)o
6493 (vides)g(a)f(m)o(uc)o(h)g(b)q(etter)i(ev)n(aluation)d(of)h(a)g(queen's)h
6494 (degree)h(of)262 1287 y(freedom)e(in)g(a)h(giv)o(en)f(p)q(osition)g(than)h
6495 (the)h(more)d(traditional)h(mobilit)o(y)e(functions.)262 1438
6496 y Fu(4.8.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(28)i(:)24 b(Queen)19 b(V)-5
6497 b(alue)344 1600 y Fh(QV)401 1606 y Fe(col)457 1600 y Fp(=)12
6498 b Fh(QC)564 1606 y Fe(col)616 1600 y Fp(+)e Fh(QP)718 1606
6499 y Fe(col)344 1700 y Fl(where)380 1750 y Fh(QC)443 1756 y Fe(col)498
6500 1750 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Queen{King)14 b(Closeness)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(26\).)380
6501 1849 y Fh(QP)440 1855 y Fe(col)498 1849 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Queen)15
6502 b(P)o(o)o(w)o(er)f(\(De\014niti)o(on)f(27\).)262 1976 y Fp(All)f(the)i(queen)
6503 g(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(de\014ned)g(in)f(this)h(section)g(are)f(summed)f
6504 (in)h(order)h(to)262 2026 y(calculate)f(the)i(total)e(queen)i(v)n(alue)e(for)
6505 h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(colour.)324 2111 y(Applying)e(these)j(queen)f(ev)n(aluation)
6506 e(criteria)h(to)h(the)g(p)q(osition)e(in)h(\014gure)h(4.7)e(giv)o(es:)344
6507 2208 y Fh(QV)401 2214 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2208 y Fp(=)i Ff(\000)p
6508 Fp(4)c(+)f(10)i(=)h(6)344 2258 y Fh(QV)401 2264 y Fe(B)q(lack)533
6509 2258 y Fp(=)i Ff(\000)p Fp(10)9 b(+)h(13)h(=)h(3)957 2574 y(71)p
6512 72 73 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.9)69 b(King)23 b(Ev)l(aluation)262
6513 434 y Fp(The)15 b(king)g(is)g(the)h(most)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(piece)k(on)e
6514 (the)h(b)q(oard.)22 b(Its)16 b(loss)g(means)e(the)i(end)g(of)262
6515 483 y(the)e(game.)324 569 y(In)e(the)i(op)q(ening,)e(the)h(king)f(m)o(ust)g
6516 (seek)i(a)e(sa)o(v)o(e)h(ha)o(v)o(en)g(protected)h(b)o(y)f(its)f(o)o(wn)h(pa)
6517 o(wns)262 618 y(and)g(pieces.)20 b(This)13 b(is)h(generally)g(b)q(est)h
6518 (accomplished)e(b)o(y)g(castling.)324 704 y(In)j(the)h(middle)e(game,)g(the)i
6519 (king)e(m)o(ust)h(still)f(b)q(e)i(protected)h(against)e(attac)o(k.)26
6520 b(This)262 753 y(protection)16 b(will)e(in)o(v)o(olv)o(e)g(a)h(strong)h(pa)o
6521 (wn)f(structure)j(in)d(fron)o(t)h(of)e(the)j(king)d(with)i(piece)262
6522 803 y(co)o(v)o(er)e(for)f(an)o(y)h(w)o(eak)g(p)q(oin)o(ts.)324
6523 889 y(In)j(the)h(endgame,)g(unlik)o(e)e(other)j(stages)f(of)f(the)h(game,)f
6524 (the)h(king)e(is)i(a)f(strong)h(at-)262 938 y(tac)o(king)g(piece.)33
6525 b(A)19 b(king)f(can)h(supp)q(ort)g(its)g(o)o(wn)f(pieces)i(and)f(pa)o(wns)g
6526 (or)f(p)q(enetrate)j(a)262 988 y(w)o(eak)16 b(enem)o(y)f(pa)o(wn)h(structure)
6527 j(to)d(win)f(material.)24 b(Late)16 b(activ)n(ation)f(of)h(a)g(king)f(in)h
6528 (the)262 1038 y(endgame)e(could)h(b)q(e)g(disastrous.)23 b(Therefore,)16
6529 b(the)g(king)e(m)o(ust)h(b)q(e)g(suitably)g(p)q(ositioned)262
6530 1088 y(to)e(tak)o(e)h(adv)n(an)o(tage)f(of)g(an)o(y)h(w)o(eaknesses)i(in)d
6531 (the)i(opp)q(osing)e(forces.)262 1239 y Fu(4.9.1)55 b(De\014nition)17
6532 b(29)i(:)24 b(King)19 b(On)g(Op)r(en)f(Files)344 1371 y Fh(K)s(O)414
6533 1377 y Fe(col)470 1371 y Fp(=)513 1339 y Fc(P)557 1350 y Fk(64)557
6534 1383 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)640 1371 y Fh(K)s(F)705 1377 y Fe(col;sq)344
6535 1473 y Fl(where)380 1523 y Fh(K)s(F)445 1529 y Fe(col;sq)544
6536 1523 y Fp(:)36 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([King],col,sq\))g
6537 Fl(and)g Fp(Has\([Ro)q(ok,Queen],Opp\(col\)\)\))651 1573 y
6538 Fl(if)g Fp(\(Op)q(en\(OnFile\(sq\)\)\))710 1623 y Fh(K)s(F)775
6539 1629 y Fe(col;sq)873 1623 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(2)f Ff(\001)e
6540 Fh(phase)651 1673 y Fl(else)710 1722 y(if)13 b Fp(\(SemiOp)q
6541 (en\(Opp\(col\),OnFile\(sq\)\))710 1772 y Fl(or)h Fp(SemiOp)q
6542 (en\(col,OnFile\(sq\)\)\))769 1822 y Fh(K)s(F)834 1828 y Fe(col;sq)932
6543 1822 y Fp(=)d Ff(\000)p Fh(phase)710 1872 y Fl(else)769 1922
6544 y Fh(K)s(F)834 1928 y Fe(col;sq)932 1922 y Fp(=)g(0)710 1971
6545 y Fl(endif)651 2021 y(endif)651 2071 y(if)i Fp(\(OnFile\(sq\))h(=)h(2)e
6546 Fl(or)h Fp(3)f Fl(or)h Fp(4)f Fl(or)g Fp(8\))710 2121 y Fl(if)g
6547 Fp(\(Op)q(en\(OnFile\(sq\))p Ff(\000)p Fp(1\)\))769 2171 y
6548 Fh(K)s(F)834 2177 y Fe(col;sq)932 2171 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fh(phase)710
6549 2221 y Fl(else)769 2270 y(if)i Fp(\(SemiOp)q(en\(Opp\(col\),OnFile\(sq\))p
6550 Ff(\000)p Fp(1\)\))828 2320 y Fh(K)s(F)893 2326 y Fe(col;sq)991
6551 2320 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fh(phase=)p Fp(2)769 2370 y Fl(endif)710
6552 2420 y(endif)957 2574 y Fp(72)p eop
6554 73 74 bop 651 307 a Fl(else)710 357 y(if)13 b Fp(\(Op)q
6555 (en\(OnFile\(sq\)+1\)\))769 407 y Fh(K)s(F)834 413 y Fe(col;sq)932
6556 407 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fh(phase)710 457 y Fl(else)769 506 y(if)i
6557 Fp(\(SemiOp)q(en\(Opp\(col\),OnFile\(sq\)+1\)\))828 556 y Fh(K)s(F)893
6558 562 y Fe(col;sq)991 556 y Fp(=)e Ff(\000)p Fh(phase=)p Fp(2)769
6559 606 y Fl(endif)710 656 y(endif)651 706 y(endif)592 756 y(else)651
6560 805 y Fh(K)s(F)716 811 y Fe(col;sq)813 805 y Fp(=)h(0)592 855
6561 y Fl(endif)262 982 y Fp(The)k(king)f(is)g(p)q(enalised)h(for)g(b)q(eing)g(on)
6562 f(either)i(an)e(op)q(en)h(or)g(semi{op)q(en)f(\014le.)24 b(It)16
6563 b(is)f(also)262 1032 y(p)q(enalised)e(for)f(b)q(eing)h(adjacen)o(t)g(to)g(an)
6564 g(op)q(en)g(or)g(semi{op)q(en)f(\014le)h(under)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(conditions:)312
6565 1150 y(1.)20 b(The)d(king)e(is)g Fl(not)g Fp(on)h(either)h(the)f('A')f(or)h
6566 ('H')f(\014les)h(and)g(the)g(op)q(en)h(\014le)f(is)f(on)h(the)365
6567 1200 y(adjacen)o(t)e(\014le)g(nearest)i(the)e(edge)h(of)e(the)h(b)q(oard.)312
6568 1283 y(2.)20 b(The)15 b(king)e(is)g(on)h(either)h(the)f('A')f(or)h('H')f
6569 (\014les)i(and)e(the)i(op)q(en)f(\014le)g(is)g(adjacen)o(t.)262
6570 1401 y(Note)g(these)h(p)q(enalties)g(are)f(only)f(imp)q(osed)g(if)g(the)i
6571 (opp)q(onen)o(t)f(has)g(the)g(necessary)i(pieces)262 1451 y(to)d(tak)o(e)h
6572 (adv)n(an)o(tage)f(of)g(the)i(w)o(eakness.)262 1603 y Fu(4.9.2)55
6573 b(De\014nition)17 b(30)i(:)24 b(W)-5 b(eak)19 b(Squares)f(around)h(King)262
6574 1715 y Fp(Con)o(trol)10 b(m)o(ust)h(b)q(e)h(held)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)g(w)o
6575 (eak)f(squares)i(around)f(the)g(king.)k(By)c(w)o(eak)g(squares)h(I)262
6576 1765 y(mean)e(those)j(squares)g(not)f(co)o(v)o(ered)h(b)o(y)f(friendly)g(pa)o
6577 (wns)g(whic)o(h)g(are)g(therefore,)h(p)q(ossible)262 1815 y(pa)o(wn)e(holes.)
6578 18 b(These)d(pa)o(wn)d(holes)i(are)f(ideal)g(w)o(eak)g(p)q(oin)o(ts)g(for)f
6579 (the)i(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(to)f(attac)o(k)262 1864 y(and)g(o)q(ccup)o(y)m(.)344
6580 1985 y Fh(W)6 b(S)414 1991 y Fe(col)470 1985 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(W)6
6581 b(K)594 1992 y Fe(col;C)r(entr)q(alP)t(oint)p Fk(\()p Fe(K)r(ing)q(S)r(q)q
6582 Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\)\))344 2085 y Fl(where)380 2140 y Fh(W)g(K)460
6583 2146 y Fe(col;csq)574 2140 y Fp(:)616 2108 y Fc(P)660 2119
6584 y Fk(64)660 2152 y Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)746 2140 y Fl(if)12 b Fp
6585 (\(Distance\(sq,csq\))k Ff(\024)e Fp(1)f Fl(and)746 2193 y(not)g
6586 Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))f Fl(or)i Fp(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)
6587 o(wn],col,sq\)\)\))805 2242 y Fh(C)s(O)870 2248 y Fe(col;sq)964
6588 2242 y Fp(+)c Fh(O)q(C)1069 2248 y Fe(col;sq)1163 2242 y Fp(+)g
6589 Fh(F)c(B)1269 2248 y Fe(col;sq)1363 2242 y Fp(+)k Fh(E)r(B)1469
6590 2248 y Fe(col;sq)746 2292 y Fl(else)805 2342 y Fp(0)746 2392
6591 y Fl(endif)957 2574 y Fp(73)p eop
6593 74 75 bop 380 307 a Fh(C)s(O)445 313 y Fe(col;sq)544 307 y
6594 Fp(:)60 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Con)o(trol\(sq\))g(=)i(col\))675
6595 357 y Ff(\000)p Fp(1)616 407 y Fl(else)675 457 y Ff(\000)p
6596 Fp(4)616 506 y Fl(endif)380 606 y Fh(O)q(C)443 612 y Fe(col;sq)542
6597 606 y Fp(:)62 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),sq\)\))675
6598 656 y Ff(\000)p Fp(8)616 706 y Fl(else)675 756 y Fp(0)616 805
6599 y Fl(endif)380 905 y Fh(F)6 b(B)444 911 y Fe(col;sq)543 905
6600 y Fp(:)61 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Bishop],col,sq\)\))675
6601 955 y(6)616 1005 y Fl(else)675 1054 y(if)g Fp(\(Occup)o
6602 (y\([Bishop],col,sq\)\))746 1104 y(16)675 1154 y Fl(else)746
6603 1204 y Fp(0)675 1254 y Fl(endif)616 1303 y(endif)380 1403 y
6604 Fh(E)r(B)444 1409 y Fe(col;sq)544 1403 y Fp(:)60 b Fl(if)13
6605 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([Bishop,Queen],Opp\(col\),sq\)\))675
6606 1453 y Ff(\000)p Fp(6)616 1503 y Fl(else)675 1553 y Fp(0)616
6607 1602 y Fl(endif)262 1721 y Fp(Squares)i(on)f(or)h(adjacen)o(t)f(to)h(the)g
6608 (cen)o(tral)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(of)f(the)j(king's)d(defensiv)o(e)i(p)q(osition)f
6609 (are)262 1771 y(p)q(enalised)e(for)f(b)q(eing)h(w)o(eak)g(if)f(they)h(are)h
6610 (not)e(o)q(ccupied)i(or)f(attac)o(k)o(ed)g(b)o(y)g(friendly)f(pa)o(wns.)262
6611 1820 y(Squares)k(are)h(quite)f(hea)o(vily)e(p)q(enalised)j(for)e(not)h(b)q
6612 (eing)g(con)o(trolled)g(b)o(y)f(friendly)h(pieces.)262 1870
6613 y(Additionally)m(,)9 b(an)k(o)q(ccupied)g(w)o(eak)g(square)g(is)g(hea)o(vily)
6614 e(p)q(enalised.)18 b(A)13 b(b)q(on)o(us)g(is)f(receiv)o(ed)262
6615 1920 y(if)f(a)i(friendly)f(bishop)h(attac)o(ks)g(the)g(w)o(eak)g(square)g(or)
6616 g(o)q(ccupies)h(the)f(actual)g(square)g(itself.)262 1970 y(A)i(p)q(enalt)o(y)
6617 h(is)f(levied)h(if)f(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(has)f(a)h(bishop)f(or)h(queen)g
6618 (whic)o(h)g(can)g(in\014ltrate)262 2020 y(the)e(w)o(eak)g(square.)324
6619 2105 y(These)19 b(criteria)f(will)f(encourage)i(the)f(program)e(to)i(force)h
6620 (w)o(eak)f(squares)h(near)f(the)262 2155 y(opp)q(onen)o(ts)12
6621 b(king)f(and)g(realise)h(whic)o(h)f(of)g(its)h(pieces)g(are)g(therefore)h
6622 (made)e(more)f(v)n(aluable.)262 2205 y(It)16 b(will)e(also)i(encourage)h
6623 (vital)e(o)q(ccupation)h(and)g(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)g(of)f(these)j(w)o(eak)e(p)q
6624 (oin)o(ts.)25 b(Of)262 2254 y(course,)20 b(the)f(program)e(will)g(b)q(e)i
6625 (discouraged)g(from)e(allo)o(wing)f(suc)o(h)k(w)o(eak)e(squares)i(to)262
6626 2304 y(dev)o(elop)14 b(near)i(its)e(o)o(wn)h(king.)20 b(Ev)o(en)15
6627 b(if)f(it)g(is)h(forced)g(to)g(accept)h(some)e(w)o(eak)g(squares,)i(it)262
6628 2354 y(will)9 b(activ)o(ely)i(seek)i(to)e(exc)o(hange)h(the)g(opp)q(onen)o
6629 (ts)g(most)e(dangerous)i(pieces)g(with)f(resp)q(ect)262 2404
6630 y(to)i(those)i(w)o(eaknesses.)957 2574 y(74)p eop
6632 75 76 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.9.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(31)i(:)24
6633 b(Mating)19 b(Net)262 419 y Fp(The)g(kings)f(p)q(osition)g(should)g(alw)o(a)o
6634 (ys)f(b)q(e)j(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)f(to)g(see)h(if)d(a)i(mating)d(net)j(is)g(b)q
6635 (eing)262 469 y(formed)e(around)h(it.)31 b(The)19 b(building)e(of)g(suc)o(h)j
6636 (a)e(mating)e(net)j(around)f(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)262 519
6637 y(king)d(is)i(to)f(b)q(e)h(encouraged.)30 b(It)17 b(will,)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o
6638 (er,)h(b)q(e)g(discouraged)g(from)e(allo)o(wing)f(the)262 569
6639 y(opp)q(onen)o(t)f(to)f(ac)o(hiev)o(e)i(similar)c(aims.)344
6640 666 y Fh(M)5 b(N)422 672 y Fe(col)478 666 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(N)5
6641 b(T)584 672 y Fe(col)344 766 y Fl(where)380 816 y Fh(N)g(T)442
6642 822 y Fe(col)500 816 y Fp(:)33 b(W)m(eakSqs)13 b(=)i(0)545
6643 865 y Fh(N)5 b(T)607 871 y Fe(col)663 865 y Fp(=)11 b(0)545
6644 915 y Fl(for)k(eac)o(h)g(square)f Fp(sq)g Fl(do)604 965 y(if)f
6645 Fp(\(Distance\(KingSq\(col\),sq\))h(=)g(1\))663 1015 y(di\013)g(=)g
6646 Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(Opp\(col\),sq\))663 1065 y Fl(if)f
6647 Fp(\(Con)o(trol\(sq\))h(=)g(Opp\(col\))g Fl(or)f Fp(di\013)h
6648 Fh(>)g Fp(0\))722 1114 y(W)m(eakSqs)g(=)g(W)m(eakSqs)f(+)h(1)722
6649 1164 y Fl(if)f Fp(\()p Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),sq\))h
6650 Fh(>)g Fp(1\))781 1214 y Fh(N)814 1220 y Fe(col)870 1214 y
6651 Fp(=)e Fh(N)947 1220 y Fe(col)1000 1214 y Ff(\000)e Fp(4)f
6652 Ff(\001)g Fh(dif)t(f)14 b Ff(\000)c Fp(2)722 1264 y Fl(endif)663
6653 1314 y(endif)604 1363 y(endif)545 1413 y(endfor)545 1463 y(if)j
6654 Fp(\(KingSq\(col\))g(=)h(a8)g Fl(or)f Fp(h8)h Fl(or)f Fp(a1)g
6655 Fl(or)h Fp(h1\))604 1513 y(W)m(eakSqs)g(=)g(W)m(eakSqs)f(+)h(1)545
6656 1563 y Fl(endif)545 1613 y Fh(N)578 1619 y Fe(col)634 1613
6657 y Fp(=)e Fh(N)711 1619 y Fe(col)764 1613 y Ff(\000)e Fh(T)830
6658 1619 y Fe(W)t(eak)q(S)r(q)q(s)380 1712 y Fh(T)404 1718 y Fe(c)435
6659 1712 y Fp(:)98 b([0,)13 b(8,)g(20,)g(36,)g(56,)f(80,)h(108,)g(140,)g(180])604
6660 1762 y(Indexed)i(b)o(y)f(w)o(eak)f(square)i(coun)o(t)f(c)g(\(0)g(to)g(8\))262
6661 1880 y(An)o(y)f(squares)i(adjacen)o(t)f(to)g(the)g(king)f(are)h(p)q(enalised)
6662 h(for)e(lac)o(k)g(of)h(con)o(trol.)j(P)o(articularly)262 1930
6663 y(if)c(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(has)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(or)g(more)e(pieces)k(in)o
6664 (terw)o(orking)d(against)g(the)i(square.)324 2015 y(Notice)d(the)f(p)q(enalt)
6665 o(y)h(for)f(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)h(w)o(eak)g(squares)i(whic)o(h)e(ma)o
6666 (y)e(form)h(a)h(mating)262 2065 y(net)16 b(rises)g(dramatically)m(,)d(the)j
6667 (larger)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(suc)o(h)h(squares.)25
6668 b(The)16 b(king)e(is)i(ad-)262 2115 y(ditionally)11 b(p)q(enalised)k(for)e(b)
6669 q(eing)h(on)g(a)f(corner)i(square.)k(This)14 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(p)q
6670 (oten)o(tial)262 2165 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)c(of)g(escap)q(e)j(squares)f(for)e
6671 (the)i(king)e(from)f(a)i(corner)h(square)g(are)f(sev)o(erely)h(reduced.)262
6672 2215 y(This)i(w)o(ould)h(not)f(b)q(e)i(pic)o(k)o(ed)f(up)g(b)o(y)g(the)g
6673 (general)h(w)o(eak)e(square)i(coun)o(t)f(previously)g(cal-)262
6674 2265 y(culated.)j(Therefore)d(an)f(adjustmen)o(t)f(is)h(made)e(to)i(allo)o(w)
6675 e(for)i(this)g(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)m(.)957 2574 y(75)p eop
6677 76 77 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.9.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(32)i(:)24
6678 b(Chec)n(k)19 b(Threats)262 419 y Fp(The)c(kings)g(p)q(osition)f(m)o(ust)g(b)
6679 q(e)i(monitored)e(and)h(the)g(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(threats)h(of)f(an)o(y)f(c)o
6680 (hec)o(ks)262 469 y(assessed.)19 b(Chec)o(k)13 b(mo)o(v)o(es)d(can)i(b)q(e)h
6681 (v)o(ery)f(e\013ectiv)o(e;)h(the)g(v)n(alue)e(of)g(whic)o(h)h(can)g(b)q(e)h
6682 (an)o(ything)262 519 y(from)d(a)i(gain)f(in)h(temp)q(o)g(to)g(c)o(hec)o
6683 (kmate)g(itself.)17 b(Of)c(course)g(some)f(c)o(hec)o(k)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(ma)o
6684 (y)f(also)262 569 y(b)q(e)i(inferior)f(for)h(the)g(side)g(giving)f(the)h(c)o
6685 (hec)o(k,)h(p)q(ossibly)e(resulting)h(in)g(the)g(loss)g(of)f(a)g(temp)q(o)262
6686 618 y(or)i(w)o(orse)i(still)e(the)h(c)o(hec)o(king)h(piece.)j(A)c(w)o(ell)g
6687 (kno)o(wn)f(c)o(hess)i(sa)o(ying)e(states:)365 737 y("P)o(atzer)i(sees)h(c)o
6688 (hec)o(k;)e(P)o(atzer)h(giv)o(es)f(c)o(hec)o(k.")262 855 y(Indicating)i(that)
6689 h(it)g(is)g(not)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)g(wise)g(to)g(put)h(y)o(our)f(opp)q(onen)o(t)g
6690 (in)g(c)o(hec)o(k.)29 b(In)17 b(fact,)262 905 y(often)f(the)h(threat)g(is)f
6691 (stronger)i(than)e(the)h(execution.)27 b(This)16 b(criterion)h(m)o(ust)e
6692 (therefore)262 955 y(determine)d(the)i(relativ)o(e)f(merits)f(of)g(eac)o(h)i
6693 (c)o(hec)o(k)g(threat)f(and)g(decide)h(what)f(p)q(enalties)g(\(if)262
6694 1005 y(an)o(y\))g(to)h(assign.)344 1138 y Fh(C)s(T)401 1144
6695 y Fe(col)457 1138 y Fp(=)d Fh(T)6 b(S)555 1145 y Fe(col;K)r(ing)q(S)r(q)q
6696 Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\))344 1237 y Fl(where)380 1287 y Fh(T)g(S)435
6697 1293 y Fe(col;k)q(sq)553 1287 y Fp(:)t(TChec)o(k)14 b(=)g(0)569
6698 1337 y Fh(T)6 b(S)624 1343 y Fe(col)680 1337 y Fp(=)11 b(0)569
6699 1387 y Fl(for)k(eac)o(h)g(square)e Fp(sq)h Fl(do)628 1437 y(for)h(eac)o(h)g
6700 (square)e Fp(sq1)h Fl(do)687 1486 y(if)e Fp(\(P)o(oten)o(tialChec)o
6701 (k\(Opp\(col\),sq,sq1\)\))746 1536 y Fl(if)g Fp(\()p Fh(])p
6702 Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(Opp\(col\),sq1\))j Fh(>)f Fp(0\))805
6703 1586 y(TChec)o(k)g(=)g(TChec)o(k)h(+)f(1)805 1636 y Fl(if)f
6704 Fp(\()p Fh(])p Fp(SafeBlo)q(c)o(ks\(col,ksq,sq1\))g(=)h(0\))864
6705 1686 y Fl(if)28 b Fp(\()p Fl(not)13 b Fp(Escap)q(e\(col,sq,sq1\)\))923
6706 1735 y Fh(M)5 b(ateT)h(hr)q(eat)1154 1741 y Fe(col)1210 1735
6707 y Fp(=)14 b(true)923 1785 y Fh(T)6 b(S)978 1791 y Fe(col)1034
6708 1785 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(T)6 b(S)1133 1791 y Fe(col)1186 1785 y
6709 Ff(\000)k Fp(128)864 1835 y Fl(else)923 1885 y Fh(T)c(S)978
6710 1891 y Fe(col)1034 1885 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(T)6 b(S)1133 1891 y
6711 Fe(col)1186 1885 y Ff(\000)k Fp(16)864 1935 y Fl(endif)805
6712 1984 y(else)864 2034 y Fh(T)c(S)919 2040 y Fe(col)975 2034
6713 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(T)6 b(S)1074 2040 y Fe(col)1127 2034 y Ff(\000)k
6714 Fp(\(6)f Ff(\000)g Fh(]S)r(af)t(eB)r(l)q(ock)q(s)q Fp(\()p
6715 Fh(col)q(;)e(k)q(sq)q(;)g(sq)q Fp(1\)\))805 2084 y Fl(endif)746
6716 2134 y(else)805 2184 y Fh(T)f(S)860 2190 y Fe(col)916 2184
6717 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(T)6 b(S)1015 2190 y Fe(col)1068 2184 y Ff(\000)k
6718 Fp(2)746 2234 y Fl(endif)687 2283 y(endif)628 2333 y(endfor)569
6719 2383 y(endfor)569 2433 y Fh(T)c(S)624 2439 y Fe(col)680 2433
6720 y Fp(=)11 b Fh(T)6 b(S)778 2439 y Fe(col)832 2433 y Ff(\000)k
6721 Fh(K)s(T)936 2439 y Fe(T)t(C)r(heck)957 2574 y Fp(76)p eop
6723 77 78 bop 380 357 a Fh(K)s(T)442 363 y Fe(n)479 357 y Fp(:)78
6724 b([0,14,30,4)o(8,7)o(0,8)o(6,1)o(00,)o(110,)o(120)o(,120)o(,12)o(0,1)o(20,)o
6725 (120,)o(120)o(,120)o(,12)o(0])628 407 y(Indexed)14 b(b)o(y)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)
6726 f(of)h(lik)o(ely)e(c)o(hec)o(ks)j(n)f(\(0)g(to)g(15\).)262
6727 525 y(P)o(enalties)20 b(are)h(giv)o(en)f(for)g(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(c)o(hec)o
6728 (ks)i(if)e(the)h(side)f(giving)f(c)o(hec)o(k)j(has)f(enough)262
6729 575 y(con)o(trol)16 b(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)h(c)o(hec)o(king)g(square.)27
6730 b(Chec)o(ks)17 b(are)g(considered)h(more)d(serious)j(if)d(there)262
6731 625 y(are)i(no)f(safe)h(blo)q(c)o(king)e(mo)o(v)o(es)h(a)o(v)n(ailable)e(for)
6732 j(the)g(defender.)27 b(In)17 b(fact,)g(if)f(there)i(is)e(also)262
6733 675 y(no)f(escap)q(e)i(square)f(for)f(the)h(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)h(king,)e(the)h
6734 (situation)f(is)g(considered)i(v)o(ery)f(serious)262 725 y(indeed.)h(The)12
6735 b Fm(MateThr)n(e)n(at)e Fp(predicate)i(is)f(set)h(to)f(indicate)g(the)h(sev)o
6736 (erit)o(y)g(of)e(the)i(situation.)262 774 y(Hence,)18 b(increasing)f(the)g(n)
6737 o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(safe)h(blo)q(c)o(ks)g(is)f(rew)o(arded)i(as)f(is)g
6738 (creating)g(escap)q(e)262 824 y(squares)e(for)e(the)i(threatened)g(king.)324
6739 909 y(These)e(criteria,)f(therefore,)i(encourage)f(the)g(program)d(to)i(main)
6740 o(tain)d(a)j(king)f(p)q(osition)262 959 y(free)g(from)e(c)o(hec)o(ks)k(and)e
6741 (to)f(pro)o(vide)h(enough)g(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(piece)g(co)o(v)o(er)h(to)f
6742 (parry)g(an)o(y)f(c)o(hec)o(ks)262 1009 y(receiv)o(ed.)262
6743 1161 y Fu(4.9.5)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(33)i(:)24 b(King)19
6744 b(T)-5 b(able)344 1256 y Fh(K)s(T)406 1262 y Fe(col)462 1256
6745 y Fp(=)506 1225 y Fc(P)550 1236 y Fk(64)550 1269 y Fe(sq)q
6746 Fk(=1)675 1256 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([King],col,sq\)\))734
6747 1309 y Fh(K)s(S)r(T)823 1315 y Fe(col;sq)675 1359 y Fl(else)734
6748 1409 y Fp(0)675 1459 y Fl(endif)344 1558 y(where)380 1608 y
6749 Fh(K)s(S)r(T)469 1614 y Fe(col;sq)570 1608 y Fp(:)34 b(King)13
6750 b(Square)i(T)m(able.)i(Initialised)c(b)q(efore)h(eac)o(h)h(searc)o(h.)616
6751 1658 y(See)g(planning)d(section)j(4.11.6)d(for)h(details.)262
6752 1785 y(A)k(static)g(king)g(square)h(table)f(will)f(b)q(e)i(used)g(to)f(store)
6753 h(the)g(v)n(alues)f(of)f(eac)o(h)i(square)g(for)262 1835 y(ha)o(ving)e(a)i
6754 (king)f(o)q(ccup)o(y)h(that)g(square.)31 b(This)17 b(enables)i(kno)o(wledge)e
6755 (calculated)h(at)g(the)262 1884 y(ro)q(ot)c(to)h(b)q(e)g(e\016cien)o(tly)g
6756 (applied)f(at)g(leaf)g(no)q(des.)22 b(The)15 b(table)f(will)g(b)q(e)h
6757 (calculated)g(b)q(efore)262 1934 y(commencemen)o(t)c(of)j(the)g(searc)o(h)h
6758 (in)e(an)h(initial)e(planning)h(phase.)262 2086 y Fu(4.9.6)55
6759 b(De\014nition)17 b(34)i(:)24 b(King)19 b(V)-5 b(alue)344 2177
6760 y Fh(K)s(V)406 2183 y Fe(col)462 2177 y Fp(=)12 b(\()p Fh(K)s(O)592
6761 2183 y Fe(col)645 2177 y Fp(+)e Fh(W)c(S)757 2183 y Fe(col)810
6762 2177 y Fp(+)k Fh(M)5 b(N)930 2183 y Fe(col)983 2177 y Fp(+)10
6763 b Fh(C)s(T)1082 2183 y Fe(col)1126 2177 y Fp(\))f Ff(\001)g
6764 Fh(phase=)p Fp(16)g(+)g Fh(K)s(T)1452 2183 y Fe(col)344 2277
6765 y Fl(where)380 2326 y Fh(K)s(O)450 2332 y Fe(col)510 2326 y
6766 Fp(:)23 b Fl(King)15 b(On)g(Op)q(en)g(Files)f(\(De\014nition)e(29\).)380
6767 2426 y Fh(W)6 b(S)450 2432 y Fe(col)510 2426 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(W)l(eak)17
6768 b(Squares)d(around)g(King)h(\(De\014nition)d(30\).)957 2574
6771 78 79 bop 380 357 a Fh(M)5 b(N)458 363 y Fe(col)510 357 y Fp(:)23
6772 b Fl(Mating)15 b(Net)g(\(De\014nitio)o(n)e(31\).)380 457 y
6773 Fh(C)s(T)437 463 y Fe(col)510 457 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(Chec)o(k)16
6774 b(Threats)f(\(De\014niti)o(on)d(32\).)380 556 y Fh(K)s(T)442
6775 562 y Fe(col)510 556 y Fp(:)23 b Fl(King)15 b(T)l(able)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)d
6776 (33\).)262 683 y Fp(All)i(the)i(king)f(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)i(de\014ned)g
6777 (in)f(this)h(section)g(are)g(summed)e(in)h(order)h(to)262 733
6778 y(calculate)11 b(the)h(total)f(king)g(v)n(alue)g(for)g(a)g(giv)o(en)g
6779 (colour.)17 b(The)12 b(v)n(alues)g(are)g(further)g(adjusted)262
6780 783 y(b)o(y)i(the)h(game)e(phase)i(to)f(tak)o(e)h(accoun)o(t)g(of)f(a)g
6781 (kings)g(more)g(activ)o(e)g(role)h(as)f(the)i(endgame)262 832
6782 y(approac)o(hes.)25 b(Therefore,)17 b(the)g(\014rst)f(four)g(features,)h
6783 (whic)o(h)f(are)h(essen)o(tially)f(concerned)262 882 y(with)f(king)f(safet)o
6784 (y)m(,)h(are)h(reduced)h(in)e(imp)q(ortance)g(as)h(the)g(game)e(progresses.)
6785 24 b(The)16 b(king)262 932 y(table,)g(whic)o(h)g(already)g(has)h(information)
6786 c(relativ)o(e)j(to)h(the)g(kings)f(latest)g(role,)h(will)e(not)262
6787 982 y(b)q(e)f(adjusted)g(in)g(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)m(.)p 641 1075
6788 673 5 v 641 1740 5 665 v 646 1158 a Fg(0Z0s0ZkZ)646 1241 y(Z0Z0ZrZp)646
6789 1324 y(pZpZQZpZ)646 1408 y(Z0o0A0ZP)646 1491 y(0ZNoPZ0Z)646
6790 1574 y(ZPl0S0Z0)646 1657 y(PZPZ0a0O)646 1740 y(Z0ZRZ0ZK)p 1310
6791 1740 V 641 1744 673 5 v 336 1862 a Fp(Figure)g(4.8:)j Fl(Capablance)e(v)h
6792 (Marshall)p Fp(,)c(New)i(Y)m(ork,)f(1909,)f(Blac)o(k)i(to)g(pla)o(y)m(.)324
6793 1981 y(Applying)f(these)i(king)e(ev)n(aluation)g(criteria)h(to)g(the)g(p)q
6794 (osition)f(in)h(\014gure)g(4.8)f(giv)o(es:)344 2078 y Fh(K)s(V)406
6795 2084 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2078 y Fp(=)h(\()p Ff(\000)p Fp(11)9
6796 b Ff(\000)h Fp(27)f Ff(\000)g Fp(20)g Ff(\000)g Fp(2\))h Ff(\001)e
6797 Fp(11)p Fh(=)p Fp(16)g Ff(\000)i Fp(1)h(=)h Ff(\000)p Fp(42)344
6798 2128 y Fh(K)s(V)406 2134 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2128 y Fp(=)i(\()p
6799 Ff(\000)p Fp(5)c Ff(\000)f Fp(43)g Ff(\000)g Fp(36)g Ff(\000)h
6800 Fp(34\))f Ff(\001)f Fp(11)p Fh(=)p Fp(16)g(+)i(0)h(=)h Ff(\000)p
6801 Fp(81)957 2574 y(78)p eop
6803 79 80 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.10)69 b(Static)22 b(T)-6 b(actical)21
6804 b(Ev)l(aluation)262 434 y Fp(The)11 b(follo)o(wing)d(criteria)k(attempt)e(to)
6805 h(ev)n(aluate)g(tactical)f(asp)q(ects)j(statically)d(from)f(within)262
6806 483 y(the)h(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(itself.)17 b(The)11
6807 b(ob)r(jectiv)o(e)g(of)e(these)j(criteria)f(is)f(to)g(deriv)o(e)h(an)f(accu-)
6808 262 533 y(rate)g(v)n(alue)g(where)h(p)q(ossible,)f(and)g(where)h(uncertain)o
6809 (t)o(y)g(exists)g(to)f(giv)o(e)f(an)h(estimate)g(of)f(the)262
6810 583 y(lik)o(ely)j(v)n(alue)h(and)h(recommend)e(a)i(deep)q(er)h(searc)o(h)g
6811 (to)f(resolv)o(e)g(the)h(tactical)e(uncertain)o(t)o(y)m(.)262
6812 633 y(This)g(requires)i(the)g(criteria)f(to)g(detect)h(when)g(a)e(p)q
6813 (osition)h(is)f(tactically)g(activ)o(e.)262 784 y Fu(4.10.1)55
6814 b(De\014nition)17 b(35)i(:)25 b(Pinned)18 b(Pieces)262 896
6815 y Fp(A)d(pin)g(exists)i(if)d(a)i(piece)g(exerts)h(a)e(hidden)h(\(X-ra)o(y\))g
6816 (attac)o(k)f(through)h(an)f(enem)o(y)g(piece)262 946 y(on)o(to)g(another)i
6817 (enem)o(y)e(piece)i(whic)o(h)f(is)g(either)g(undefended)i(or)e(of)f(greater)i
6818 (v)n(alue)f(than)262 996 y(the)e(pinning)f(piece.)324 1081
6819 y(A)j(pin)g(sev)o(erely)i(restricts)g(the)f(mo)o(v)o(emen)o(t)d(of)i(the)h
6820 (enem)o(y)f(pieces)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)d(in)h(the)262 1131
6821 y(pin.)34 b(A)20 b(pin)f(against)f(the)j(king)d(is)i(the)g(most)e(restrictiv)
6822 o(e)j(t)o(yp)q(e)f(of)f(pin)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)262 1181 y(mo)o(v)o(emen)o(t)
6823 14 b(of)i(the)i(pinned)f(piece)h(is)f(illegal)e(in)h(all)g(but)h(the)h(pin)f
6824 (direction)g(and)g(an)o(ti{)262 1231 y(direction.)25 b(Therefore,)18
6825 b(a)e(pinned)h(piece's)g(defensiv)o(e)h(and)e(attac)o(king)g(capabilities)f
6826 (are)262 1281 y(either)f(sev)o(erely)h(diminished)d(or)i(completely)f(lost.)
6827 344 1378 y Fh(P)6 b(N)410 1384 y Fe(col)465 1378 y Fp(=)12
6828 b Fh(P)6 b(S)567 1384 y Fe(col)344 1478 y Fl(where)380 1527
6829 y Fh(P)g(S)438 1533 y Fe(col)495 1527 y Fp(:)14 b Fh(P)6 b(S)579
6830 1533 y Fe(col)635 1527 y Fp(=)12 b(0)521 1577 y Fl(for)j(eac)o(h)h(square)d
6831 Fp(sq)h Fl(do)580 1627 y(for)h(eac)o(h)h(square)d Fp(sq1)h
6832 Fl(do)639 1677 y(for)h(eac)o(h)h(square)d Fp(sq2)h Fl(do)699
6833 1727 y(if)e Fp(\(Pin\(col,sq,sq1,sq2\)\))758 1777 y Fl(if)g
6834 Fp(\(V)m(alue\(sq2\))i Fh(>)g Fp(V)m(alue\(sq\))758 1826 y
6835 Fl(or)h(not)e Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),sq2\)\))817
6836 1876 y Fh(P)6 b(S)875 1882 y Fe(col)932 1876 y Fp(=)14 b(V)m(alue\(sq2\))g(+)
6837 g(V)m(alue\(sq1\))g Ff(\000)g Fp(V)m(alue\(sq\))g(+)g(10)817
6838 1926 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y)j Fh(<)f Fp
6839 (On\(sq1\)],col,sq1\))817 1976 y Fl(or)h(not)e Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o
6840 (y],Opp\(col\),sq1\))817 2026 y Fl(or)g Fp(\()p Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o
6841 (ks\(col,sq1\))h Ff(\025)g Fp(0)f Fl(and)h Fp(Con)o(trol\(sq1\))f(=)h
6842 (col\)\))876 2075 y Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)1006 2081 y Fe(col)1061
6843 2075 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)1235 2081 y Fe(col)1288
6844 2075 y Fp(+)k(1)876 2125 y Fh(P)c(S)934 2131 y Fe(col)989 2125
6845 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(P)6 b(S)1091 2131 y Fe(col)1144 2125 y Fp(+)j
6846 Fh(r)q(ev)q(P)d(hase)817 2175 y Fl(endif)758 2225 y(endif)699
6847 2275 y(endif)639 2324 y(endfor)580 2374 y(endfor)521 2424 y(endfor)957
6850 80 81 bop 262 307 a Fp(It)11 b(is)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)g(to)g(b)q(e)i(able)f(to)
6851 f(iden)o(tify)h(and)f(assess)j(the)e(v)n(alue)g(of)f(pins.)17
6852 b(This)11 b(de\014nition)262 357 y(giv)o(es)20 b(a)f(b)q(on)o(us)i(for)f
6853 (pinning)f(an)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(piece.)38 b(Pins)20 b(are)h(tactically)e
6854 (complex.)262 407 y(Therefore,)12 b(this)f(criterion)h(attempts)f(to)g
6855 (assess)h(those)g(asp)q(ects)h(whic)o(h)e(can)h(b)q(e)g(statically)262
6856 457 y(v)n(alued.)22 b(If)15 b(the)h(criterion)g(assesses)i(the)e(pin)f(as)h
6857 (a)f(tactically)g(dynamic)f(threat,)i(then)g(a)262 506 y(tactical)11
6858 b(coun)o(t)h(indicating)f(the)h(uncertain)o(t)o(y)h(of)e(the)h(static)h(ev)n
6859 (aluation)d(is)i(incremen)o(ted.)262 556 y(Basically)m(,)i(this)i(indicates)g
6860 (that)g(although)e(a)i(static)g(v)n(alue)f(is)h(calculated,)g(the)g(tactical)
6861 262 606 y(uncertain)o(t)o(y)f(should)g(b)q(e)h(resolv)o(ed)g(b)o(y)f
6862 (extending)h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(un)o(til)d(a)h(more)f(quiescen)o(t)262
6863 656 y(p)q(osition)f(is)g(reac)o(hed.)20 b(See)15 b(c)o(hapter)f(5)g(for)g
6864 (more)e(details.)324 741 y(The)21 b(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(do)q(es)h(not)
6865 g(kno)o(w)f(whether)i(a)e(deep)q(er)i(searc)o(h)g(will)d(b)q(e)262
6866 791 y(successful)c(in)e(\014nding)g(a)g(quiescen)o(t)i(p)q(osition)e(or)g(ev)
6867 o(en)i(has)e(enough)h(time)e(to)i(undertak)o(e)262 841 y(suc)o(h)g(a)g(task.)
6868 19 b(Therefore,)c(a)e(v)n(alue)h(indicating)f(its)h(liking)e(for)i(the)g
6869 (tactical)g(uncertain)o(t)o(y)262 891 y(is)f(included)h(in)g(the)g(o)o(v)o
6870 (erall)f(static)h(v)n(alue.)p 641 984 673 5 v 641 1648 5 665
6871 v 646 1067 a Fg(0Z0Z0Zrs)646 1150 y(oQZ0Z0Z0)646 1233 y(0ZRZbj0Z)646
6872 1316 y(Z0ZqZ0Z0)646 1399 y(0Z0O0m0Z)646 1482 y(Z0Z0ZNZ0)646
6873 1565 y(PZ0Z0OPO)646 1648 y(Z0Z0S0J0)p 1310 1648 V 641 1652
6874 673 5 v 384 1771 a Fp(Figure)g(4.9:)j Fl(Dy)o(atlo)o(v)d(v)i(Shashin)p
6875 Fp(,)11 b(Leningrad,)i(1962,)g(Blac)o(k)g(to)h(pla)o(y)m(.)324
6876 1889 y(Applying)e(the)i(Pinned)f(Pieces)i(ev)n(aluation)d(criteria)i(to)f
6877 (the)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f(p)q(osition)f(giv)o(es:)344 1987 y
6878 Fh(P)6 b(N)410 1993 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 1987 y Fp(=)14 b(22)344
6879 2037 y Fh(P)6 b(N)410 2043 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2037 y Fp(=)14
6880 b(15)957 2574 y(80)p eop
6882 81 82 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.10.2)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(36)i(:)25
6883 b(A)n(ttac)n(k)n(ed)19 b(Pieces)344 438 y Fh(AP)402 444 y Fe(col)457
6884 438 y Fp(=)501 407 y Fc(P)545 417 y Fk(64)545 451 y Fe(sq)q
6885 Fk(=1)628 438 y Fh(AT)683 444 y Fe(col;sq)344 541 y Fl(where)380
6886 591 y Fh(AT)435 597 y Fe(col;sq)535 591 y Fp(:)69 b Fl(if)13
6887 b Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn,Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q(ok,Queen],col,sq\))616
6888 641 y Fl(and)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),sq\)\))675
6889 691 y Fl(if)g Fp(\()p Fl(not)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y],col,sq\))675
6890 740 y Fl(or)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y)p Fh(<)p Fp
6891 (On\(sq\)],Opp\(col\),sq\))675 790 y Fl(or)g Fp(\(Con)o(trol\(sq\))h(=)g
6892 (Opp\(col\))h Fl(and)e Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(Opp\(col\),sq\))h
6893 Fh(>)g Fp(0\)\))734 840 y Fh(AT)789 846 y Fe(col;sq)887 840
6894 y Fp(=)d Fh(AT)985 846 y Fe(col;sq)1081 840 y Ff(\000)e Fp(8)p
6895 Ff(\000)14 b Fp(V)m(alue\(sq\))734 890 y Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)864
6896 896 y Fe(col)920 890 y Fp(=)11 b Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)1093 896
6897 y Fe(col)1147 890 y Fp(+)j(1)734 940 y Fl(if)k Fp(\(T)m(rapp)q
6898 (ed\(col,sq\)\))793 989 y Fh(AT)848 995 y Fe(col;sq)946 989
6899 y Fp(=)e Fh(AT)1044 995 y Fe(col;sq)1140 989 y Ff(\000)e Fh(V)h(al)q(ue)p
6900 Fp(\()p Fh(sq)q Fp(\))p Ff(\001)k Fp(revPhase)793 1039 y Fh(T)6
6901 b(hr)q(eat)923 1045 y Fe(col)979 1039 y Fp(=)11 b Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)1152
6902 1045 y Fe(col)1206 1039 y Fp(+)j(1)734 1089 y Fl(endif)675
6903 1139 y(else)734 1189 y(if)k Fp(\(Con)o(trol\(sq\))h(=)g(Opp\(col\))g
6904 Fl(or)f Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(Opp\(col\),sq\))i Fh(>)f
6905 Fp(0\))793 1239 y Fh(AT)848 1245 y Fe(col;sq)946 1239 y Fp(=)d
6906 Fh(AT)1044 1245 y Fe(col;sq)1131 1239 y Ff(\000)p Fp(V)m(alue\(sq\))734
6907 1288 y Fl(endif)675 1338 y(endif)616 1388 y(endif)262 1506
6908 y Fp(Pieces)k(whic)o(h)f(are)h(threatened)h(with)e(pro\014table)g(capture)h
6909 (\(en-prise\))g(b)o(y)f(the)h(opp)q(osing)262 1556 y(side)i(are)g(p)q
6910 (enalised.)28 b(This)17 b(p)q(enalt)o(y)g(is)g(levied)g(not)g(b)q(ecause)h
6911 (the)g(loss)f(of)f(the)i(piece)g(is)262 1606 y(considered)f(lik)o(ely)m(,)e
6912 (but)i(b)q(ecause)h(it)f(is)f(v)o(ery)h(lik)o(ely)e(that)i(a)f(temp)q(o)g
6913 (will)f(b)q(e)i(w)o(asted)g(in)262 1656 y(protecting)c(or)g(mo)o(ving)d(the)j
6914 (threatened)i(piece.)j(The)c(threat)f(coun)o(t)g(is)g(incremen)o(ted)g(for)
6915 262 1705 y(ev)o(ery)h(piece)h(en-prise.)324 1791 y(T)m(rapp)q(ed)j(pieces)h
6916 (whic)o(h)f(are)g(also)f(en-prise)i(are)f(additionally)d(p)q(enalised)j(and)g
6917 (the)262 1840 y(threat)e(coun)o(t)f(is)h(further)g(incremen)o(ted.)23
6918 b(Pieces)17 b(whic)o(h)e(are)h(under)g(pressure,)i(but)e(not)262
6919 1890 y(en-prise)k(are)g(also)f(p)q(enalised)h(although)e(to)i(a)f(lesser)i
6920 (exten)o(t.)36 b(The)20 b(threat)g(coun)o(t)g(is)262 1940 y(used)13
6921 b(to)f(extend)h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(in)e(p)q(ositions)g(where)h(an)f(accurate)i
6922 (static)e(ev)n(aluation)f(v)n(alue)262 1990 y(cannot)j(b)q(e)g(calculated.)
6923 324 2075 y(Applying)f(the)h(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed)h(Pieces)g(criteria)f(to)g(the)
6924 g(p)q(osition)g(in)f(\014gure)h(4.9)f(giv)o(es:)344 2166 y
6925 Fh(AP)402 2172 y Fe(W)t(hite)533 2166 y Fp(=)h Ff(\000)p Fp(18)344
6926 2215 y Fh(AP)402 2221 y Fe(B)q(lack)533 2215 y Fp(=)g Ff(\000)p
6927 Fp(9)344 2265 y Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)474 2271 y Fe(W)t(hite)583
6928 2265 y Fp(=)12 b(2)344 2315 y Fh(T)6 b(hr)q(eat)474 2321 y
6929 Fe(B)q(lack)576 2315 y Fp(=)12 b(1)262 2391 y(The)19 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f
6930 (threats)i(against)f(white)g(\(2\),)h(represen)o(ts)i(a)d(degree)i(of)d
6931 (uncertain)o(t)o(y)262 2441 y(ab)q(out)13 b(the)i(tactical)e(p)q
6932 (ossibilities)h(threatened)h(against)e(the)i(white)f(pieces.)957
6935 82 83 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.11)69 b(Planning)262 434 y Fp(Before)18
6936 b(eac)o(h)g(searc)o(h)h(b)q(egins)e(an)h(analysis)f(of)f(the)j(p)q(osition)d
6937 (will)g(b)q(e)j(done.)29 b(This)17 b(will)262 483 y(enable)11
6938 b(v)n(arious)g(piece)h(square)g(tables)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(loaded)f(with)g(v)n
6939 (alues)g(whic)o(h)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(applied)262 533 y(at)h(leaf)h(no)q(des)g
6940 (using)g(lo)q(ok)f(up)h(tables.)324 618 y(Ob)o(viously)d(this)g(is)h(m)o(uc)o
6941 (h)e(faster)j(than)e(rep)q(eatedly)i(calculating)e(information)e(at)i(leaf)
6942 262 668 y(no)q(des.)18 b(Hence,)d(in)e(an)h(implemen)o(tati)o(on,)d(all)h
6943 (leaf)h(no)q(de)h(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)h(whic)o(h)f(are)262
6944 718 y(essen)o(tially)18 b(static)h(should)g(b)q(e)g(incorp)q(orated)g(in)o
6945 (to)f(these)i(tables)f(and)g(remo)o(v)o(ed)e(from)262 768 y(the)d(leaf)f(ev)n
6946 (aluation)f(pro)q(cess.)20 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(this)h(c)o(hapter)h
6947 (represen)o(ts)h(a)d(de\014nition)g(of)g(m)o(y)262 818 y(prop)q(osed)19
6948 b(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(regardless)h(of)f(implemen)o(tation)d(detail.)31
6949 b(Therefore,)262 867 y(some)19 b(criteria)i(whic)o(h)f(are)h(suited)g(to)g
6950 (piece)g(square)h(tables)e(are)h(de\014ned)h(separately)262
6951 917 y(b)q(ecause)15 b(of)e(their)i(imp)q(ortance.)324 1003
6952 y(T)m(o)f(com)o(bat)f(the)j(t)o(ypically)d(aimless)h(pla)o(y)g(of)g(c)o(hess)
6953 j(programs)c(I)i(will)e(include)i(some)262 1052 y(rudimen)o(tary)h(planning)h
6954 (in)h(the)h(ev)n(aluation)d(function.)31 b(P)o(art)18 b(of)g(the)g(initial)e
6955 (analysis)262 1102 y(done)h(b)q(efore)g(eac)o(h)h(searc)o(h)g(commences)d
6956 (will)h(include)h(a)f(selection)i(of)e(an)h(appropriate)262
6957 1152 y(plan)c(for)g(the)i(curren)o(t)g(p)q(osition.)j(The)c(plans)f(whic)o(h)
6958 h(will)f(b)q(e)h(recognised)h(are:)312 1270 y(1.)20 b Fl(King)15
6959 b(side)g(attac)o(k)g(with)g(pa)o(wns)p Fp(.)312 1352 y(2.)20
6960 b Fl(King)15 b(side)g(attac)o(k)g(with)g(pieces)p Fp(.)312
6961 1435 y(3.)20 b Fl(King)15 b(side)g(attac)o(k)g(with)g(pieces)f(and)i(pa)o
6962 (wns)p Fp(.)312 1517 y(4.)k Fl(Queen)15 b(side)f(attac)o(k)i(with)f(pa)o(wns)
6963 p Fp(.)312 1600 y(5.)20 b Fl(Queen)15 b(side)f(attac)o(k)i(with)f(pieces)p
6964 Fp(.)312 1683 y(6.)20 b Fl(Queen)15 b(side)f(attac)o(k)i(with)f(pieces)f(and)
6965 h(pa)o(wns)p Fp(.)312 1765 y(7.)20 b Fl(Using)14 b(pa)o(wns)i(as)g(lev)o(ers)
6966 p Fp(.)312 1848 y(8.)k Fl(Endgame,)c(king)e(and)i(pa)o(wn)f(co-ordination)o
6967 Fp(.)262 1965 y(These)e(plans)f(are)g(relativ)o(ely)g(general,)g(but)g
6968 (should)g(pro)o(vide)g(the)h(program)e(with)h(enough)262 2015
6969 y(v)n(ariet)o(y)h(to)g(c)o(ho)q(ose)h(a)g(plan)f(relev)n(an)o(t)g(to)h(the)g
6970 (p)q(osition)f(and)h(attempt)e(to)i(co-ordinate)g(its)262 2065
6971 y(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)h(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(common)c(goals.)22 b(It)16
6972 b(is)f(not)g(the)h(ob)r(ject)h(of)d(these)j(plans)e(to)h(suggest)262
6973 2115 y(sp)q(eci\014c)j(mo)o(v)o(es,)e(but)i(rather)g(to)e(allo)o(w)g(the)i
6974 (searc)o(h)g(to)f(b)q(e)g(guided)g(to)o(w)o(ard)g(the)g(goals)262
6975 2165 y(iden)o(ti\014ed.)324 2250 y(T)m(o)c(enable)h(the)h(searc)o(h)g(to)f(b)
6976 q(e)h(guided,)f(the)h(appropriate)f(piece)h(square)g(tables)f(will)262
6977 2300 y(b)q(e)20 b(up)q(dated)h(in)f(suc)o(h)h(a)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(that)g(mo)o(v)o
6978 (es)f(whic)o(h)h(con)o(tribute)h(to)f(the)h(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(t)262
6979 2350 y(of)16 b(the)h(c)o(hosen)h(goals)e(will)f(b)q(e)j(encouraged.)28
6980 b(This)16 b(will)g(hop)q(efully)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)i(e\013ect)g(of)262
6981 2399 y(pro)o(viding)12 b(a)i(common)d(purp)q(ose)k(to)e(the)i(programs)e(mo)o
6982 (v)o(es)f(rather)j(than)f(allo)o(wing)d(it)j(to)262 2449 y(pla)o(y)e
6983 (aimless,)g(although)h(solid)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)957 2574 y(82)p
6986 83 84 bop 324 307 a Fp(There)17 b(are)f(no)f(sp)q(eci\014c)i(op)q(ening)f
6987 (plans,)f(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)g(do)q(es)262
6988 357 y(pro)o(vide)g(ample)f(criteria)i(suc)o(h)g(as)g(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t,)e
6989 (Cen)o(tre)j(Con)o(trol)e(etc,)h(to)g(encourage)262 407 y(go)q(o)q(d)d(op)q
6990 (ening)h(pla)o(y)m(.)324 492 y(The)j(plans)f(a)o(v)n(ailable)e(in)i(the)h
6991 (middle)d(game)h(are)i(attac)o(k)f(orien)o(ted.)26 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17
6992 b(b)q(e-)262 542 y(cause)g(appropriate)g(plans)f(are)h(selected)h(for)e(b)q
6993 (oth)h(sides)g(this)g(will)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(the)h(e\013ect)h(of)262
6994 592 y(making)11 b(eac)o(h)k(side)g(attempt)e(to)h(obstruct)h(the)g(other)g
6995 (sides)g(plan.)j(This)c(will)f(ob)o(viously)262 641 y(include)h(b)q(oth)g
6996 (defensiv)o(e)g(and)g(aggressiv)o(e)g(measures.)324 727 y(In)e(the)h
6997 (endgame,)e(only)g(a)h(general)g(approac)o(h)g(to)g(king{pa)o(wn)f
6998 (co-ordination)g(will)g(b)q(e)262 777 y(tak)o(en.)18 b(The)13
6999 b(endgame)g(is)g(a)g(stage)h(of)f(the)h(game)e(where)j(sp)q(eci\014c)f(kno)o
7000 (wledge)g(and)f(plans)262 826 y(w)o(ould)f(greatly)h(help)h(in)f(the)h
7001 (handling)e(of)g(certain)i(t)o(yp)q(es)h(of)e(endings)g(whic)o(h)g(ha)o(v)o
7002 (e)h(more)262 876 y(discernible)d(goals.)17 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)11
7003 b(suc)o(h)h(a)f(comprehensiv)o(e)g(approac)o(h)g(could)g(form)f(the)i(basis)
7004 262 926 y(for)h(an)h(en)o(tire)g(pro)r(ject)h(in)f(itself.)262
7005 1076 y Fu(4.11.1)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(37)i(:)25 b(Pressure)18
7006 b(on)h(King)344 1243 y Fh(P)6 b(K)412 1249 y Fe(col)467 1243
7007 y Fp(=)12 b(\()527 1211 y Fc(P)571 1222 y Fk(64)571 1255 y
7008 Fe(sq)q Fk(=1)654 1243 y Fh(C)s(L)715 1249 y Fe(col;sq)801
7009 1243 y Fp(\))d(+)h Fh(AD)933 1250 y Fe(col;O)q(nF)t(ile)p Fk(\()p
7010 Fe(K)r(ing)q(S)r(q)q Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\)\))344 1345 y Fl(where)380
7011 1395 y Fh(C)s(L)441 1401 y Fe(col;sq)540 1395 y Fp(:)40 b Fl(if)13
7012 b Fp(\(T)m(axicab\(KingSq\(col\),sq\))g Ff(\024)h Fp(4)592
7013 1445 y Fl(and)f Ff(j)h Fp(OnFile\(KingSq\(col\)\))f Ff(\000)i
7014 Fp(OnFile\(sq\))f Ff(j)d(\024)j Fp(2\))651 1495 y Fh(AT)706
7015 1502 y Fe(O)q(pp)p Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\))p Fe(;sq)888 1495
7016 y Fp(+)9 b Fh(P)d(M)1002 1502 y Fe(O)q(pp)p Fk(\()p Fe(col)p
7017 Fk(\))p Fe(;sq)1183 1495 y Ff(\000)k Fh(D)q(F)1287 1501 y Fe(col;sq)592
7018 1545 y Fl(else)651 1594 y Fp(0)592 1644 y Fl(endif)380 1744
7019 y Fh(AT)435 1750 y Fe(col;sq)535 1744 y Fp(:)45 b Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o
7020 (ks\([Ro)q(ok],col,sq\))12 b(+)592 1794 y(2)d Ff(\001)g Fh(])p
7021 Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([P)o(a)o(wn,Knigh)o(t,Bishop],col,sq\))j(+)592
7022 1844 y(3)d Ff(\001)g Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([Queen],col,sq\))380
7023 1948 y Fh(P)d(M)453 1954 y Fe(col;sq)552 1948 y Fp(:)592 1917
7024 y Fc(P)636 1927 y Fk(64)636 1960 y Fe(sq)q Fk(2=1)769 1948
7025 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(king\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq2,sq\))769
7026 2001 y Fl(and)g Fh(])p Fp(Mo)o(v)o(es\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq2\))g
7027 Fh(>)h Fp(0\))828 2051 y(2)769 2100 y Fl(else)828 2150 y Fp(0)769
7028 2200 y Fl(endif)380 2300 y Fh(D)q(F)442 2306 y Fe(col;sq)541
7029 2300 y Fp(:)39 b Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([Ro)q(ok],col,sq\))12
7030 b(+)592 2350 y(2)d Ff(\001)g Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([Knigh)o
7031 (t,Bishop,Queen],col,sq\))k(+)592 2399 y(3)c Ff(\001)g Fh(])p
7032 Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))957 2574 y(83)p eop
7034 84 85 bop 380 307 a Fh(AD)445 313 y Fe(col;k)q(f)551 307 y
7035 Fp(:)592 276 y Fc(P)636 286 y Fe(k)q(f)s Fk(+1)636 320 y Fe(f)s
7036 Fk(=)p Fe(k)q(f)s Fd(\000)p Fk(1)769 307 y Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Op)q(en\(f)s(\))i
7037 Fl(or)f Fp(SemiOp)q(en\(Opp\(col\),f)s(\)\))828 360 y(3)769
7038 410 y Fl(else)828 460 y Fp(0)769 510 y Fl(endif)324 636 y Fp(This)19
7039 b(de\014nition)h(attempts)f(to)g(calculate)h(ho)o(w)f(m)o(uc)o(h)g(pressure)i
7040 (in)f(terms)f(of)g(the)262 686 y(attac)o(k/defence)14 b(balance)e(is)h
7041 (curren)o(tly)g(exerted)i(on)d(the)h(king)f(in)h(question.)k(The)d(higher)262
7042 736 y(the)e(v)n(alue)g(of)g(PK,)g(the)h(more)e(pressure)j(is)f(though)o(t)f
7043 (to)g(exist.)18 b(This)12 b(de\014nition)g(will)e(form)262
7044 786 y(the)15 b(basis)f(of)g(a)h(decision)g(as)f(to)h(whether)h(an)e(assault)h
7045 (against)f(the)h(king)f(is)g(lik)o(ely)g(to)g(b)q(e)262 836
7046 y(w)o(orth)o(while.)324 921 y(This)i(de\014nition)g(tak)o(es)h(in)o(to)f
7047 (accoun)o(t)h(attac)o(ks)g(b)o(y)f(b)q(oth)g(sides)i(on)e(squares)h(within)
7048 262 971 y(a)f(4)g(square,)h(2)f(\014le)g(b)q(oundary)g(of)g(eac)o(h)h(king.)
7049 25 b(The)16 b(v)n(alue)g(of)g(the)h(attac)o(k)f(dep)q(ends)i(on)262
7050 1020 y(the)d(t)o(yp)q(e)h(of)e(pieces)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed.)k(The)c(defensiv)o
7051 (e)f(v)n(alue)g(is)f(calculated)i(in)e(a)h(similar)d(w)o(a)o(y)m(,)262
7052 1070 y(except)k(the)g(relativ)o(e)e(v)n(alue)h(of)f(the)i(attac)o(ks)f(b)o(y)
7053 g(pieces)h(are)f(di\013eren)o(t.)23 b(F)m(or)14 b(example,)g(a)262
7054 1120 y(pa)o(wn)f(is)h(considered)h(to)f(p)q(erform)f(a)g(b)q(etter)j
7055 (defensiv)o(e)f(role)e(than)h(an)g(attac)o(king)f(one.)324
7056 1205 y(Mobile)18 b(pa)o(wns)i(in)e(attac)o(k)i(are)f(considered)i(sup)q
7057 (erior)f(to)f(blo)q(c)o(k)o(ed)g(pa)o(wns.)34 b(Also,)262 1255
7058 y(an)19 b(allo)o(w)o(ance)g(is)h(made)f(for)h(op)q(en)g(or)g(semi{op)q(en)f
7059 (\014les)i(a)o(v)n(ailable)d(to)i(the)g(attac)o(king)262 1305
7060 y(side)f(b)q(ecause)h(this)f(ob)o(viously)e(impro)o(v)o(es)g(the)j(lik)o
7061 (eliho)q(o)q(d)d(of)h(an)g(attac)o(k)h(on)f(the)h(king)262
7062 1355 y(succeeding.)262 1506 y Fu(4.11.2)55 b(De\014nition)17
7063 b(38)i(:)25 b(Plan)18 b(Selection)344 1597 y Fh(P)6 b(S)402
7064 1603 y Fe(col)460 1597 y Fp(=)100 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(phase)i
7065 Fh(<)f Fp(8\))651 1647 y Fl(if)f Fp(\()p Fh(])p Fp(P)o(a)o(wns)h
7066 Fh(>)g Fp(0\))710 1697 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)894 1703
7067 y Fe(col)953 1697 y Fp(=)14 b(EndGameKP)710 1747 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)907
7068 1753 y Fe(col)965 1747 y Fp(=)14 b(QueenSide)h Ff([)e Fp(KingSide)651
7069 1797 y Fl(endif)592 1846 y(else)651 1896 y(if)g Fp(\()p Fh(P)6
7070 b(K)777 1903 y Fe(O)q(pp)p Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\))919 1896
7071 y Fh(>)14 b Fp(phase\))710 1946 y Fl(if)f Fp(\()p Fh(P)6 b(K)836
7072 1953 y Fe(O)q(pp)p Fk(\()p Fe(col)p Fk(\))978 1946 y Fh(>)14
7073 b Fp(phase+3)g Fl(or)g Fp(Opp)q(ositeFlanks\))769 1996 y Fh(P)6
7074 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)953 2002 y Fe(col)1012 1996 y Fp(=)14 b(P)o(a)o(wnA)o
7075 (ttac)o(k)g Ff([)f Fp(PieceA)o(ttac)o(k)710 2046 y Fl(else)769
7076 2096 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)953 2102 y Fe(col)1012 2096
7077 y Fp(=)14 b(PieceA)o(ttac)o(k)710 2145 y Fl(endif)710 2195
7078 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)907 2201 y Fe(col)965 2195 y Fp(=)14
7079 b(Wing\(KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\))651 2245 y Fl(else)710 2295
7080 y(if)f Fp(\(Opp)q(ositeFlanks\))769 2345 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)953
7081 2351 y Fe(col)1012 2345 y Fp(=)14 b(P)o(a)o(wnA)o(ttac)o(k)769
7082 2394 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)966 2400 y Fe(col)1024 2394 y
7083 Fp(=)14 b(Wing\(KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\)\))710 2444 y Fl(else)957
7086 85 86 bop 769 307 a Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(phase)i Fh(>)f Fp(10\))828
7087 357 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1012 363 y Fe(col)1071 357
7088 y Fp(=)14 b(Lev)o(erP)o(a)o(wns)828 407 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)1025
7089 413 y Fe(col)1083 407 y Fp(=)14 b(QueenSide)h Ff([)f Fp(KingSide)769
7090 457 y Fl(else)828 506 y Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1012 512
7091 y Fe(col)1071 506 y Fp(=)14 b(None)769 556 y Fl(endif)710 606
7092 y(endif)651 656 y(endif)592 706 y(endif)262 832 y Fp(This)k(de\014nition)g
7093 (attempts)h(to)f(select)i(the)g(b)q(est)g(plan)e(at)g(its)h(disp)q(osal)f
7094 (based)i(on)e(the)262 882 y(kno)o(wn)e(information.)25 b(It)17
7095 b(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)j(the)g(case)g(that)f(no)g(plan)f(is)h(clear,)h(in)f(this)g
7096 (case)h(no)262 932 y(plan)13 b(will)f(b)q(e)j(selected.)324
7097 1017 y(In)i(the)g(endgame)f(only)g(one)h(plan)f(is)h(kno)o(wn,)g(that)f(of)h
7098 (king{pa)o(wn)e(co-ordination.)262 1067 y(In)e(the)h(op)q(ening)g(or)f
7099 (middle)f(game,)g(if)h(the)h(attac)o(k{defence)h(balance)e(\(pressure\))k(on)
7100 c(the)262 1117 y(opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(king)e(app)q(ears)i(to)f(o\013er)h(some)f
7101 (lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)e(of)i(success,)i(then)f(a)f(piece)i(attac)o(k)262
7102 1167 y(plan)d(is)g(considered)i(suitable.)j(If)c(the)g(pressure)i(is)e(ev)o
7103 (en)g(greater,)h(a)e(pa)o(wn)h(assault)f(plan)262 1217 y(is)g(also)h
7104 (selected.)20 b(The)15 b(idea)f(here)h(is)f(to)g(only)f(use)i(pa)o(wns)f
7105 (when)g(there)i(is)e(enough)g(piece)262 1266 y(co)o(v)o(erage)g(to)g(mak)o(e)
7106 e(their)i(use)h(e\013ectiv)o(e.)324 1352 y(Pressure)21 b(is)d(in)g(fact)g(a)g
7107 (measure)g(of)g(the)h(balance)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(attac)o(k)e(and)h
7108 (defence,)262 1401 y(therefore)i(a)f(king)f(assault)h(plan)g(ma)o(y)e(ev)o
7109 (en)j(b)q(e)f(considered)i(if)d(no)h(relev)n(an)o(t)g(attac)o(ks)262
7110 1451 y(curren)o(tly)10 b(exist.)17 b(This)9 b(of)g(course)i(dep)q(ends)g(on)e
7111 (the)h(enem)o(y)f(defence)i(b)q(eing)e(w)o(eak.)17 b(Hence,)262
7112 1501 y(once)12 b(a)f(w)o(eakness)h(is)g(detected)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(program)e
7113 (it)h(ma)o(y)f(switc)o(h)h(its)h(atten)o(tion)f(to)g(a)g(king)262
7114 1551 y(assault.)18 b(Hop)q(efully)c(this)g(will)f(help)h(the)h(program)d(to)i
7115 (exhibit)g(a)g(more)f(h)o(uman)g(st)o(yle)h(of)262 1601 y(pla)o(y)m(.)324
7116 1686 y(Additionally)m(,)8 b(if)i(the)h(kings)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(castled)h(on)f
7117 (opp)q(osite)h(\015anks,)f(a)h(plan)e(to)i(encourage)262 1736
7118 y(an)i(assault)h(b)o(y)g(pa)o(wns)g(will)e(b)q(e)i(selected.)324
7119 1821 y(If)c(none)h(of)f(these)i(plans)f(are)g(selected,)h(a)f(general)g(goal)
7120 e(of)h(using)g(pa)o(wn)h(lev)o(ers)g(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)262 1871
7121 y(used.)18 b(The)12 b(idea)g(here)h(is)e(to)h(use)h(pa)o(wns)e(as)h(lev)o
7122 (ers)h(against)e(the)h(enem)o(y)f(pa)o(wn)h(structure,)262
7123 1921 y(therefore,)i(creating)g(dynamic)e(t)o(yp)q(e)j(p)q(ositions)e(whic)o
7124 (h)h(are)g(b)q(est)h(suited)f(to)f(a)h(programs)262 1970 y(tactical)f(abilit)
7125 o(y)m(.)957 2574 y(85)p eop
7127 86 87 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.11.3)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(39)i(:)25
7128 b(P)n(a)n(wn)20 b(Square)e(T)-5 b(able)p 641 413 673 5 v 641
7129 1077 5 665 v 646 496 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 579 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 662
7130 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 745 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 828 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 911 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
7131 994 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1077 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1077 V 641 1081 673
7132 5 v 675 473 a Fl(0)59 b(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)675 556 y(20)35
7133 b(20)f(24)h(28)g(28)f(24)h(20)g(20)675 639 y(16)g(16)f(20)h(24)g(24)f(20)h
7134 (16)g(16)675 722 y(12)g(12)f(16)h(20)g(20)f(16)h(12)g(12)675
7135 805 y(8)59 b(8)f(12)35 b(16)g(16)f(12)h(8)59 b(8)675 888 y(6)g(6)f(8)h(12)35
7136 b(12)f(8)59 b(6)g(6)675 971 y(4)g(4)f(6)h(8)g(8)f(6)h(4)g(4)675
7137 1054 y(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)f(0)h(0)g(0)479 1180 y Fp(Figure)14
7138 b(4.10:)i(Initial)d(W)m(eigh)o(tings)f(for)i(P)o(a)o(wn)f(Square)i(T)m(able.)
7139 344 1292 y Fh(P)6 b(S)r(T)428 1298 y Fe(col;sq)528 1292 y Fp(:)52
7140 b Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d Fp(sq)h Fl(do)651 1342 y Fh(P)6
7141 b(S)r(T)735 1348 y Fe(col;sq)833 1342 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(S)r(T)928
7142 1348 y Fe(col;sq)1024 1342 y Fp(+)d Fh(K)s(S)1128 1348 y Fe(col;sq)1224
7143 1342 y Fp(+)h Fh(P)c(A)1330 1348 y Fe(col;sq)1424 1342 y Fp(+)k
7144 Fh(P)c(L)1527 1348 y Fe(col;sq)592 1392 y Fl(endfor)344 1491
7145 y(where)380 1541 y Fh(S)r(T)431 1547 y Fe(col;sq)531 1541 y
7146 Fp(:)49 b(Static)14 b(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(as)h(de\014ned)h(in)f(\014gure)g
7147 (4.10.)380 1641 y Fh(K)s(S)443 1647 y Fe(col;sq)543 1641 y
7148 Fp(:)37 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\()p Fh(])p Fp(UnMo)o(v)o(ed\(col,King\))g(=)h(0\))
7149 651 1691 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(KingDistance\(KingSq\(col\),sq\))h
7150 Fh(<)g Fp(2\))710 1741 y Fl(case)g Fp(Distance\(KingSq\(col\),sq\))g
7151 Fl(of)769 1790 y Fp(1)g(:)k(phase)769 1840 y(2)c(:)k(phase/2)710
7152 1890 y Fl(else)769 1940 y Fp(0)710 1990 y Fl(endcase)651 2039
7153 y(else)710 2089 y Fp(0)651 2139 y Fl(endif)592 2189 y(else)651
7154 2239 y(if)13 b Fp(\(\(OnFile\(sq\))i(=)f(1)f Fl(or)h Fp(2)f
7155 Fl(or)h Fp(7)f Fl(or)h Fp(8\))f Fl(and)g Fp(OnRank\(col,sq\))h
7156 Ff(\024)g Fp(3\))710 2288 y(phase)h(/)e(OnRank\(col,sq\))651
7157 2338 y Fl(else)710 2388 y Fp(0)651 2438 y Fl(endif)957 2574
7160 87 88 bop 592 307 a Fl(endif)380 407 y Fh(P)6 b(A)444 413 y
7161 Fe(col;sq)543 407 y Fp(:)37 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(\(P)o(a)o(wnA)o(ttac)o(k)h
7162 Ff(2)d Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1125 413 y Fe(col)1184 407
7163 y Fl(and)13 b Fp(OnWing\()p Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)1641 413
7164 y Fe(col)1684 407 y Fp(,sq\)\))592 457 y Fl(and)13 b Fp(P)o(a)o(wnLev)o
7165 (er\(OnFile\(sq\),col\)\))651 506 y(40)h Ff(\000)g Fp(8)p Ff(\001)p
7166 Fp(T)m(axicab\(Lev)o(erSq\(OnFile\(sq\),col\),sq\))592 556
7167 y Fl(else)651 606 y Fp(0)592 656 y Fl(endif)380 756 y Fh(P)6
7168 b(L)441 762 y Fe(col;sq)540 756 y Fp(:)40 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(Lev)o(erP)o(a)o
7169 (wns)i Ff(2)c Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1103 762 y Fe(col)1161
7170 756 y Fl(and)14 b Fp(P)o(a)o(wnLev)o(er\(OnFile\(sq\),col\)\))651
7171 805 y(10)g Ff(\000)g Fp(2)p Ff(\001)p Fp(T)m(axicab\(Lev)o
7172 (erSq\(OnFile\(sq\),col\),sq\))592 855 y Fl(else)651 905 y
7173 Fp(0)592 955 y Fl(endif)262 1082 y Fp(A)f(general)h(table)g(of)f(v)n(alues)h
7174 (for)f(pa)o(wn)h(o)q(ccupation)g(is)f(used.)19 b(Once)c(a)f(king)f(has)h(mo)o
7175 (v)o(ed,)262 1131 y(the)19 b(pa)o(wns)f(near)i(the)f(king)f(are)h
7176 (discouraged)g(from)e(mo)o(ving)f(as)j(this)f(w)o(ould)g(w)o(eak)o(en)262
7177 1181 y(the)g(pa)o(wn)f(shield)h(around)g(the)g(king.)29 b(Before)19
7178 b(the)f(king)f(\014rst)i(mo)o(v)o(es,)e(the)h(pa)o(wns)g(on)262
7179 1231 y(either)e(\015ank)f(are)h(discouraged)g(from)d(mo)o(ving)g(as)i(they)h
7180 (are)g(lik)o(ely)e(to)h(form)f(the)i(future)262 1281 y(pa)o(wn)i(shield.)32
7181 b(As)19 b(the)g(game)e(progresses)k(these)f(restrictions)f(are)g(reduced,)i
7182 (thereb)o(y)262 1331 y(encouraging)13 b(pa)o(wn)h(adv)n(ances.)k(Cen)o(tre)d
7183 (pa)o(wns)f(are)h(free)f(from)e(suc)o(h)j(restrictions.)324
7184 1416 y(A)10 b(pa)o(wn)f(attac)o(k)h(plan)f(is)h(implem)o(en)o(ted)e(b)o(y)i
7185 (encouraging)f(pa)o(wn)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(up)i(the)h(b)q(oard)262
7186 1466 y(whic)o(h)h(w)o(ould)g(result)i(in)f(pa)o(wn)f(lev)o(erage.)18
7187 b(The)c(b)q(on)o(us)f(giv)o(en)f(dep)q(ends)j(on)e(ho)o(w)f(close)i(to)262
7188 1515 y(the)g(lev)o(er)g(square)h(the)f(pa)o(wn)g(is.)324 1601
7189 y(A)e(general)h(pa)o(wn)f(lev)o(er)h(plan)f(is)g(actioned)g(in)g(a)h(similar)
7190 c(manor)i(to)i(the)g(pa)o(wn)f(attac)o(k)262 1651 y(plan)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)g
7191 (except)i(the)g(b)q(on)o(uses)g(used)f(are)h(signi\014can)o(tly)e(lo)o(w)o
7192 (er.)324 1736 y(Remem)o(b)q(er,)19 b(these)i(v)n(alues)e(are)h(for)f(p)q
7193 (ossible)h(pa)o(wn)f(o)q(ccupation.)35 b(Ev)o(en)20 b(though)262
7194 1786 y(no)14 b(pa)o(wns)i(exist)f(on)g(the)h(\014le)f(these)h(v)n(alues)f(ma)
7195 o(y)e(still)h(b)q(e)i(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(b)q(ecause)k(a)e(pa)o(wn)262
7196 1835 y(ma)o(y)c(capture)k(on)o(to)e(the)h(said)f(\014le)h(during)f(the)h
7197 (searc)o(h)h(and)e(should)g(therefore)i(incur)f(the)262 1885
7198 y(relev)n(an)o(t)f(b)q(on)o(us)i(or)e(p)q(enalt)o(y)m(.)957
7201 88 89 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.11.4)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(40)i(:)25
7202 b(Knigh)n(t)18 b(Square)g(T)-5 b(able)p 641 413 673 5 v 641
7203 1077 5 665 v 646 496 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 579 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 662
7204 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 745 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 828 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 911 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
7205 994 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1077 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1077 V 641 1081 673
7206 5 v 675 473 a Fl(2)59 b(3)f(4)h(4)g(4)f(4)h(3)g(2)675 556 y(3)g(4)f(6)h(6)g
7207 (6)f(6)h(4)g(3)675 639 y(4)g(6)f(8)h(8)g(8)f(8)h(6)g(4)675
7208 722 y(4)g(6)f(8)h(10)35 b(10)f(8)59 b(6)g(4)675 805 y(4)g(6)f(8)h(10)35
7209 b(10)f(8)59 b(6)g(4)675 888 y(4)g(6)f(8)h(8)g(8)f(8)h(6)g(4)675
7210 971 y(3)g(4)f(6)h(6)g(6)f(6)h(4)g(3)675 1054 y(2)g(3)f(4)h(4)g(4)f(4)h(3)g(2)
7211 466 1180 y Fp(Figure)14 b(4.11:)i(Initial)d(W)m(eigh)o(tings)f(for)i(Knigh)o
7212 (t)f(Square)i(T)m(able.)344 1328 y Fh(N)5 b(S)r(T)433 1334
7213 y Fe(col;sq)534 1328 y Fp(:)46 b Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d
7214 Fp(sq)h Fl(do)651 1377 y Fh(N)5 b(S)r(T)740 1383 y Fe(col;sq)839
7215 1377 y Fp(=)11 b Fh(S)r(T)933 1383 y Fe(col;sq)1029 1377 y
7216 Fp(+)f Fh(P)c(H)1139 1383 y Fe(col;sq)1233 1377 y Fp(+)j Fh(K)s(C)1342
7217 1383 y Fe(col;sq)592 1427 y Fl(endfor)344 1527 y(where)380
7218 1577 y Fh(S)r(T)431 1583 y Fe(col;sq)531 1577 y Fp(:)18 b(Static)c(w)o(eigh)o
7219 (tings)f(as)h(de\014ned)h(in)f(\014gure)g(4.11.)380 1676 y
7220 Fh(P)6 b(H)448 1682 y Fe(col;sq)546 1676 y Fp(:)34 b Fl(if)13
7221 b Fp(\(P)o(a)o(wnHole\(sq,Opp\(col\)\)\))651 1726 y(phase)592
7222 1776 y Fl(else)651 1826 y Fp(0)592 1876 y Fl(endif)380 1975
7223 y Fh(K)s(C)448 1981 y Fe(col;sq)547 1975 y Fp(:)33 b Ff(\000)p
7224 Fp(T)m(axicab\(KingSq\(col\),sq\))13 b Ff(\000)h Fp(T)m
7225 (axicab\(KingSq\(Opp\(col\)\),sq\))262 2102 y(Knigh)o(ts)h(are)h(encouraged)h
7226 (to)e(b)q(e)h(on)g(squares)h(where)f(they)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(as)g(man)o(y)d
7227 (options)j(as)262 2152 y(p)q(ossible.)35 b(They)21 b(are)f(also)f(encouraged)
7228 i(to)e(o)q(ccup)o(y)i(pa)o(wn)e(holes,)i(the)g(b)q(on)o(us)f(b)q(eing)262
7229 2202 y(dep)q(enden)o(t)f(on)e(the)h(game)e(phase.)30 b(Knigh)o(ts)17
7230 b(are)h(p)q(enalised)g(for)f(their)h(distance)g(from)262 2251
7231 y(eac)o(h)g(king.)28 b(This)18 b(encourages)h(a)f(knigh)o(t)f(to)g(main)o
7232 (tain)e(a)j(p)q(osition)f(from)f(where)i(it)g(is)262 2301 y(p)q(oised)c(to)f
7233 (attac)o(k)h(the)h(enem)o(y)e(king)g(or)h(protect)h(its)f(o)o(wn)f(king)g(as)
7234 h(the)h(need)g(arises.)957 2574 y(88)p eop
7236 89 90 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.11.5)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(41)i(:)25
7237 b(Bishop)18 b(Square)g(T)-5 b(able)p 641 413 673 5 v 641 1077
7238 5 665 v 646 496 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 579 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 662 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
7239 745 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 828 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 911 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 994
7240 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1077 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1077 V 641 1081 673 5
7241 v 675 473 a Fl(0)59 b(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(0)675 556 y(2)g(8)f(8)h(8)g(8)f
7242 (8)h(8)g(2)675 639 y(2)g(8)f(10)35 b(10)g(10)f(10)h(8)59 b(2)675
7243 722 y(2)g(8)f(10)35 b(12)g(12)f(10)h(8)59 b(2)675 805 y(2)g(8)f(10)35
7244 b(12)g(12)f(10)h(8)59 b(2)675 888 y(2)g(8)f(10)35 b(10)g(10)f(10)h(8)59
7245 b(2)675 971 y(2)g(8)f(8)h(8)g(8)f(8)h(8)g(2)675 1054 y(0)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)
7246 h(2)g(0)466 1180 y Fp(Figure)14 b(4.12:)j(Initial)c(W)m(eigh)o(tings)f(for)i
7247 (Bishop)g(Square)g(T)m(able.)344 1328 y Fh(B)r(S)r(T)428 1334
7248 y Fe(col;sq)529 1328 y Fp(:)51 b Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d
7249 Fp(sq)h Fl(do)651 1377 y Fh(B)r(S)r(T)735 1383 y Fe(col;sq)834
7250 1377 y Fp(=)e Fh(S)r(T)929 1383 y Fe(col;sq)1025 1377 y Fp(+)e
7251 Fh(P)c(H)1135 1383 y Fe(col;sq)592 1427 y Fl(endfor)344 1527
7252 y(where)380 1577 y Fh(S)r(T)431 1583 y Fe(col;sq)531 1577 y
7253 Fp(:)49 b(Static)14 b(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(as)h(de\014ned)h(in)f(\014gure)g
7254 (4.12.)380 1676 y Fh(P)6 b(H)448 1682 y Fe(col;sq)546 1676
7255 y Fp(:)34 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(P)o(a)o(wnHole\(sq,Opp\(col\)\)\))651
7256 1726 y(phase/2)592 1776 y Fl(else)651 1826 y Fp(0)592 1876
7257 y Fl(endif)262 2002 y Fp(Bishops)e(are)g(encouraged)h(to)f(k)o(eep)g(on)g
7258 (long)f(diagonals)f(and)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)g(in)f(as)h(man)o(y)e
7259 (di-)262 2052 y(rections)i(as)g(p)q(ossible.)17 b(A)11 b(static)g(table)g
7260 (pro)o(vides)g(appropriate)f(initial)f(b)q(on)o(uses.)18 b(Bishops)262
7261 2102 y(are)d(additionally)d(encouraged)k(to)f(o)q(ccup)o(y)h(pa)o(wn)e
7262 (holes,)h(the)h(b)q(on)o(us)f(b)q(eing)g(dep)q(enden)o(t)262
7263 2152 y(on)e(the)i(game)d(phase.)957 2574 y(89)p eop
7265 90 91 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.11.6)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(42)i(:)25
7266 b(King)18 b(Square)g(T)-5 b(able)p 641 408 673 5 v 641 1072
7267 5 665 v 646 491 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 574 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 657 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646
7268 740 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 823 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 906 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 989
7269 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1072 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1072 V 641 1076 673 5
7270 v 651 463 a Ff(\000)p Fl(2)27 b(+0)22 b Ff(\000)p Fl(4)k Ff(\000)p
7271 Fl(8)h Ff(\000)p Fl(8)g Ff(\000)p Fl(4)f(+0)c Ff(\000)p Fl(2)651
7272 546 y Ff(\000)p Fl(2)27 b Ff(\000)p Fl(2)g Ff(\000)p Fl(6)f
7273 Ff(\000)p Fl(8)h Ff(\000)p Fl(8)g Ff(\000)p Fl(6)f Ff(\000)p
7274 Fl(2)h Ff(\000)p Fl(2)651 628 y Ff(\000)p Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p
7275 Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(20)s Ff(\000)p Fl(20)s
7276 Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p Fl(16)651 711
7277 y Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(22)s Ff(\000)p
7278 Fl(26)s Ff(\000)p Fl(26)s Ff(\000)p Fl(22)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s
7279 Ff(\000)p Fl(18)651 794 y Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s
7280 Ff(\000)p Fl(22)s Ff(\000)p Fl(26)s Ff(\000)p Fl(26)s Ff(\000)p
7281 Fl(22)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)651 877 y Ff(\000)p
7282 Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(20)s
7283 Ff(\000)p Fl(20)s Ff(\000)p Fl(18)s Ff(\000)p Fl(16)s Ff(\000)p
7284 Fl(16)651 960 y Ff(\000)p Fl(2)g Ff(\000)p Fl(2)g Ff(\000)p
7285 Fl(6)f Ff(\000)p Fl(8)h Ff(\000)p Fl(8)g Ff(\000)p Fl(6)f Ff(\000)p
7286 Fl(2)h Ff(\000)p Fl(2)651 1043 y Ff(\000)p Fl(2)g(+0)22 b Ff(\000)p
7287 Fl(4)k Ff(\000)p Fl(8)h Ff(\000)p Fl(8)g Ff(\000)p Fl(4)f(+0)c
7288 Ff(\000)p Fl(2)485 1165 y Fp(Figure)14 b(4.13:)i(Initial)d(W)m(eigh)o(tings)f
7289 (for)i(King)f(Square)i(T)m(able.)344 1303 y Fh(K)s(S)r(T)433
7290 1309 y Fe(col;sq)534 1303 y Fp(:)46 b Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d
7291 Fp(sq)h Fl(do)651 1353 y Fh(K)s(S)r(T)740 1359 y Fe(col;sq)839
7292 1353 y Fp(=)e Fh(S)r(T)934 1359 y Fe(col;sq)1030 1353 y Fp(+)d
7293 Fh(K)s(E)1140 1359 y Fe(col;sq)1235 1353 y Ff(\000)h Fh(P)c(C)1340
7294 1359 y Fe(col;sq)592 1403 y Fl(endfor)344 1503 y(where)380
7295 1553 y Fh(S)r(T)431 1559 y Fe(col;sq)531 1553 y Fp(:)49 b(Static)14
7296 b(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(as)h(de\014ned)h(in)f(\014gure)g(4.13.)380
7297 1652 y Fh(K)s(E)449 1658 y Fe(col;sq)548 1652 y Fp(:)32 b(\()p
7298 Ff(\000)p Fh(S)r(T)691 1658 y Fe(col;sq)779 1652 y Fp(\))p
7299 Ff(\001)13 b Fp(revPhase/8)380 1752 y Fh(P)6 b(C)443 1758 y
7300 Fe(col;sq)541 1752 y Fp(:)39 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(EndgameKP)g
7301 Ff(2)f Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1117 1758 y Fe(col)1161 1752
7302 y Fp(\))651 1802 y Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d Fp(sq2)h
7303 Fl(do)710 1851 y(if)f Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\)\))769
7304 1901 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(P)o(assed\(col,sq2\)\))828 1951 y(P)o(a)o(wnMass)i(=)f(P)
7305 o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g(4)g Ff(\001)f Fp(T)m(axicab\(sq,sq2\))828
7306 2001 y(P)o(a)o(wnMass)i(=)f(P)o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g(T)m
7307 (axicab\(sq,PSq\(col,sq2\)\))769 2051 y Fl(else)828 2100 y
7308 Fp(P)o(a)o(wnMass)h(=)f(P)o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g(T)m(axicab\(sq,sq2\))769
7309 2150 y Fl(endif)710 2200 y(else)769 2250 y(if)f Fp(\(Occup)o(y\([P)o(a)o
7310 (wn],Opp\(col\),sq\)\))828 2300 y Fl(if)g Fp(\(P)o(assed\(Opp\(col\),sq2\)\))
7311 888 2350 y(P)o(a)o(wnMass)h(=)g(P)o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g(4)g Ff(\001)f
7312 Fp(T)m(axicab\(sq,sq2\))888 2399 y(P)o(a)o(wnMass)h(=)g(P)o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g
7313 (T)m(axicab\(sq,PSq\(col,sq2\)\))828 2449 y Fl(else)957 2574
7316 91 92 bop 888 307 a Fp(P)o(a)o(wnMass)14 b(=)g(P)o(a)o(wnMass)g(+)g(T)m
7317 (axicab\(sq,sq2\))828 357 y Fl(endif)769 407 y(endif)710 457
7318 y(endif)651 506 y(endfor)651 556 y Fh(P)6 b(C)714 562 y Fe(col;sq)811
7319 556 y Fp(=)14 b(\(P)o(a)o(wnMass/)p Fh(])p Fp(P)o(a)o(wns)g
7320 Ff(\000)p Fp(8\))g Ff(\001)f Fp(\(revPhase)p Ff(\000)p Fp(8\))592
7321 606 y Fl(else)651 656 y Fp(0)592 706 y Fl(endif)262 832 y Fp(A)o(t)h(the)h(b)
7322 q(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(game)e(the)i(king)e(is)i(encouraged)g(to)f(seek)i(a)e
7323 (safe)h(ha)o(v)o(en)f(near)262 882 y(one)j(of)g(the)h(corner)g(squares.)29
7324 b(As)18 b(the)g(game)e(progresses)j(the)f(king)e(is)h(encouraged)i(to)262
7325 932 y(pla)o(y)12 b(a)h(more)g(activ)o(e)g(role.)18 b(Ev)o(en)o(tually)m(,)12
7326 b(the)i(king)f(will)f(receiv)o(e)i(more)f(b)q(on)o(us)h(p)q(oin)o(ts)f(for)
7327 262 982 y(b)q(eing)h(in)g(the)g(cen)o(tre)i(than)f(near)f(the)h(edge)g(of)f
7328 (the)h(b)q(oard.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 b(this)g(c)o(hange)h(will)262
7329 1032 y(b)q(e)f(gradual)f(as)h(it)g(is)f(related)i(to)e(the)i(game)d(phase.)
7330 324 1117 y(When)k(in)g(the)h(endgame,)f(the)h(king)e(gets)i(b)q(on)o(uses)h
7331 (for)e(main)o(taining)d(an)j(optim)o(um)262 1167 y(distance)e(from)e(all)h
7332 (the)h(pa)o(wns)g(with)g(particular)g(emphasis)f(on)g(passed)i(pa)o(wns.)957
7335 92 93 bop 262 307 a Fu(4.11.7)55 b(De\014nition)17 b(43)i(:)25
7336 b(Square)18 b(Con)n(trol)h(T)-5 b(able)p 641 413 673 5 v 641
7337 1077 5 665 v 646 496 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 579 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 662
7338 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 745 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 828 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 911 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
7339 994 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1077 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1077 V 641 1081 673
7340 5 v 687 473 a Fl(2)58 b(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)687 556 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f
7341 (2)h(2)g(2)f(2)687 639 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)687
7342 722 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)687 805 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)
7343 687 888 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687 971 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f
7344 (1)687 1054 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)383 1180 y Fp(Figure)14
7345 b(4.14:)j(Initial)12 b(W)m(eigh)o(tings)h(for)g(White's)h(Square)g(Con)o
7346 (trol)f(T)m(able.)p 641 1280 V 641 1944 5 665 v 646 1363 a
7347 Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1446 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1529 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1612
7348 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1695 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1778 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 1861
7349 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1944 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1944 V 641 1948 673 5
7350 v 687 1341 a Fl(1)58 b(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687 1424 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f
7351 (1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687 1507 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687
7352 1590 y(1)g(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)h(1)g(1)f(1)687 1673 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f
7353 (2)687 1755 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)687 1838 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)
7354 g(2)f(2)687 1921 y(2)g(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)h(2)g(2)f(2)388 2048 y
7355 Fp(Figure)14 b(4.15:)j(Initial)c(W)m(eigh)o(tings)f(for)i(Blac)o(k's)f
7356 (Square)i(Con)o(trol)e(T)m(able.)344 2195 y Fh(S)369 2201 y
7357 Fe(col;sq)469 2195 y Fp(:)111 b Fl(for)15 b(eac)o(h)h(square)d
7358 Fp(sq)h Fl(do)651 2245 y Fh(S)676 2251 y Fe(col;sq)774 2245
7359 y Fp(=)e Fh(S)r(T)869 2251 y Fe(col;sq)965 2245 y Fp(+)d Fh(P)d(L)1067
7360 2251 y Fe(col;sq)592 2295 y Fl(endfor)344 2394 y(where)380
7361 2444 y Fh(S)r(T)431 2450 y Fe(col;sq)531 2444 y Fp(:)49 b(Static)14
7362 b(w)o(eigh)o(tings)f(indexed)i(b)o(y)e(colour)h(and)g(square,)g(see)h
7363 (\014gures)957 2574 y(92)p eop
7365 93 94 bop 592 307 a Fp(4.14)13 b(and)h(4.15)380 407 y Fh(P)6
7366 b(L)441 413 y Fe(col;sq)540 407 y Fp(:)40 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(PieceA)o(ttac)o
7367 (k)i Ff(2)f Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anT)g(y)q(pe)1107 413 y Fe(col)1165
7368 407 y Fl(and)13 b Fp(OnWing\()p Fh(P)6 b(l)q(anW)g(ing)1622
7369 413 y Fe(col)1665 407 y Fp(,sq\))592 457 y Fl(and)13 b Fp(Side\(sq\))i(=)f
7370 (Opp\(col\)\))651 506 y(2)592 556 y Fl(else)651 606 y Fp(0)592
7371 656 y Fl(endif)262 783 y Fp(This)k(table)g(will)e(b)q(e)j(used)g(b)o(y)f(the)
7372 h(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(criterion,)h(Square)g(Con)o(trol,)262
7373 832 y(to)14 b(help)h(direct)g(attac)o(ks.)21 b(The)15 b(table)f(is)h
7374 (initially)d(set)j(up)g(to)f(encourage)i(attac)o(ks)f(in)f(the)262
7375 882 y(enem)o(y)9 b(half)h(of)g(the)h(b)q(oard.)17 b(This)11
7376 b(is)f(further)i(mo)q(di\014ed)d(dep)q(ending)i(on)g(the)g(plan)f(selected)
7377 262 932 y(to)j(further)i(encourage)g(attac)o(ks)f(on)g(the)g(planned)g(attac)
7378 o(k)g(wing.)957 2574 y(93)p eop
7380 94 95 bop 262 307 a Fr(4.12)69 b(De\014nition)20 b(44)j(:)30
7381 b(T)-6 b(otal)21 b(Ev)l(aluation)h(F)-6 b(unction)452 382 y(V)g(alue)344
7382 487 y Fh(T)6 b(E)r(F)g(V)464 493 y Fe(col)522 487 y Fp(=)62
7383 b Fh(M)5 b(T)685 493 y Fe(col)738 487 y Fp(+)10 b Fh(M)5 b(B)856
7384 493 y Fe(col)909 487 y Fp(+)10 b Fh(D)q(V)1010 493 y Fe(col)1064
7385 487 y Fp(+)f Fh(C)s(C)1168 493 y Fe(col)1221 487 y Fp(+)g Fh(S)r(C)1319
7386 493 y Fe(col)1373 487 y Fp(+)g Fh(P)d(V)1471 493 y Fe(col)1529
7387 487 y Fp(+)616 537 y Fh(N)f(V)678 543 y Fe(col)731 537 y Fp(+)10
7388 b Fh(B)r(V)830 543 y Fe(col)884 537 y Fp(+)f Fh(RV)981 543
7389 y Fe(col)1034 537 y Fp(+)h Fh(QV)1133 543 y Fe(col)1186 537
7390 y Fp(+)g Fh(K)s(V)1290 543 y Fe(col)1343 537 y Fp(+)g Fh(P)c(N)1451
7391 543 y Fe(col)1504 537 y Fp(+)j Fh(AP)1603 543 y Fe(col)344
7392 637 y Fl(where)380 686 y Fh(M)c(T)449 692 y Fe(col)498 686
7393 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Material)14 b(\(De\014niti)o(on)f(1\).)380 786
7394 y Fh(M)5 b(B)456 792 y Fe(col)498 786 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Mobilit)o(y)13
7395 b(\(De\014niti)o(on)f(3\).)380 886 y Fh(D)q(V)439 892 y Fe(col)498
7396 886 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t)12 b(\(De\014niti)o(on)g(4\).)380
7397 985 y Fh(C)s(C)443 991 y Fe(col)498 985 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Cen)o(tre)14
7398 b(Con)o(trol)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)f(5\).)380 1085 y Fh(S)r(C)437
7399 1091 y Fe(col)498 1085 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Square)15 b(Con)o(trol)e
7400 (\(De\014nition)f(6\).)380 1185 y Fh(P)6 b(V)437 1191 y Fe(col)498
7401 1185 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(P)o(a)o(wn)15 b(V)l(alue)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)d(12\).)380
7402 1284 y Fh(N)5 b(V)442 1290 y Fe(col)498 1284 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Knigh)o(t)14
7403 b(V)l(alue)g(\(De\014nitio)o(n)f(13\).)380 1384 y Fh(B)r(V)437
7404 1390 y Fe(col)498 1384 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Bishop)14 b(V)l(alue)h(\(De\014nit)o
7405 (ion)d(20\).)380 1483 y Fh(RV)436 1489 y Fe(col)498 1483 y
7406 Fp(:)47 b Fl(Ro)q(ok)16 b(V)l(alue)f(\(De\014niti)o(on)d(25\).)380
7407 1583 y Fh(QV)437 1589 y Fe(col)498 1583 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(Queen)14
7408 b(V)l(alue)h(\(De\014niti)o(on)e(28\).)380 1683 y Fh(K)s(V)442
7409 1689 y Fe(col)498 1683 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(King)15 b(V)l(alue)g(\(De\014niti)o(on)
7410 d(34\).)380 1782 y Fh(P)6 b(N)446 1788 y Fe(col)498 1782 y
7411 Fp(:)47 b Fl(Pinned)13 b(Pieces)i(\(De\014niti)o(on)d(35\).)380
7412 1882 y Fh(AP)438 1888 y Fe(col)498 1882 y Fp(:)47 b Fl(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed)14
7413 b(Pieces)h(\(De\014nit)o(ion)d(36\).)262 2009 y Fp(The)j(ev)n(aluation)f
7414 (function)h(will)f(return)j(a)e(single)g(v)n(alue)g(for)g(the)h(p)q(osition.)
7415 22 b(T)m(o)14 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)262 2059 y(this,)d(all)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)e
7416 (criteria)i(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(summed.)k(The)c(p)q(osition)f(v)n(alue)g(from)f
7417 (either)262 2108 y(sides)k(p)q(oin)o(t)g(of)f(view)h(can)g(then)g(b)q(e)h
7418 (easily)e(calculated,)h(e.g.:)344 2206 y Fh(V)368 2212 y Fe(W)t(hite)477
7419 2206 y Fp(=)e Fh(T)6 b(E)r(F)g(V)641 2212 y Fe(W)t(hite)747
7420 2206 y Ff(\000)k Fh(T)c(E)r(F)g(V)909 2212 y Fe(B)q(lack)324
7421 2324 y Fp(A)19 b(v)o(ery)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(decision)i(is)g(when)g(to)g
7422 (apply)f(the)i(ev)n(aluation)e(function)g(to)h(a)262 2374 y(p)q(osition.)k
7423 (After)17 b(a)f(lot)f(of)h(delib)q(eration,)f(I)h(decided)h(the)g(ev)n
7424 (aluation)e(function)g(will)g(b)q(e)262 2424 y(applied)e(at)h(leaf)f(no)q
7425 (des)h(of)g(the)g(main)e(searc)o(h)j(in)f(all)e(cases)j(except:)957
7428 95 96 bop 324 307 a Ff(\017)20 b Fp(It)14 b(is)g(nev)o(er)h(applied)e(if)g
7429 (one)h(side)h(is)e(in-c)o(hec)o(k.)324 390 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(It)14
7430 b(is)f(not)g(applied)g(if)f(the)i(de\014cit)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h
7431 Fh(\013)e Fp(and)g(the)h(curren)o(t)h(material)c(v)n(alue)i(is)365
7432 440 y(larger)h(than)f(the)i(greatest)g(p)q(ositional)d(v)n(alue)h(so)h(far)f
7433 (encoun)o(tered)j(in)d(the)h(searc)o(h.)262 558 y(The)h(\014rst)h(condition)e
7434 (a)o(v)o(oids)h(application)e(to)i(p)q(ositions)g(whic)o(h)g(are)h(clearly)e
7435 (not)h(quies-)262 608 y(cen)o(t.)24 b(The)16 b(second)h(condition)e(attempts)
7436 g(to)h(only)f(apply)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)e(function)i(to)262
7437 658 y(p)q(ositions)d(whic)o(h)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)f(reasonable)h(c)o(hance)h(of)
7438 f(a\013ecting)g(the)g(searc)o(h)h(result.)957 2574 y(95)p eop
7440 96 97 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(5)262 897 y Fo(T)-10 b(ree)40
7441 b(Searc)m(hing)262 1148 y Fp(The)11 b(ev)n(aluation)e(function)i(con)o(tains)
7442 f(criteria)i(to)e(assess)j(p)q(ositional)c(and)i(tactical)f(v)n(alues.)262
7443 1198 y(The)17 b(tactical)f(ev)n(aluation)f(is)i(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)g(far)g
7444 (from)e(complete)h(in)g(terms)g(of)h(deriving)f(an)262 1248
7445 y(accurate)g(tactical)f(v)n(alue.)23 b(The)16 b(tactical)f(part)g(of)g(the)h
7446 (ev)n(aluation)e(function)i(therefore,)262 1298 y(only)11 b(attempts)h(to)g
7447 (giv)o(e)g(a)g(rough)g(estimate)f(of)h(the)h(tactical)f(p)q(ossibilities.)17
7448 b(It)12 b(tak)o(es)h(par-)262 1347 y(ticular)h(accoun)o(t)h(of)f(uncertain)o
7449 (ties)i(in)f(the)g(p)q(osition.)20 b(F)m(or)15 b(example,)e(a)h(p)q(osition)g
7450 (where)262 1397 y(t)o(w)o(o)e(pieces)j(are)f(sim)o(ultaneously)d(en-prise)k
7451 (w)o(ould)d(constitute)j(a)e(degree)h(of)f(uncertain)o(t)o(y)262
7452 1447 y(ab)q(out)g(the)i(true)g(v)n(alue)e(of)g(the)i(p)q(osition.)324
7453 1532 y(A)f(sw)o(ap)g(o\013)g(algorithm)d([37)o(])i(could)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q
7454 (een)h(additionally)c(used)k(to)f(impro)o(v)o(e)e(the)262 1582
7455 y(accuracy)18 b(of)f(this)g(tactical)g(v)n(alue.)28 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18
7456 b(this)f(w)o(ould)g(still)f(not)h(tak)o(e)g(accoun)o(t)h(of)262
7457 1632 y(pinned)13 b(pieces)i(or)f(exc)o(hanges)h(whic)o(h)e(exp)q(ose)i
7458 (hidden)f(attac)o(ks)g(on)g(other)g(squares.)19 b(The)262 1682
7459 y(added)c(complexit)o(y)d(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)i(in)g(attempting)f(to)i(correct)
7460 h(these)g(faults)e(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)h(v)o(ery)262 1732 y(exp)q(ensiv)o(e)h
7461 (in)f(terms)f(of)h(pro)q(cessing)h(time.)21 b(Therefore,)16
7462 b(I)f(feel)h(suc)o(h)g(analysis)e(is)h(b)q(etter)262 1781 y(left)f(to)h(a)g
7463 (dynamic)e(searc)o(h.)23 b(Using)15 b(v)n(arious)f(additional)g(tree)i
7464 (pruning)f(mec)o(hanisms,)e(I)262 1831 y(hop)q(e)h(to)g(sho)o(w)f(that)h
7465 (this)g(searc)o(h)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(done)f(e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)324
7466 1916 y(Hence,)f(it)f(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(to)i(supp)q(ort)h(the)g(ev)n
7467 (aluation)e(function)h(b)o(y)g(the)g(tree)i(searc)o(h-)262
7468 1966 y(ing)20 b(of)g(p)q(ossibilities.)39 b(This)20 b(will)g(enable)h(the)h
7469 (program)d(to)i(explore)g(p)q(ossible)g(mo)o(v)o(e)262 2016
7470 y(sequences)f(and)e(therefore)h(c)o(hose)g(mo)o(v)o(es)d(whic)o(h)i(lead)g
7471 (to)g(fa)o(v)o(ourable)e(p)q(ositional)h(and)262 2066 y(tactical)c(outcomes.)
7472 324 2151 y(In)e(this)h(c)o(hapter,)h(I)f(will)e(explain)h(what)g(searc)o
7473 (hing)h(sc)o(hemes)h(will)d(b)q(e)i(used)h(and)e(ho)o(w)h(I)262
7474 2201 y(in)o(tend)g(to)g(complemen)o(t)e(the)j(ev)n(aluation)d(function)i(b)o
7475 (y)g(the)h(use)g(of)f(a)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h.)324 2286
7476 y(The)k(o)o(v)o(erall)f(searc)o(h)h(pro)q(cedure)i(is)e(as)f(follo)o(ws:)24
7477 b(The)19 b(main)c(searc)o(h)k(will)d(progress)262 2336 y(iterativ)o(ely)f(to)
7478 i(deep)q(er)h(lev)o(els)e(of)g(the)h(searc)o(h)h(tree.)27 b(Selected,)18
7479 b(more)e(in)o(teresting)h(lines)262 2386 y(will)g(b)q(e)j(extended.)36
7480 b(A)o(t)19 b(the)h(leaf)f(no)q(des)h(of)f(this)g(main)e(searc)o(h)k(tree)f
7481 (the)g(ev)n(aluation)262 2436 y(function)c(will)e(b)q(e)j(applied.)25
7482 b(The)17 b(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(ma)o(y)e(then)j(advise)g(the)f(searc)o
7483 (h)957 2574 y(96)p eop
7485 97 98 bop 262 307 a Fp(to)13 b(tak)o(e)h(one)g(of)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(p)q(ossible)h
7486 (actions:)312 426 y(1.)20 b(The)15 b(p)q(osition)f(is)g(suitable)g(for)g(the)
7487 h(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)e(to)f(b)q(e)h(applied.)k(A)14 b(quies-)365
7488 475 y(cence)f(searc)o(h)g(will)c(then)j(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)f(explore)g(an)o(y)
7489 g(dynamic)e(tactical)i(p)q(ossibilities)365 525 y(whic)o(h)i(need)h
7490 (resolving.)j(This)c(will)e(allo)o(w)h(a)g(more)g(accurate)i(tactical)f(v)n
7491 (alue)f(to)h(b)q(e)365 575 y(deriv)o(ed)g(at)f(the)g(leaf)g(no)q(de)g(than)g
7492 (the)h(v)n(alue)e(calculated)i(purely)f(in)f(the)i(ev)n(aluation)365
7493 625 y(function.)32 b(The)19 b(main)d(searc)o(h)j(can)g(therefore)h(ha)o(v)o
7494 (e)e(higher)h(con\014dence)h(in)e(the)365 675 y(\014nal)c(leaf)f(no)q(de)h(v)
7495 n(alue)f(calculated.)312 758 y(2.)20 b(The)14 b(p)q(osition)f(is)g
7496 (considered)i(to)e(b)q(e)h(to)q(o)f(unstable)h(for)f(the)h(quiescence)h
7497 (searc)o(h)g(to)365 808 y(b)q(e)j(applied)f(accurately)m(.)28
7498 b(This)17 b(means)g(the)h(main)d(searc)o(h)j(should)f(b)q(e)h(extended)365
7499 857 y(in)e(order)g(to)g(resolv)o(e)h(the)f(uncertain)o(t)o(y)m(.)24
7500 b(This)16 b('Quiescence)i(Decision')d(ma)o(y)f(also)365 907
7501 y(cause)i(the)f(main)e(searc)o(h)j(to)e(b)q(e)i(re{en)o(tered)h(from)c(no)q
7502 (des)i(that)g(are)g(already)f(part)365 957 y(of)g(the)g(quiescence)i(searc)o
7503 (h.)262 1075 y(The)e(results)i(obtained)e(from)e(searc)o(hing)j(eac)o(h)g(no)
7504 q(de)f(is)h(then)g(passed)g(bac)o(k)f(up)g(the)h(tree)262 1125
7505 y(where)10 b(searc)o(h)h(heuristics)g(can)f(mak)o(e)e(use)i(of)f(the)h
7506 (information)d(in)i(searc)o(hing)h(other)g(no)q(des.)262 1175
7507 y(It)16 b(is)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(to)i(realise)g(the)g(searc)o(h)h(tree)g
7508 (explored)f(b)o(y)g(suc)o(h)g(a)g(searc)o(h)h(will)d(b)q(e)i(of)262
7509 1225 y(v)n(ariable)10 b(depth,)i(the)g(deep)q(est)h(lines)e(b)q(eing)g(those)
7510 h(of)f(most)f(in)o(terest)i(to)g(the)f(searc)o(h.)19 b(This)262
7511 1275 y(sho)o(ws)13 b(some)f(similarities)f(to)h(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)e(h)o(umans)g
7512 (approac)o(h)h(the)h(task)f(of)f(tree)j(searc)o(hing.)324 1360
7513 y(The)f(follo)o(wing)d(sections)k(explain)e(this)h(searc)o(h)h(pro)q(cess)h
7514 (in)e(more)f(detail.)262 1533 y Fr(5.1)69 b(Main)23 b(Searc)n(h)262
7515 1659 y Fp(The)14 b(main)e(searc)o(h)j(will)e(use)i(the)f(alpha{b)q(eta)g(\()p
7516 Fh(\013\014)r Fp(\))g(tree)i(pruning)e(algorithm)d(on)j(nega-)262
7517 1709 y(max)i(trees.)32 b(This)18 b(algorithm)d(has)k(man)o(y)d(deriv)n(ativ)o
7518 (es)i(and)g(enhancemen)o(ts,)h(some)e(of)262 1759 y(whic)o(h)c(w)o(ere)i
7519 (explained)f(in)f(c)o(hapter)i(3.)324 1844 y(A)o(t)j(\014rst)i(sigh)o(t,)e
7520 (the)i(principle)e(v)n(ariation)f Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h)g(\(PVS\))f(app)
7521 q(ears)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(the)262 1894 y(b)q(est)c(algorithm)c(to)i(select)j(as)e
7522 (it)f(t)o(ypically)g(visits)g(few)o(er)i(no)q(des)g(than)e(other)i
7523 Fh(\013\014)h Fp(deriv)n(a-)262 1943 y(tiv)o(es)h([40)o(].)28
7524 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19 b(I)e(in)o(tend)g(to)h(use)g(searc)o(h)g(extensions)h
7525 (whic)o(h)e(actually)g(use)h(the)262 1993 y(v)n(alues)11 b(of)h(the)g(curren)
7526 o(t)i Fh(\013\014)g Fp(windo)o(w)d(as)h(part)h(of)e(their)h(searc)o(h)h
7527 (extension)g(decision.)18 b(This)262 2043 y(breaks)13 b(one)h(of)f(the)g(ma)r
7528 (jor)f(principles)h(of)g(the)h Fh(\013\014)h Fp(algorithm)c(:-)h(the)i(v)n
7529 (alue)f(of)f(a)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(is)262 2093 y(indep)q(enden)o(t)j(of)e(the)i
7530 Fh(\013\014)h Fp(windo)o(w)d(used)i(to)e(searc)o(h)i(it.)324
7531 2178 y(The)h(PV)h(searc)o(h)g(uses)h(a)d(minimal)d(windo)o(w)k(as)g(its)g
7532 (basis.)25 b(When)16 b(the)h(searc)o(h)g(of)f(a)262 2228 y(subtree)c(fails)d
7533 (high)h(\(score)i Ff(\025)f Fh(\014)r Fp(\),)h(it)e(is)g(re-searc)o(hed)j
7534 (using)d(a)g(suitably)g(adjusted)h(windo)o(w.)262 2278 y(When)16
7535 b(the)h(v)n(alue)f(is)g(not)h(dep)q(enden)o(t)h(on)e(the)h(windo)o(w)f(used,)
7536 h(ev)o(erything)g(w)o(orks)g(\014ne.)262 2328 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)d(if)f(the)
7537 h(v)n(alue)g(is)g(dep)q(enden)o(t,)h(a)f(situation)f(could)h(arise)h(where)g
7538 (a)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(found)262 2377 y(whic)o(h)h(fails)g(high,)g(is)g(re-searc)o
7539 (hed)k(with)c(an)h(enlarged)g(windo)o(w,)e(only)i(to)f(fail)g(lo)o(w.)k(This)
7540 262 2427 y(violates)g(the)h(PVS's)h(abilit)o(y)d(to)i(searc)o(h)h(minim)o(al)
7541 14 b(trees)20 b(for)d(all)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(except)i(those)957
7544 98 99 bop 262 307 a Fp(whic)o(h)12 b(constitute)h(a)f(new)g(principle)g(v)n
7545 (ariation.)k(This)c(can)g(cause)i(serious)f(problems)e(not)262
7546 357 y(only)i(for)g(the)i(e\016ciency)f(of)g(the)g(PVS,)g(but)g(also)f(for)h
7547 (its)g(correctness.)324 442 y(I)19 b(also)f(wish)i(to)f(use)h(the)g(curren)o
7548 (t)g(searc)o(h)h(windo)o(w)d(as)h(part)h(of)e(a)h(decision)g(as)h(to)262
7549 492 y(whether)15 b(to)e(apply)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)f(function)g(at)h(a)f
7550 (giv)o(en)g(no)q(de)h(in)f(the)i(tree.)k(After)14 b(all,)262
7551 542 y(if)j(the)h(de\014cit)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(the)f(required)h(score)g(\()p
7552 Ff(\025)g Fh(\013)p Fp(\))f(necessary)i(to)d(e\013ect)j(the)e(searc)o(h)262
7553 592 y(result)e(and)f(the)h(curren)o(t)g(material)e(v)n(alue)g(is)h(so)h
7554 (large)f(that)g(ev)o(en)h(the)g(maxim)n(um)11 b(p)q(osi-)262
7555 641 y(tional)h(v)n(alue)i(cannot)g(alter)g Fh(\013)p Fp(,)f(then)i(it)e(w)o
7556 (ould)h(constitute)h(w)o(asted)f(e\013ort)h(to)f(apply)f(the)262
7557 691 y(ev)n(aluation)f(function.)18 b(This)c(approac)o(h)f(could)h(also)f(adv)
7558 o(ersely)i(a\013ect)g(the)f(PV)g(searc)o(h.)324 777 y(These)k(problems)e
7559 (lead)g(me)g(to)g(prefer)i(an)f(aspiration)f Fh(\013\014)j
7560 Fp(searc)o(h.)27 b(Although)17 b(this)262 826 y(searc)o(h)e(algorithm)c(ma)o
7561 (y)h(still)i(giv)o(e)f(rise)i(to)f(some)f(of)h(the)g(problems)g(already)f
7562 (explained,)262 876 y(they)i(will)e(b)q(e)j(to)f(a)f(far)h(lesser)h(exten)o
7563 (t.)23 b(The)15 b(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(asp)q(ect)j(ab)q(out)f(this)g(algorithm)
7564 262 926 y(as)g(far)g(as)h(searc)o(h)h(extensions)f(are)g(concerned,)i(is)d
7565 (that)h(the)g Fh(\013\014)i Fp(v)n(alues)d(of)g(the)h(curren)o(t)262
7566 976 y(windo)o(w)10 b(constitute)j(the)f(true)g(b)q(est)h(score)f(attained)g
7567 (b)o(y)f(eac)o(h)h(side.)17 b(The)12 b(only)f(exception)262
7568 1026 y(b)q(eing)18 b(when)h(one)g(\(or)g(b)q(oth\))g(of)f(the)i(initial)c
7569 (aspiration)i Fh(\013\014)j Fp(b)q(ounds)f(are)f(still)f(b)q(eing)262
7570 1075 y(used.)26 b(Ev)o(en)17 b(in)f(this)h(case)g(the)g(initial)e(aspiration)
7571 g(windo)o(w)h(can)g(b)q(e)i(sa)o(v)o(ed)e(and)g(tak)o(en)262
7572 1125 y(in)o(to)d(accoun)o(t)h(b)o(y)g(the)g(searc)o(h)h(extension)g
7573 (heuristics.)324 1210 y(In)j(the)h(past,)g(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(observ)o(ed)h
7574 (man)o(y)e(commercial)e(c)o(hess)20 b(programs)d(whic)o(h)i(un-)262
7575 1260 y(doubtedly)c(use)i(an)f(aspiration)f Fh(\013\014)j Fp(searc)o(h.)25
7576 b(I)16 b(ha)o(v)o(e)f(also)h(noticed)g(in)f(some)g(p)q(ositions,)262
7577 1310 y(a)e(particular)g(searc)o(h)h(to)f(depth)i Fh(n)e Fp(tak)o(es)h
7578 (considerably)f(longer)g(than)h(exp)q(ected.)19 b(This)14 b(is)262
7579 1360 y(b)q(ecause)i(of)f(a)g(problem)f(whic)o(h)h(I)g(b)q(eliev)o(e)h(can)f
7580 (b)q(e)h(solv)o(ed)f(b)o(y)g(an)g(enhancemen)o(t)h(to)f(the)262
7581 1410 y(aspiration)g Fh(\013\014)k Fp(algorithm.)j(The)17 b(problem)e(is)h(as)
7582 g(follo)o(ws:)21 b(A)c(searc)o(h)g(to)f(depth)h Fh(n)11 b Ff(\000)g
7583 Fp(1)262 1460 y(deriv)o(es)18 b(a)f(v)n(alue)g(for)g(the)i(b)q(est)f(mo)o(v)o
7584 (e)e(found.)29 b(This)18 b(v)n(alue)f(then)h(forms)e(the)i(basis)g(b)o(y)262
7585 1509 y(whic)o(h)e(the)h(new)g Fh(\013\014)i Fp(windo)o(w)d(is)h(set)g(for)g
7586 (the)g(next)g(iteration.)26 b(A)17 b(searc)o(h)g(to)g(the)g(next)262
7587 1559 y(iteration)12 b(is)h(then)h(p)q(erformed.)k(If)12 b(this)i(searc)o(h)g
7588 (disco)o(v)o(ers)g(something)e(whic)o(h)h(refutes)i(its)262
7589 1609 y(previous)f(analysis)f(\(b)q(ecause)j(of)d(the)h(horizon)g(e\013ect\),)
7590 h(eac)o(h)g(and)e(ev)o(ery)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d(ma)o(y)g(fail)262
7591 1659 y(lo)o(w)h(in)h(turn.)21 b(This)15 b(will)e(tak)o(e)i(some)f(time)f(to)h
7592 (o)q(ccur)i(at)f(the)g(greater)h(iteration)e(depths.)262 1709
7593 y(After)d(all)f(this)i(rather)g(w)o(asted)g(e\013ort,)g(a)f(re-searc)o(h)i
7594 (is)e(then)h(necessary)h(with)e(an)g(adjusted)262 1758 y Fh(\013\014)16
7595 b Fp(windo)o(w.)324 1844 y(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(found)f(that)g(if)g(the)h
7596 (principle)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(fails)g(lo)o(w)h(when)h(searc)o(hed,)h(then)g(it)e
7597 (is)262 1893 y(b)q(etter)j(to)e(abandon)h(the)g(curren)o(t)h
7598 Fh(\013\014)h Fp(windo)o(w)d(immediately)l(,)f(adjust)h(it)h(and)f(restart)
7599 262 1943 y(the)f(iteration.)25 b(I)17 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)f(this)h(to)f(b)q(e)h
7600 (a)f(b)q(etter)i(approac)o(h)e(b)q(ecause)i(if)e(the)h(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)
7601 262 1993 y(is)d(refuted,)i(it)f(is)f(lik)o(ely)g(that)h(all)f(other)h(mo)o(v)
7602 o(es)f(will)f(b)q(e)j(similarly)11 b(refuted)16 b(when)g(using)262
7603 2043 y(the)f(same)f(searc)o(h)i(windo)o(w.)k(Of)15 b(course)h(this)f(ma)o(y)e
7604 (not)i(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(b)q(e)i(the)f(case,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262
7605 2093 y(I)f(b)q(eliev)o(e)h(the)g(sa)o(vings)g(will)e(clearly)h(out)o(w)o
7606 (eigh)g(an)o(y)h(time)e(lost)h(when)h(a)o(v)o(eraged)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(a)262
7607 2143 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)10 b(of)g(games.)16 b(In)11 b(summary)m(,)d(b)q(oth)j
7608 (fail)e(lo)o(ws)i(and)f(fail)g(highs)g(are)i(treated)g(similarly)262
7609 2192 y(at)h(the)i(\014rst)f(ply)m(.)324 2278 y(T)m(o)c(summarise,)f(m)o(y)g
7610 (c)o(hosen)i(main)e(searc)o(h)j(will)d(consist)i(of)f(an)h(iterativ)o(e,)g
7611 (depth)g(\014rst,)262 2327 y(aspiration)k Fh(\013\014)k Fp(searc)o(h)e(with)f
7612 (the)h(enhancemen)o(ts)g(outlined)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)25 b(The)17
7613 b Fh(\013\014)h Fp(windo)o(w)262 2377 y(will)d(b)q(e)i(based)h(around)f(the)g
7614 (result)h(of)e(the)i(previous)f(iteration)g(at)f(depths)i Ff(\025)f
7615 Fp(2.)27 b(The)262 2427 y(initial)11 b(iteration)j(windo)o(w)f(will)f(b)q(e)j
7616 (based)f(on)g(a)g(preliminary)d(analysis.)957 2574 y(98)p eop
7618 99 100 bop 262 307 a Fr(5.2)69 b(Searc)n(h)23 b(Extensions)262
7619 434 y Fp(The)12 b(basic)g(approac)o(h)g(when)g(using)f(an)o(y)h(of)f(the)h
7620 Fh(\013\014)j Fp(deriv)n(ativ)o(es)c(is)h(to)g(searc)o(h)h(to)e(a)h(depth)262
7621 483 y(n,)17 b(ev)n(aluate)f(the)i(leaf)e(no)q(des)i(and)f(minim)o(ax)d(the)j
7622 (results.)28 b(This)17 b(metho)q(d)f(exempli\014es)262 533
7623 y(the)e(full)f(width)g(approac)o(h.)18 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(it)g(su\013ers)h
7624 (from)d(a)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(w)o(eaknesses:)312 652 y(1.)20
7625 b(The)15 b(searc)o(h)g(is)e(terminated)h(at)g(a)f(\014xed)h(depth,)h
7626 (therefore,)g(the)f(ev)n(aluation)f(func-)365 701 y(tion)h(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)j
7627 (applied)f(to)g(non)g(quiescen)o(t)i(p)q(ositions)e(leading)f(to)h(grossly)h
7628 (inaccu-)365 751 y(rate)g(results.)312 834 y(2.)20 b(This)c(approac)o(h)g
7629 (mak)o(es)e(ine\016cien)o(t)i(use)h(of)e(the)i Fh(\013\014)h
7630 Fp(algorithm)13 b(b)q(ecause)k(its)f(leaf)365 884 y(no)q(des)f(are)f
7631 (inaccurately)g(ev)n(aluated.)312 967 y(3.)20 b(Equal)14 b(e\013ort)g(is)g
7632 (applied)f(throughout)h(the)g(tree)i(with)d(resp)q(ect)j(to)e(depth.)19
7633 b(There-)365 1017 y(fore,)c(stupid)g(unin)o(teresting)g(v)n(ariations)e(are)i
7634 (explored)g(as)g(deeply)g(as)g(in)o(teresting)365 1067 y(or)f(go)q(o)q(d)g(v)
7635 n(ariations.)312 1150 y(4.)20 b(The)15 b(horizon)e(e\013ect)j(is)e(sev)o
7636 (erely)h(exasp)q(erated)g(b)o(y)f(the)g(\014xed)h(depth)f(searc)o(h.)262
7637 1268 y(The)e(\014rst)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(problem)g(areas)h(can)g(b)q(e)g
7638 (signi\014can)o(tly)f(eased)i(b)o(y)e(the)h(use)h(of)e(a)g(quiescence)262
7639 1318 y(searc)o(h)j(at)f(the)h(leaf)f(\(horizon\))h(no)q(des)g(of)f(a)g(main)e
7640 (searc)o(h.)20 b(This)13 b(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)g(will)262
7641 1368 y(b)q(e)i(a)f(form)f(of)h(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h,)g(only)e(exploring)f
7642 (tactical)i(p)q(ossibilities.)25 b(See)18 b(section)262 1418
7643 y(5.4)12 b(for)i(more)f(details.)324 1503 y(It)f(is)g(surprising)g(ho)o(w)f
7644 (man)o(y)f(commercial)f(and)j(tournamen)o(t)f(c)o(hess)j(programs)c(su\013er)
7645 262 1553 y(from)16 b(the)i(third)g(problem)e(area.)30 b(I)18
7646 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(the)g(solution)f(to)h(this)g(problem)e(lies)i(in)f(a)262
7647 1603 y(program's)8 b(abilit)o(y)h(to)h(select)i(and)e(searc)o(h)i(in)o
7648 (teresting)f(or)f(go)q(o)q(d)g(v)n(ariations)g(more)f(deeply)m(.)324
7649 1688 y(Harris)j([26)o(])f(prop)q(osed)i(a)e(similar)e(idea)j(of)f(exploring)g
7650 (in)o(teresting)h(v)n(ariations,)e(except)262 1738 y(he)i(suggested)i(doing)e
7651 (so)g(without)g(the)h Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm.)g(Harris)e(omitted)e(sp)q
7652 (eci\014c)j(details)262 1787 y(of)i(ho)o(w)i(his)f(ideas)h(migh)o(t)d(b)q(e)k
7653 (implem)o(en)o(ted.)27 b(Levy)18 b(et)g(al)f([38)o(])g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(implem)o
7654 (en)o(ted)e(a)262 1837 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(programs)g(using)g(the)i
7655 (idea)e(of)h(in)o(terestingness,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(their)h(approac)o(h)
7656 262 1887 y(to)10 b(classifying)g(in)o(teresting)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e(di\013ers)i
7657 (from)d(the)j(approac)o(h)f(I)g(am)e(taking.)17 b(In)11 b(partic-)262
7658 1937 y(ular,)h(m)o(y)g(use)i(of)f(the)h(aspiration)e Fh(\013\014)k
7659 Fp(searc)o(h)e(and)g(its)f(b)q(ounds)h(in)f(m)o(y)e(searc)o(h)k(extension)262
7660 1987 y(heuristics)g(is)e(no)o(v)o(el.)324 2072 y(I)j(de\014ne)i(an)e(in)o
7661 (teresting)h(v)n(ariation)e(as)i(one)f(whic)o(h)h(con)o(tains)f(tactical)g
7662 (mo)o(v)o(es)g(that)262 2122 y(o\013er)c(some)f(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)g(of)g
7663 (a\013ecting)h(the)h(searc)o(h)g(result,)g(e.g.)k(pro)q(ducing)12
7664 b(a)g(score)h(whic)o(h)262 2172 y(is)h(inside)h(the)h Fh(\013\014)h
7665 Fp(searc)o(h)f(windo)o(w.)k(I)15 b(de\014ne)h(go)q(o)q(d)e(v)n(ariations)g
7666 (as)h(those)h(whic)o(h)e(w)o(ould)262 2221 y(a\013ect)g(the)h(searc)o(h)g
7667 (result)g(if)e(the)h(searc)o(h)h(w)o(ere)g(terminated)e(immediately)l(.)324
7668 2307 y(Applying)j(these)j(de\014nitions)f(to)f(create)i(searc)o(h)g
7669 (extension)f(heuristics,)h(I)f(hop)q(e)g(to)262 2356 y(encourage)f(the)g
7670 (searc)o(h)h(to)e(explore)h(v)n(ariations)f(o\013ering)g(some)g(lik)o(eliho)q
7671 (o)q(d)f(of)h(success,)262 2406 y(and)c(ignore)h(unin)o(teresting)h(v)n
7672 (ariations)d(whic)o(h)i(o\013er)h(little)e(or)h(no)g(lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)e
7673 (of)i(success.)957 2574 y(99)p eop
7675 100 101 bop 262 307 a Fp(This)12 b(approac)o(h)g(sho)o(ws)h(some)f
7676 (similarities)e(to)i(the)h(w)o(a)o(y)f(h)o(umans)f(pla)o(y)h(the)h(game.)j
7677 (Ho)o(w-)262 357 y(ev)o(er,)j(b)q(ecause)h(these)f(heuristics)h(are)e(far)g
7678 (less)g(sophisticated)h(than)f(a)g(strong)g(h)o(uman)262 407
7679 y(c)o(hess)f(pla)o(y)o(ers,)f(the)g(program)f(will)f(attempt)h(to)h(bridge)g
7680 (this)g(gap)g(b)o(y)f(exploring)g(man)o(y)262 457 y(more)c(v)n(ariations)h
7681 (than)h(its)f(h)o(uman)f(coun)o(ter)j(part.)k(These)c(searc)o(h)g(extension)f
7682 (heuristics)262 506 y(m)o(ust)i(therefore)i(b)q(e)g(free)g(enough)f(to)g
7683 (extend)h(man)o(y)d(in)o(teresting)j(v)n(ariations,)e(but)h(also)262
7684 556 y(b)q(e)d(selectiv)o(e)h(enough)e(to)h(a)o(v)o(oid)e(the)i(searc)o(h)h
7685 (blo)o(wing)d(sky)i(high.)k(A)c(searc)o(h)h(whic)o(h)e(is)h(not)262
7686 606 y(depth)i(limited)e(and)i(can)h(explore)f(in)o(teresting)h(v)n(ariations)
7687 e(deeply)m(,)h(is)g(m)o(uc)o(h)f(less)i(lik)o(ely)262 656 y(to)d(su\013er)i
7688 (from)e(the)h(horizon)g(e\013ect)h(\(problem)e(area)h(4\).)324
7689 741 y(In)j(order)h(to)f(determine)g(what)g(is)g(an)g(in)o(teresting)h(or)f
7690 (go)q(o)q(d)f(v)n(ariation,)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(are)262 791 y(classi\014ed)d(and)
7691 f(receiv)o(e)i('p)q(oin)o(ts')d(dep)q(ending)i(on)g(ho)o(w)f(dynamic)f(eac)o
7692 (h)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is.)17 b(In)o(terest)262 841 y(p)q(oin)o(ts)d(are)i(passed)
7693 g(do)o(wn)e(the)i(searc)o(h)g(tree)g(from)d(no)q(de)j(to)f(no)q(de.)21
7694 b(Eac)o(h)16 b(ply)e(of)g(searc)o(h)262 891 y(deducts)i(16)e(p)q(oin)o(ts)g
7695 (w)o(orth)h(of)f(in)o(terest)i(from)c(the)k(v)n(ariation.)i(When)d(the)g(in)o
7696 (terest)h(falls)262 940 y(b)q(elo)o(w)f(zero,)j(the)e(no)q(de)h(will)e(b)q(e)
7697 h(considered)i(as)e(a)g(leaf)g(or)g(horizon)g(no)q(de)g(of)g(the)h(main)262
7698 990 y(searc)o(h.)33 b(A)o(t)18 b(this)h(p)q(oin)o(t)f(a)g(quiescence)j
7699 (decision)e(is)f(made,)g(leading)g(to)g(a)g(quiescence)262
7700 1040 y(searc)o(h)d(or)e(con)o(tin)o(uation)g(of)h(the)g(main)e(searc)o(h.)324
7701 1125 y(All)e(in)o(teresting)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)h(classi\014ed)h(under)g(t)o
7702 (w)o(o)e(categories,)i(Threats)g(and)f(Threat)262 1175 y(Execution.)262
7703 1326 y Fu(5.2.1)55 b(Threats)262 1438 y Fp(F)m(or)18 b(threatening)i(mo)o(v)o
7704 (es)e(to)i(b)q(e)g(considered)g(in)o(teresting)g(they)g(m)o(ust)e(indicate)h
7705 (some)262 1488 y(lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)14 b(of)h(a\013ecting)h(the)h(searc)o(h)
7706 g(result)g(and)f(therefore)h(b)q(ecoming)e(the)i(main)d(line.)262
7707 1538 y(Assuming)j(a)i(negamax)e(approac)o(h,)j(the)f(no)q(de)h(resulting)f
7708 (from)e(a)i(threatening)g(mo)o(v)o(e)262 1588 y(m)o(ust)12
7709 b(meet)i(the)g(follo)o(wing)e(criteria:)344 1683 y(Est)j(+)f(Thres)h
7710 Fh(>)d(\013)h Fl(or)h Fh(\013)f Fp(=)h(Aspir)p Fh(\013)262
7711 1783 y Fl(where)312 1904 y Fp(1.)20 b Fl(Est)p Fp(:)j(This)17
7712 b(is)f(an)g(estimate)g(of)g(the)h(curren)o(t)h(no)q(de's)f(v)n(alue,)f
7713 (mostly)f(dominated)365 1954 y(b)o(y)f(material.)312 2036 y(2.)20
7714 b Fl(Thres)p Fp(:)c(Represen)o(ts)e(the)e(v)n(alue)f(of)g(ha)o(ving)g(the)h
7715 (mo)o(v)o(e)e(\(a)i(temp)q(o\))e(and)i(what)g(that)365 2086
7716 y(mo)o(v)o(e)h(migh)o(t)e(ac)o(hiev)o(e.)312 2168 y(3.)20 b
7717 Fh(\013)p Fp(:)f(This)c(is)f(the)h(curren)o(t)h(v)n(alue)e(of)g(alpha)f(at)i
7718 (this)f(no)q(de,)h(whic)o(h)f(therefore)i(repre-)365 2218 y(sen)o(ts)e
7719 (either)g(the)f(v)n(alue)f(of)g(the)h(b)q(est)h(v)n(ariation)c(found)j(for)f
7720 (this)h(side)g(elsewhere)h(in)365 2267 y(the)h(searc)o(h)g(tree)g(or)f(an)f
7721 (initial)f(aspiration)h(v)n(alue.)312 2350 y(4.)20 b Fl(Aspir)p
7722 Fh(\013)p Fp(:)15 b(This)d(is)f(the)i(initial)d(aspiration)g(v)n(alue)i(used)
7723 g(for)g(the)g(b)q(est)h(v)n(alue)e(ac)o(hiev-)365 2399 y(able)k(b)o(y)g(the)h
7724 (curren)o(t)h(side)f(to)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)21 b(A)o(t)15 b(ev)o(en)h(depths)g(b)q
7725 (elo)o(w)f(the)h(ro)q(ot,)f(this)h(is)365 2449 y(the)f(initial)d
7726 Fh(\013)h Fp(v)n(alue;)g(at)h(o)q(dd)g(depths,)g(it)g(is)f(the)i(initial)d
7727 Fh(\014)k Fp(v)n(alue.)946 2574 y(100)p eop
7729 101 102 bop 262 307 a Fp(The)11 b(idea)f(of)g(this)g(heuristic)i(is)e(to)h
7730 (exclude)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(whic)o(h)i(ma)o(y)d(otherwise)k(b)q(e)f(in)o
7731 (teresting)262 357 y(if)e(they)i(are)g(unlik)o(ely)f(to)g(c)o(hange)h(the)g
7732 (curren)o(t)i Fh(\013)d Fp(v)n(alue.)16 b(This)11 b(v)n(alue)f(after)g(all,)g
7733 (represen)o(ts)262 407 y(the)g(score)i(of)e(the)g(b)q(est)i(v)n(ariation)c
7734 (that)j(the)g(side)f(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(can)h(ac)o(hiev)o(e.)17
7735 b(Of)11 b(course)g(if)f(this)262 457 y(score)15 b(happ)q(ens)g(to)g(b)q(e)g
7736 (an)f(aspiration)g(v)n(alue,)f(then)i(the)g(score)h(of)d(the)i(b)q(est)h(v)n
7737 (ariation)d(is)262 506 y(not)d(y)o(et)h(kno)o(wn,)f(it)g(w)o(ould)g
7738 (therefore)i(b)q(e)f(un)o(wise)g(to)f(assume)g(that)h(the)g(curren)o(t)h(v)n
7739 (ariation)262 556 y(cannot)i(a\013ect)g(the)h(searc)o(h)g(result.)324
7740 641 y(The)e(e\013ect)h(of)d(this)i(heuristic)g(is)f(to)g(a)o(v)o(oid)f
7741 (extending)i(when)g(the)g(line)f(app)q(ears)h(fruit-)262 691
7742 y(less)j(relativ)o(e)g(to)f(what)h(can)g(b)q(e)h(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)f(elsewhere)h
7743 (in)f(the)g(tree.)25 b(F)m(or)16 b(example,)e(it)i(is)262 741
7744 y(lik)o(ely)e(to)i(b)q(e)h(w)o(orthless)g(exploring)f(a)f(v)n(ariation)g
7745 (whic)o(h)h(wins)g(a)g(pa)o(wn)g(after)g(thro)o(wing)262 791
7746 y(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)10 b(a)h(queen,)h(when)g(another,)g(b)q(etter)h(v)n(ariation)
7747 c(is)j(already)f(kno)o(wn)f(to)i(b)q(e)g(ac)o(hiev)n(able.)324
7748 876 y(Giv)o(en)i(that)i(the)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f(criteria)g(are)h(met,)f(the)g
7749 (follo)o(wing)e(threatening)j(mo)o(v)o(es)e(are)262 926 y(classi\014ed)e(and)
7750 g(the)g(appropriate)g(in)o(terest)h(p)q(oin)o(ts)f(added)g(to)f(the)i(curren)
7751 o(t)g(in)o(terest)g(v)n(alue)262 976 y(at)g(this)h(no)q(de.)312
7752 1093 y(1.)20 b Fl(In-c)o(hec)o(k)15 b(with)g(one)g(legal)f(reply)365
7753 1159 y Fp(This)c(heuristic)g(pro)o(vides)f(a)h(searc)o(h)g(extension)g(along)
7754 f(v)n(ariations)f(whic)o(h)h(are)h(highly)365 1209 y(forced.)21
7755 b(Often)15 b(mating)d(sequences)17 b(in)o(v)o(olv)o(e)c(forced)i(c)o(hec)o
7756 (ks)h(where)f(there)h(is)e(only)365 1258 y(one)g(legal)f(resp)q(onse.)20
7757 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)15 b(24)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est)p
7758 Fp(.)312 1341 y(2.)20 b Fl(Double)14 b(Chec)o(k)365 1407 y
7759 Fp(This)k(heuristic)h(pro)o(vides)f(a)f(searc)o(h)j(extension)e(when)g(a)g
7760 (side)g(is)g(in-c)o(hec)o(k)g(from)365 1456 y(more)12 b(than)h(one)h(piece.)k
7761 (By)c(de\014nition)e(this)i(m)o(ust)e(additionally)e(b)q(e)k(a)f(disco)o(v)o
7762 (ered)365 1506 y(c)o(hec)o(k.)24 b(Extensions)16 b(along)e(v)n(ariations)g
7763 (in)o(v)o(olving)f(double)i(c)o(hec)o(k)i(are)e(imp)q(ortan)o(t)365
7764 1556 y(as)f(it)g(is)g(implicit)d(that)j(at)f(least)h(t)o(w)o(o)g(pieces)h
7765 (are)f(co{op)q(erating)g(in)g(the)g(attac)o(k)g(on)365 1606
7766 y(the)h(king.)i Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)e(24)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est.)312
7767 1688 y Fp(3.)20 b Fl(Disco)o(v)o(ered)13 b(Single)h(Chec)o(k)365
7768 1754 y Fp(This)k(heuristic)h(pro)o(vides)f(a)f(searc)o(h)j(extension)e(when)g
7769 (a)g(side)g(is)g(in-c)o(hec)o(k)g(from)365 1804 y(a)f(disco)o(v)o(ered)g
7770 (attac)o(k.)26 b(It)16 b(is)h(implicit)d(that)i(the)h(piece)h(mo)o(v)o(ed)d
7771 (is)h(not)h(the)g(piece)365 1854 y(giving)g(c)o(hec)o(k.)31
7772 b(As)18 b(this)g(e\013ectiv)o(ely)h(giv)o(es)f(the)h(mo)o(ving)c(piece)k(a)e
7773 (free)i(mo)o(v)o(e,)e(it)365 1904 y(is)e(v)o(ery)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(to)h
7774 (explore)h(suc)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(throughly)m(.)19 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)c
7775 (20)h(p)n(oints)g(of)365 1953 y(inter)n(est.)312 2036 y Fp(4.)k
7776 Fl(In-c)o(hec)o(k)15 b(with)g(no)g(legal)g(king)f(reply)365
7777 2102 y Fp(This)f(heuristic)h(pro)o(vides)f(a)g(searc)o(h)h(extension)g(when)g
7778 (a)e(side)i(is)f(in-c)o(hec)o(k)g(and)g(the)365 2151 y(king)e(has)g(no)g
7779 (legal)f(escap)q(e)j(mo)o(v)o(es.)j(The)11 b(idea)g(b)q(eing)g(to)g(iden)o
7780 (tify)f(p)q(ossible)i(mating)365 2201 y(nets.)19 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)c(20)
7781 h(p)n(oints)f(of)f(inter)n(est.)312 2283 y Fp(5.)20 b Fl(In-c)o(hec)o(k)15
7782 b(with)g(more)g(than)g(one)g(legal)f(reply)365 2350 y Fp(This)i(heuristic)h
7783 (is)e(common)e(to)j(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(top)g(programs,)g(Hitec)o(h)h
7784 (included)365 2399 y([7].)j(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(m)o(y)d(program)h(is)i(more)e
7785 (selectiv)o(e)j(b)q(ecause)g(this)f(heuristic)g(is)f(only)365
7786 2449 y(applied)k(where)i(the)f(searc)o(h)h(result)f(is)g(lik)o(ely)e(to)h(b)q
7787 (e)h(a\013ected.)34 b(I)18 b(feel)h(this)f(is)h(a)946 2574
7790 102 103 bop 365 307 a Fp(signi\014can)o(t)21 b(adv)n(an)o(tage)e(o)o(v)o(er)i
7791 (its)g(otherwise)h(unrestricted)h(application.)37 b(It)21 b(is)365
7792 357 y(imp)q(ortan)o(t)14 b(to)i(explore)g(in)f(c)o(hec)o(k)i(v)n(ariations)d
7793 (throughly)h(b)q(ecause)j(other)e(tactics)365 407 y(ma)o(y)c(\015o)o(w)i
7794 (from)e(a)h(c)o(hec)o(k.)19 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)c(16)h(p)n(oints)f(of)f
7795 (inter)n(est.)312 488 y Fp(6.)20 b Fl(P)o(a)o(wn)15 b(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)h(the)
7796 e(7th)h(Rank)365 553 y Fp(This)22 b(heuristic)g(encourages)h(exploration)e
7797 (of)g(v)n(ariations)f(where)j(the)f(pa)o(wn)g(is)365 603 y(pushed)15
7798 b(near)g(to)e(promotion.)j Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)f(16)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g
7799 (inter)n(est.)312 684 y Fp(7.)20 b Fl(P)o(a)o(wn)15 b(mo)o(v)o(es)g(to)h(the)
7800 e(6th)h(Rank)365 749 y Fp(This)g(is)g(a)f(subset)j(of)d(the)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)
7801 g(heuristic)g(and)g(serv)o(es)i(to)d(increase)i(exploration)365
7802 799 y(of)e(p)q(ositions)g(where)i(passed)f(pa)o(wns)g(can)g(b)q(e)g(pushed,)g
7803 (esp)q(ecially)g(in)f(or)g(near)h(the)365 849 y(endgame.)i
7804 Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)e(r)n(evPhase)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est.)312
7805 929 y Fp(8.)20 b Fl(Piece)15 b(Threats)365 995 y Fp(The)d(follo)o(wing)d
7806 (searc)o(h)k(heuristics)g(are)f(concerned)i(with)d(threats)i(on)e(pieces)i
7807 (of)e(the)365 1045 y(side)k(curren)o(tly)f(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e:)383
7808 1125 y(\(a\))21 b Fl(More)15 b(than)g(one)g(piece)g(is)g(en-prise)457
7809 1182 y Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)g(16)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est.)381
7810 1247 y Fp(\(b\))21 b Fl(A)16 b(pinned)d(piece)h(whic)o(h)h(is)g(en-prise)457
7811 1304 y Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)g(16)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est.)385
7812 1368 y Fp(\(c\))22 b Fl(A)16 b(trapp)q(ed)e(piece)g(whic)o(h)h(is)g(en-prise)
7813 457 1425 y Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)g(16)g(p)n(oints)g(of)g(inter)n(est.)365
7814 1506 y Fp(These)22 b(heuristics)g(pro)o(vide)e(searc)o(h)h(extensions)h
7815 (along)d(v)n(ariations)g(of)h(complex)365 1556 y(dynamic)c(p)q(ossibilities.)
7816 30 b(The)18 b(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(will)d(resolv)o(e)i(suc)o(h)h(p)q
7817 (ositions)365 1605 y(when)f(the)h(threatened)g(pla)o(y)o(er)e(is)h
7818 Fl(not)e Fp(to)i(mo)o(v)o(e.)27 b(Hence)19 b(these)g(heuristics)g(are)365
7819 1655 y(only)d(applied)h(in)f(p)q(ositions)h(where)h(the)f(threatened)i(pla)o
7820 (y)o(er)e(has)g(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)26 b(In)365 1705 y(this)11
7821 b(w)o(a)o(y)f(the)i(pla)o(y)o(er)e(m)o(ust)g(sho)o(w)h(the)g(existence)i(of)d
7822 (an)g(adequate)i(defensiv)o(e)f(mo)o(v)o(e)365 1755 y(or)j(the)h(ensuing)f
7823 (quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(will)d(refute)j(the)g(v)n(ariation.)312
7824 1836 y(9.)20 b Fl(Mate)c(threat)e(against)h(the)g(side)f(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)365
7825 1901 y Fp(This)10 b(heuristic)g(pro)o(vides)g(a)g(searc)o(h)g(extension)h
7826 (when)f(mate)e(is)i(directly)g(threatened)365 1951 y(against)i(the)i(side)f
7827 (to)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)k(This)d(will)e(force)j(exploration)d(of)i(v)n(ariations)e
7828 (to)i(sho)o(w)365 2001 y(whether)18 b(the)e(mate)f(threat)i(can)f(b)q(e)g
7829 (defended)h(against.)24 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)17 b(24)g(p)n(oints)g(of)365
7830 2051 y(inter)n(est.)262 2165 y Fp(Searc)o(h)c(heuristics)h(8a,)e(8b,)h(8c)g
7831 (and)f(9)h(are)g(only)f(applied)g(during)h(the)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)262
7832 2214 y(after)k(a)g(full)g(p)q(ositional)f(ev)n(aluation.)33
7833 b(An)o(y)19 b(of)g(the)h(heuristics)h(1)e(through)g(6)g(can)h(b)q(e)262
7834 2264 y(applied)14 b(in)g(either)i(the)g(main)c(or)j(quiescence)i(searc)o
7835 (hes.)23 b(More)16 b(details)f(ab)q(out)f(this)h(can)262 2314
7836 y(b)q(e)f(found)f(in)h(sections)h(5.3)e(and)g(5.4.)18 b(Heuristics)d(1)e(to)h
7837 (5)g(are)g(m)o(utually)d(exclusiv)o(e.)324 2399 y(Eac)o(h)h(ply)f(of)g(searc)
7838 o(h)i(consumes)f(16)g(in)o(terest)h(p)q(oin)o(ts.)k(It)12 b(can)g(therefore)h
7839 (b)q(e)f(seen)i(that)262 2449 y(some)j(heuristics)j(whic)o(h)e(equal)g(or)h
7840 (exceed)h(an)e(in)o(terest)i(v)n(alue)e(of)g(16)g(ma)o(y)e(in)i(theory)946
7843 103 104 bop 262 307 a Fp(cause)15 b(the)f(searc)o(h)h(to)f(b)q(e)h(un)o(b)q
7844 (ounded.)j(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(in)g(practice)h(this)f(should)g(not)f(b)q(e)i
7845 (the)262 357 y(case)f(as:)324 464 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(It)14 b(is)g(rare)h(to)e
7846 (get)h(out)g(of)g(c)o(hec)o(k)g(with)g(a)g(c)o(hec)o(k)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f
7847 (itself.)324 541 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Heuristics)15 b(8a,)d(8b,)h(8c)g(and)g(9)g
7848 (are)g(only)g(applied)f(once)i(or)f(t)o(wice)h(do)o(wn)e(an)o(y)h(giv)o(en)
7849 365 591 y(v)n(ariation.)324 669 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Heuristics)15
7850 b(6)f(and)g(7)f(are)i(self)f(limiti)o(ng)d(as)j(a)g(pa)o(wn)f(can)h(only)f
7851 (mo)o(v)o(e)g(forw)o(ard.)262 776 y(F)m(or)19 b(added)i(protection)g(against)
7852 e(an)h(un)o(b)q(ounded)h(searc)o(h,)h(all)d(no)q(des)i(visited)f(in)g(the)262
7853 826 y(main)9 b(searc)o(h)14 b(whic)o(h)e(are)g(deep)q(er)i(than)e(t)o(wice)g
7854 (the)h(iteration)e(depth,)i(ha)o(v)o(e)f(their)g(in)o(terest)262
7855 875 y(v)n(alue)e(decreased)k(b)o(y)d(the)h(amoun)o(t)e(whic)o(h)h(the)h
7856 (curren)o(t)h(ply)e(exceeds)i(t)o(wice)f(the)g(iteration)262
7857 925 y(depth.)262 1074 y Fu(5.2.2)55 b(Threat)18 b(Execution)262
7858 1186 y Fp(The)d(execution)h(of)f(a)g(previous)h(threat)g(is)f(only)f(in)o
7859 (teresting)i(if)e(at)i(the)g(curren)o(t)g(no)q(de)g(it)262
7860 1236 y(lo)q(oks)d(lik)o(ely)f(to)i(a\013ect)h(the)f(searc)o(h)h(result.)324
7861 1322 y(F)m(or)20 b(an)o(y)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(whic)o(h)i(constitutes)i(the)f
7862 (execution)g(of)f(a)g(threat,)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)262 1371
7863 y(criteria)14 b(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(meet)g(for)f(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d(to)i(b)q(e)
7864 g(further)h(considered)g(as)f(in)o(teresting:)344 1457 y(Est)h
7865 Ff(\000)f Fp(Thres)h Fh(<)d(\014)k Fl(or)e Fh(\014)i Fp(=)e(Aspir)p
7866 Fh(\014)262 1557 y Fl(where)312 1656 y Fp(1.)20 b Fl(Est)p
7867 Fp(:)j(This)17 b(is)f(an)g(estimate)g(of)g(the)h(curren)o(t)h(no)q(de's)f(v)n
7868 (alue,)f(mostly)f(dominated)365 1706 y(b)o(y)f(material)e(v)n(alues.)312
7869 1783 y(2.)20 b Fl(Thres)p Fp(:)c(Represen)o(ts)e(the)e(v)n(alue)f(of)g(ha)o
7870 (ving)g(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(\(a)i(temp)q(o\))e(and)i(what)g(that)365
7871 1833 y(mo)o(v)o(e)h(migh)o(t)e(ac)o(hiev)o(e.)312 1910 y(3.)20
7872 b Fh(\014)r Fp(:)d(This)10 b(is)g(the)h(curren)o(t)h(v)n(alue)d(of)h(b)q(eta)
7873 g(at)g(this)g(no)q(de,)h(whic)o(h)f(therefore)i(represen)o(ts)365
7874 1960 y(either)k(the)g(v)n(alue)e(of)h(the)g(b)q(est)h(v)n(ariation)e(found)g
7875 (for)h(this)g(side)g(elsewhere)i(in)e(the)365 2010 y(searc)o(h)g(tree)g(or)f
7876 (an)g(initial)e(aspiration)h(v)n(alue.)312 2087 y(4.)20 b Fl(Aspir)p
7877 Fh(\014)r Fp(:)c(This)c(is)g(the)g(initial)e(aspiration)h(v)n(alue)g(used)i
7878 (for)e(the)i(b)q(est)g(v)n(alue)e(ac)o(hiev-)365 2137 y(able)k(b)o(y)f(the)h
7879 (side)g Fl(not)f Fp(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)19 b(A)o(t)c(ev)o(en)g(depths)h(b)q(elo)
7880 o(w)e(the)h(ro)q(ot,)g(this)f(is)h(the)365 2187 y(initial)d
7881 Fh(\014)17 b Fp(v)n(alue;)12 b(at)i(o)q(dd)g(depths,)h(it)e(is)h(the)g
7882 (initial)e Fh(\013)i Fp(v)n(alue.)262 2300 y(This)20 b(heuristic)h(is)f
7883 (almost)f(an)h(exact)h(mirror)e(image)f(of)i(the)h(one)g(used)g(for)f
7884 (threats.)262 2350 y(Giv)o(en)e(that)h(the)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f(criteria)g(are)
7885 h(met,)f(the)h(follo)o(wing)c(threat)k(execution)g(mo)o(v)o(es)262
7886 2399 y(are)13 b(classi\014ed)g(and)g(their)g(appropriate)g(in)o(terest)g(p)q
7887 (oin)o(ts)g(added)g(to)g(the)g(curren)o(t)h(in)o(terest)262
7888 2449 y(v)n(alue)f(at)g(this)h(no)q(de.)946 2574 y(103)p eop
7890 104 105 bop 312 307 a Fp(1.)20 b Fl(Capture)365 374 y Fp(This)h(heuristic)h
7891 (encourages)g(exploration)e(of)g(in)o(teresting)i(capture)g(sequences.)365
7892 423 y(P)o(articularly)c(where)h(greater)g(v)n(alued)e(pieces)j(are)e(in)o(v)o
7893 (olv)o(ed.)30 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)18 b(inter)n(est)365 473
7894 y(p)n(oints)d(dep)n(ending)h(on)f(the)f(typ)n(e)h(of)g(pie)n(c)n(e)f(c)n
7895 (aptur)n(e)n(d,)g(wher)n(e)g(p)n(awn)h(=)f(1;)h(knight)g(=)365
7896 523 y(2;)g(bishop)g(=)g(3;)g(r)n(o)n(ok)g(=)f(4)h(and)h(que)n(en)g(=)e(5.)312
7897 606 y Fp(2.)20 b Fl(P)o(a)o(wn)15 b(Promotion)365 672 y Fp(This)d(heuristic)g
7898 (also)f(encourages)i(exploration)d(of)h(v)n(ariations)f(whic)o(h)i(are)g(in)o
7899 (terest-)365 722 y(ing.)20 b(Assuming)13 b(the)i(promoted)f(pa)o(wn)g(cannot)
7900 h(b)q(e)g(captured,)h(the)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)h(v)o(ery)365 772
7901 y(lik)o(ely)k(to)h(b)q(e)h(go)q(o)q(d)f(and)g(therefore)h(in)o(teresting.)35
7902 b(If,)19 b(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(the)f(promoted)365 822 y(pa)o(wn)13
7903 b(can)h(b)q(e)g(captured,)g(the)g(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(options)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)
7904 g(degree)i(of)e(forcedness)365 872 y(ab)q(out)k(them)f(whic)o(h)h(therefore,)
7905 h(also)e(mak)o(es)g(this)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(in)o(teresting.)28
7906 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)365 922 y(inter)n(est)13 b(p)n(oints)g(dep)n(ending)i
7907 (on)f(the)f(typ)n(e)h(of)f(pie)n(c)n(e)h(pr)n(omote)n(d)f(to,)g(wher)n(e)g
7908 (knight)h(=)365 971 y(1;)h(bishop)g(=)g(2;)g(r)n(o)n(ok)g(=)f(3)h(and)h(que)n
7909 (en)g(=)e(4.)312 1054 y Fp(3.)20 b Fl(Recapture)365 1121 y
7910 Fp(This)12 b(heuristic)g(is)f(used)i(in)e(Hitec)o(h)h([7)o(].)17
7911 b(I)12 b(feel)f(it)g(is)h(of)f(great)h(b)q(ene\014t)g(in)g(that)f(it)g(en-)
7912 365 1171 y(courages)j(not)e(only)g(exploration)g(of)g(simple)f(exc)o(hanges,)
7913 j(but)f(also)f(captures)i(with)365 1220 y(p)q(ositional)h(con)o(ten)o(t)i
7914 (e.g.)25 b(a)16 b(ro)q(ok)g(exc)o(hanged)h(for)f(knigh)o(t)f(and)h(p)q
7915 (ositional)f(com-)365 1270 y(p)q(ensation.)k(This)14 b(heuristic)h(is)f(only)
7916 f(applied)28 b(if:)17 b Ff(j)p Fh(LastS)r(ear)q(chV)11 b(al)q(ue)e
7917 Ff(\000)h Fh(E)r(st)p Ff(j)h(\024)365 1320 y Fp(25)18 b(and)h(the)g(last)g(2)
7918 f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(pla)o(y)o(ed)h(w)o(ere)i(captures.)66 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)
7919 20 b(16)f(p)n(oints)h(of)365 1370 y(inter)n(est.)312 1453 y
7920 Fp(4.)g Fl(Mate)c(Threat)f(against)f(the)h(side)g(not)g(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e)365
7921 1519 y Fp(This)20 b(heuristic)g(is)g(only)f(applied)g(during)g(the)i
7922 (quiescence)h(searc)o(h)e(after)g(a)g(full)365 1569 y(p)q(osition)15
7923 b(ev)n(aluation.)20 b(It)15 b(is)g(extremely)g(useful)g(for)g(a)o(v)o(oiding)
7924 e(early)i(termination)365 1619 y(of)e(the)h(searc)o(h)h(in)d(p)q(ossible)i
7925 (mating)d(sequences.)21 b Fm(R)n(e)n(c)n(eives)14 b(16)h(p)n(oints)f(of)h
7926 (inter)n(est.)262 1737 y Fp(It)g(should)h(b)q(e)g(noticed)g(that)f(some)g(of)
7927 g(m)o(y)f(de\014nitions)i(of)f(in)o(terestingness)i(attempt)e(to)262
7928 1787 y(measure)c(the)i(forcedness)g(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es)e(and)i(replies.)18
7929 b(In)12 b(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(I)g(hop)q(e)i(to)e(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(some)262
7930 1837 y(of)k(the)i(b)q(ene\014ts)i(found)d(b)o(y)g(F)m(eng-hsiung)g(Hsu)h(and)
7931 f(his)h(team)e(in)h(their)h(recen)o(t)h(pap)q(er)262 1887 y("Singular)12
7932 b(Extensions:)19 b(Adding)13 b(Selectivit)o(y)h(to)g(Brute-F)m(orce)i(Searc)o
7933 (hing")d([3].)324 1972 y(Unlik)o(e)g(singular)g(extensions)i(m)o(y)d(approac)
7934 o(h)h(attempts)g(to)h(classify)f(forcedness)j(in)d(a)262 2022
7935 y(more)e(static)i(w)o(a)o(y)f(in)g(order)h(to)f(a)o(v)o(oid)f(exp)q(ensiv)o
7936 (e)j(test)f(depth)g(searc)o(hes.)20 b(Therefore,)14 b(this)262
7937 2072 y(approac)o(h)j(do)q(es)i(su\013er)g(the)f(dra)o(wbac)o(k)g(that)g
7938 (dynamic)e(non)h(static)h(forced)h(v)n(ariations)262 2122 y(are)c(not)g
7939 (extended.)22 b(This)15 b(is)g(essen)o(tially)g(the)g(trade)h(o\013)f(b)q(et)
7940 o(w)o(een)h(static)g(and)e(dynamic)262 2171 y(searc)o(h)20
7941 b(extensions.)35 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(I)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(managed)f(to)h
7942 (incorp)q(orate)h(dynamic)d(searc)o(h)262 2221 y(information)7
7943 b(in)o(to)i(the)i(searc)o(h)g(heuristics)g(without)e(added)i(cost.)17
7944 b(This)10 b(allo)o(ws)f(the)h(searc)o(h)262 2271 y(heuristics)21
7945 b(to)g(b)q(e)g(quite)f(selectiv)o(e)i(ab)q(out)e(whic)o(h)h(v)n(ariations)e
7946 (are)i(w)o(orth)g(extending.)262 2321 y(Additionally)m(,)9
7947 b(some)j(of)f(m)o(y)g(searc)o(h)i(extension)g(heuristics)h(can)e(extend)i
7948 (non{forced)e(but)262 2371 y(still)g(in)o(teresting)j(v)n(ariations.)i(I)c
7949 (see)j(this)e(as)g(an)f(adv)n(an)o(tage)g(o)o(v)o(er)h(singular)f
7950 (extensions.)946 2574 y(104)p eop
7952 105 106 bop 324 307 a Fp(T)m(o)12 b(illustrate)i(ho)o(w)f(these)i(extension)f
7953 (heuristics)g(are)g(able)f(to)h(iden)o(tify)e(deep)j(com)o(bi-)262
7954 357 y(nations,)e(I)g(will)g(apply)g(them)g(to)h(the)g(p)q(osition)f(sho)o(wn)
7955 h(in)g(\014gure)g(5.1.)p 641 451 673 5 v 641 1115 5 665 v 646
7956 534 a Fg(0ZqsrZnZ)646 617 y(Z0ZbZko0)646 700 y(0ZpApm0o)646
7957 783 y(ZpZ0OPZ0)646 866 y(pZ0O0Z0Z)646 949 y(ZBO0Z0Z0)646 1032
7958 y(PZ0ZQZPO)646 1115 y(Z0Z0SRJ0)p 1310 1115 V 641 1119 673 5
7959 v 594 1253 a Fp(Figure)g(5.1:)j(White)d(to)g(pla)o(y)f(and)h(mate)e(in)i(10.)
7960 p 295 1327 1365 2 v 294 1377 2 50 v 320 1362 a Fm(Ply)p 403
7961 1377 V 50 w(Inter)n(est)p 590 1377 V 49 w(Move)p 790 1377 V
7962 104 w(A)n(djust)g(Ply)p 1029 1377 V 50 w(Extension)i(typ)n(e)p
7963 1344 1377 V 50 w(Inter)n(est)e(Bonus)p 1659 1377 V 295 1378
7964 1365 2 v 294 1428 2 50 v 339 1413 a Fp(1)p 403 1428 V 117 w(96)p
7965 590 1428 V 97 w(Qh5+)p 790 1428 V 150 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029
7966 1428 V 214 w(T4)p 1344 1428 V 253 w(+20)p 1659 1428 V 295 1430
7967 1365 2 v 294 1479 2 50 v 339 1465 a(2)p 403 1479 V 106 w(100)p
7968 590 1479 V 87 w(...)j(Nxh5)p 790 1479 V 108 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p
7969 1029 1479 V 200 w(TE1)p 1344 1479 V 249 w(+5)p 1659 1479 V
7970 295 1481 1365 2 v 294 1531 2 50 v 339 1516 a(3)p 403 1531 V
7971 117 w(89)p 590 1531 V 97 w(fxe6+)p 790 1531 V 152 w Ff(\000)p
7972 Fp(16)p 1029 1531 V 159 w(T2+TE1)p 1344 1531 V 170 w(+24+1)p
7973 1659 1531 V 295 1533 1365 2 v 294 1582 2 50 v 339 1567 a(4)p
7974 403 1582 V 117 w(98)p 590 1582 V 97 w(...)g(Kg6)p 790 1582
7975 V 131 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1582 V 233 w(-)p 1344 1582 V
7976 297 w(0)p 1659 1582 V 295 1584 1365 2 v 294 1634 2 50 v 339
7977 1619 a(5)p 403 1634 V 117 w(82)p 590 1634 V 97 w(Bc2+)p 790
7978 1634 V 158 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1634 V 214 w(T1)p 1344
7979 1634 V 253 w(+24)p 1659 1634 V 295 1636 1365 2 v 294 1685 2
7980 50 v 339 1670 a(6)p 403 1685 V 117 w(90)p 590 1685 V 97 w(...)g(Kg5)p
7981 790 1685 V 131 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1685 V 233 w(-)p 1344
7982 1685 V 297 w(0)p 1659 1685 V 295 1687 1365 2 v 294 1737 2 50
7983 v 339 1722 a(7)p 403 1737 V 117 w(74)p 590 1737 V 97 w(Rf5+)p
7984 790 1737 V 161 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1737 V 214 w(T5)p 1344
7985 1737 V 253 w(+16)p 1659 1737 V 295 1739 1365 2 v 294 1788 2
7986 50 v 339 1773 a(8)p 403 1788 V 117 w(74)p 590 1788 V 97 w(...)g(Kg6)p
7987 790 1788 V 131 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1788 V 233 w(-)p 1344
7988 1788 V 297 w(0)p 1659 1788 V 295 1790 1365 2 v 294 1840 2 50
7989 v 339 1825 a(9)p 403 1840 V 117 w(58)p 590 1840 V 97 w(Rf6+)p
7990 790 1840 V 161 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1840 V 214 w(T2)p 1344
7991 1840 V 253 w(+24)p 1659 1840 V 295 1841 1365 2 v 294 1891 2
7992 50 v 329 1876 a(10)p 403 1891 V 106 w(66)p 590 1891 V 97 w(...)g(Kg5)p
7993 790 1891 V 131 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1891 V 233 w(-)p 1344
7994 1891 V 297 w(0)p 1659 1891 V 295 1893 1365 2 v 294 1943 2 50
7995 v 329 1928 a(11)p 403 1943 V 106 w(50)p 590 1943 V 97 w(Rg6+)p
7996 790 1943 V 153 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1943 V 214 w(T5)p 1344
7997 1943 V 253 w(+16)p 1659 1943 V 295 1944 1365 2 v 294 1994 2
7998 50 v 329 1979 a(12)p 403 1994 V 106 w(50)p 590 1994 V 97 w(...)g(Kh4)p
7999 790 1994 V 129 w Ff(\000)p Fp(16)p 1029 1994 V 233 w(-)p 1344
8000 1994 V 297 w(0)p 1659 1994 V 295 1996 1365 2 v 294 2046 2 50
8001 v 329 2031 a(13)p 403 2046 V 106 w(34)p 590 2046 V 97 w(Re4+)p
8002 790 2046 V 156 w Ff(\000)p Fp(17)p 1029 2046 V 214 w(T1)p 1344
8003 2046 V 253 w(+24)p 1659 2046 V 295 2047 1365 2 v 294 2097 2
8004 50 v 329 2082 a(14)p 403 2097 V 106 w(41)p 590 2097 V 97 w(...)g(Nf4)p
8005 790 2097 V 140 w Ff(\000)p Fp(18)p 1029 2097 V 233 w(-)p 1344
8006 2097 V 297 w(0)p 1659 2097 V 295 2099 1365 2 v 294 2149 2 50
8007 v 329 2134 a(15)p 403 2149 V 106 w(23)p 590 2149 V 97 w(Rxf4+)p
8008 790 2149 V 139 w Ff(\000)p Fp(19)p 1029 2149 V 159 w(T1+TE1)p
8009 1344 2149 V 170 w(+24+2)p 1659 2149 V 295 2150 1365 2 v 294
8010 2200 2 50 v 329 2185 a(16)p 403 2200 V 106 w(30)p 590 2200
8011 V 97 w(...)g(Kh5)p 790 2200 V 129 w Ff(\000)p Fp(20)p 1029
8012 2200 V 233 w(-)p 1344 2200 V 297 w(0)p 1659 2200 V 295 2202
8013 1365 2 v 294 2252 2 50 v 329 2237 a(17)p 403 2252 V 106 w(10)p
8014 590 2252 V 97 w(g3)p 790 2252 V 216 w Ff(\000)p Fp(21)p 1029
8015 2252 V 214 w(T9)p 1344 2252 V 253 w(+24)p 1659 2252 V 295 2253
8016 1365 2 v 294 2303 2 50 v 329 2288 a(18)p 403 2303 V 106 w(13)p
8017 590 2303 V 97 w(...)g(an)o(y)p 790 2303 V 140 w Ff(\000)p Fp(22)p
8018 1029 2303 V 200 w(TE4)p 1344 2303 V 239 w(+16)p 1659 2303 V
8019 295 2305 1365 2 v 294 2355 2 50 v 329 2340 a(19)p 403 2355
8020 V 116 w(7)p 590 2355 V 108 w(Rh4++)p 790 2355 V 149 w(-)p 1029
8021 2355 V 263 w(-)p 1344 2355 V 301 w(-)p 1659 2355 V 295 2356
8022 1365 2 v 314 2449 a(Figure)d(5.2:)j(A)d(table)f(sho)o(wing)h(in)o(terest)h(v)
8023 n(alues)e(for)h(a)f(19)h(ply)f(mating)f(sequence.)946 2574
8026 106 107 bop 262 307 a Fp(Note:)24 b(Tn)16 b(represen)o(ts)k(threat)d
8027 (heuristic)h(n,)f(and)f(TEm)g(represen)o(ts)j(threat)f(execution)262
8028 357 y(heuristic)c(m.)324 442 y(In)e(the)g(p)q(osition)f(in)h(\014gure)g(5.1,)
8029 f(white)h(can)g(force)g(c)o(hec)o(kmate)g(in)f(10)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(\(19)g
8030 (ply\).)262 492 y(The)g(table)g(sho)o(wn)g(in)f(\014gure)i(5.2)e(sho)o(ws)h
8031 (ho)o(w)g(on)f(a)h(6)g(ply)f(iteration,)h(these)h(heuristics)g(are)262
8032 542 y(able)j(to)h(iden)o(tify)f(the)i(correct)g(19)f(ply)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f
8033 (sequence.)27 b(Assume)16 b(for)f(simplicit)o(y)f(that)262
8034 592 y(aspiration)f(v)n(alues)g(of)g Fh(\013)h Fp(and)g Fh(\014)i
8035 Fp(are)f(presen)o(t)g(when)f(the)h(giv)o(en)e(v)n(ariation)g(is)g(explored.)
8036 262 764 y Fr(5.3)69 b(Quiescence)20 b(Decision)262 891 y Fp(Unlik)o(e)f(most)
8037 g(other)i(c)o(hess)h(programs,)e(HIAR)o(CS)g(will)f(not)h(leap)g(in)o(to)f(a)
8038 h(quiescence)262 941 y(searc)o(h)13 b(when)h(the)f(depth)h(of)e(the)h(full)f
8039 (width)h(searc)o(h)h(reac)o(hes)g(zero.)19 b(The)13 b(reason)g(b)q(ehind)262
8040 990 y(this)g(lies)h(in)g(understanding)g(what)g(the)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)
8041 f(is)f(capable)g(of.)324 1076 y(W)m(ere)d(it)g(truly)f(capable)h(of)g(searc)o
8042 (hing)g(all)f(the)i(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(p)q(ossibilities)h(in)h(a)f(p)q
8043 (osition)262 1125 y(un)o(til)e(true)j(quiescence)h(is)d(ac)o(hiev)o(ed,)h
8044 (there)h(w)o(ould)e(b)q(e)h(no)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(in)g(ha)o(ving)g(a)g(main)e
8045 (searc)o(h)262 1175 y(at)16 b(all.)25 b(The)18 b(quiescence)g(searc)o(h)g
8046 (could)f(b)q(e)g(directly)g(applied)f(to)h(all)e(mo)o(v)o(es)h(at)g(ply)g(1.)
8047 262 1225 y(Sadly)m(,)10 b(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)j(w)o(e)f(do)g(not)g(y)o(et)h
8048 (kno)o(w)e(ho)o(w)h(to)g(build)g(suc)o(h)g(a)g(near-p)q(erfect)i(quiescence)
8049 262 1275 y(searc)o(h.)26 b(Therefore,)17 b(b)o(y)f(kno)o(wing)f(what)h(m)o(y)
8050 f(quiescence)j(searc)o(h)f(is)f(capable)h(of,)e(I)h(am)262
8051 1325 y(able)d(to)h(select)h(when)g(the)f(p)q(osition)f(is)h(suitable)g(for)f
8052 (suc)o(h)i(a)e(searc)o(h.)324 1410 y(The)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(is)f
8053 (capable)g(of)f(exploring)g(lines)h(in)o(v)o(olving)e(captures,)j(pa)o(wn)262
8054 1460 y(promotions)c(and)i(some)g(c)o(hec)o(king)h(mo)o(v)o(es.)j(The)d
8055 (curren)o(t)h(side)e(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)j(alw)o(a)o(ys)e(giv)o(en)262
8056 1510 y(the)j(option)f(of)g(standing)g(pat)h(i.e.)j(not)d(making)d(an)o(y)i
8057 (mo)o(v)o(e)f(and)i(accepting)g(the)g(curren)o(t)262 1559 y(ev)n(aluation)g
8058 (score.)24 b(Therefore,)17 b('Threat')f(searc)o(h)g(extension)h(heuristics)g
8059 (1)e(to)h(6)f(and)g(8,)262 1609 y(and)9 b('Threat)i(Execution')f(searc)o(h)h
8060 (extension)g(heuristic)g(4)f(are)g(applied)g(in)g(the)g(quiescence)262
8061 1659 y(searc)o(h)18 b(p)q(ossibly)f(causing)h(a)f(rejoining)f(of)h(the)h
8062 (main)e(searc)o(h.)30 b(Inside)17 b(the)h(quiescence)262 1709
8063 y(searc)o(h,)h(if)f(an)o(y)g(of)f(these)j(extension)f(heuristics)g(are)g
8064 (applied)e(successfully)m(,)j(the)f(main)262 1759 y(searc)o(h)h(is)g
8065 (rejoined)f(regardless)i(of)e(the)h(resulting)g(in)o(terest)h(v)n(alue.)34
8066 b(This)19 b(a)o(v)o(oids)g(the)262 1808 y(premature)13 b(termination)g(of)g
8067 (the)h(searc)o(h)h(when)g(asp)q(ects)g(of)f(in)o(terest)h(still)e(exist.)324
8068 1894 y(This)k(approac)o(h)g(not)g(only)f(mak)o(es)g(a)h(quiescence)i
8069 (decision)e(at)g(the)h(horizon)f(of)f(the)262 1943 y(main)c(searc)o(h,)k(but)
8070 f(also)f(more)g(imp)q(ortan)o(tly)m(,)d(at)k(eac)o(h)g(and)g(ev)o(ery)g(ply)g
8071 (during)f(the)h(qui-)262 1993 y(escence)g(searc)o(h.)k(This)12
8072 b(should)g(enable)h(the)h(program)d(to)h(\014nd)h(deep)g(com)o(binations)e
8073 (ev)o(en)262 2043 y(after)18 b(the)g(quiescence)j(searc)o(h)e(is)f(underw)o
8074 (a)o(y)m(.)30 b(F)m(or)18 b(example,)f(a)h(4)f(ply)h(iteration)g(ma)o(y)262
8075 2093 y(progress)j(do)o(wn)f(5)g(plies)h(of)f(main)e(searc)o(h)j(\(1)g(ply)f
8076 (extension\),)i(join)d(the)i(quiescence)262 2143 y(searc)o(h)13
8077 b(for)e(1)h(more)e(ply)m(,)h(then)i(rejoin)e(the)i(main)c(searc)o(h)k(when)g
8078 (something)d(in)o(teresting)j(is)262 2193 y(found)e(and)h(pro)q(ceed)i(for)e
8079 (3)g(more)f(plies)h(in)f(the)i(restarted)h(main)c(searc)o(h)j(b)q(efore)g
8080 (\014nding)f(a)262 2242 y(9)h(ply)g(com)o(bination)f(whic)o(h)i(w)o(ould)f
8081 (otherwise)i(b)q(e)f(b)q(ey)o(ond)g(the)h(program's)d(capabilit)o(y)m(.)946
8084 107 108 bop 262 307 a Fr(5.4)69 b(Quiescence)20 b(Searc)n(h)262
8085 434 y Fp(A)12 b(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f(is)e(p)q(erformed)h(to)g(c)o(hec)o
8086 (k)h(out)f(purely)g(tactical)f(p)q(ossibilities)h(whic)o(h)262
8087 483 y(are)j(v)o(ery)g(di\016cult)g(to)g(assess)h(accurately)g(at)f(the)h
8088 (horizon)f(of)f(a)h(main)e(searc)o(h)j(b)o(y)f(using)262 533
8089 y(a)e(static)h(ev)n(aluation)f(function.)324 618 y(This)g(searc)o(h)i(can)f
8090 (therefore)h(b)q(e)f(seen)h(as)f(a)f(selectiv)o(e)i(tactical)e(searc)o(h)i
8091 (complemen)o(t-)262 668 y(ing)h(the)h(static)g(tactical)g(parts)g(of)f(the)i
8092 (ev)n(aluation)d(function.)26 b(Hence,)19 b(impro)o(ving)14
8093 b(the)262 718 y(accuracy)g(of)g(the)g(results)h(bac)o(k)o(ed)f(up)g(from)f
8094 (the)h(horizon)g(no)q(des.)324 803 y(The)i(searc)o(h)h(explores)g(captures,)h
8095 (pa)o(wn)e(promotions)e(and)i(some)f(c)o(hec)o(king)h(mo)o(v)o(es.)262
8096 853 y(Ideally)d(all)g(dynamic)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(should)i(b)q(e)g(explored,)g
8097 (these)g(include)g(c)o(hec)o(ks,)h(c)o(hec)o(k)f(ev)n(a-)262
8098 903 y(sion,)10 b(threats,)j(defences,)g(blo)q(c)o(ks,)e(X-ra)o(y)g(attac)o
8099 (ks,)h(captures,)g(pa)o(wn)f(pushes,)i(promotion)262 953 y(etc.)23
8100 b(A)15 b(com)o(bination)e(of)i(a)g(full)f(n)o(ull)g(mo)o(v)o(e)g(algorithm)e
8101 (and)k(m)o(y)d(prop)q(osed)j(quiescence)262 1003 y(searc)o(h)11
8102 b(w)o(ould)f(o\013er)h(some)f(hop)q(e)h(on)g(this)f(direction.)17
8103 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(t)o(w)o(o)e(reasons)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(made)262
8104 1052 y(me)h(a)o(v)o(oid)h(suc)o(h)i(a)e(com)o(bination)f(in)h(this)h(pro)r
8105 (ject:)312 1171 y(1.)20 b(The)e(searc)o(h)h(depth)f(is)f(v)o(ery)g
8106 (di\016cult)g(to)g(con)o(trol)g(and)g(without)g(strict)h(con)o(trols)365
8107 1221 y(the)d(searc)o(h)g(can)f(easily)f(explo)q(de.)312 1304
8108 y(2.)20 b(This)10 b(t)o(yp)q(e)h(of)f(searc)o(h)h(w)o(ould)f(explore)h(man)o
8109 (y)d(thousands)j(of)f(v)n(ariations)f(and)h(hence,)365 1353
8110 y(require)15 b(v)o(ery)f(fast)g(hardw)o(are)g(to)g(supp)q(ort)h(this)f
8111 (additional)e(load.)262 1472 y(Pseudo)18 b(co)q(de)h(illustrating)d(m)o(y)g
8112 (quiescence)k(searc)o(h)f(using)f(the)g(negamax)e(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)262
8113 1522 y(can)e(b)q(e)g(found)g(in)f(\014gure)h(5.3.)324 1607
8114 y(This)c(searc)o(h)h(explores)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(prop)q(osed)i(b)o(y)f(the)g
8115 (GenerateQMo)o(v)o(es)i(function.)k(Eac)o(h)262 1657 y(mo)o(v)o(e)10
8116 b(is)i(searc)o(hed)j(only)c(if)h(it)g(can)g(c)o(hange)h(the)g(searc)o(h)g
8117 (result)h(i.e.)j(ev)n(al)11 b(+)i Fh(V)c(al)q(ue)1568 1663
8118 y Fe(m)1612 1657 y Fh(>)i(\013)p Fp(.)262 1707 y(Eac)o(h)17
8119 b(side)h(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(also)h(has)h(an)f(extra)h(option)f(of)g(standing)g
8120 (pat)h(thereb)o(y)h(in)e(e\013ect)262 1756 y(pla)o(ying)12
8121 b(a)h(n)o(ull)g(mo)o(v)o(e,)f(see)j(section)g(3.1.6.)324 1842
8122 y(A)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(additional)f(tree)j(pruning)f(tec)o(hniques)h
8123 (are)f(used)h(to)f(prune)h(the)f(tree:)324 1960 y Ff(\017)20
8124 b Fl(Note)14 b(1)p Fp(:)j(As)12 b(the)h(side)f(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(alw)o(a)o
8125 (ys)f(has)j(the)f(option)g(of)f(pla)o(ying)f(a)i(n)o(ull)f(mo)o(v)o(e)365
8126 2010 y(and)j(accepting)h(the)g(curren)o(t)h(static)e(score,)h(a)f(no)q(de)h
8127 (with)f(a)g(static)g(score)i(already)365 2060 y(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(searc)
8128 o(h)h(windo)o(w)e(is)h(pruned.)25 b(Implicit)13 b(in)i(this)h(is)g(the)g
8129 (fact)g(that)g(an)o(y)365 2110 y(subtree)g(b)q(elo)o(w)e(this)f(no)q(de)i(is)
8130 f(also)f(pruned)i(b)q(efore)f(it)g(is)f(searc)o(hed.)324 2193
8131 y Ff(\017)20 b Fl(Note)j(2)p Fp(:)30 b(The)21 b(n)o(ull)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g
8132 (option)g(giv)o(es)h(rise)h(to)f(the)g(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)f(of)h(further)365
8133 2242 y(reducing)d(the)f(width)g(of)f(the)h(searc)o(h)h(windo)o(w.)23
8134 b(This)16 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)h(the)g(w)o(orst)f(the)365 2292
8135 y(side)e(to)f(pla)o(y)f(can)i(do)f(is)g('stand)g(pat`)g(and)g(accept)h(the)g
8136 (curren)o(t)h(ev)n(aluation)d(score.)324 2375 y Ff(\017)20
8137 b Fl(Note)h(3)p Fp(:)26 b(Eac)o(h)19 b(mo)o(v)o(e)d(prop)q(osed)j(b)o(y)f
8138 (GenerateQMo)o(v)o(es)i(can)f(b)q(e)f(assigned)h(an)365 2425
8139 y(optimistic)11 b(v)n(alue)g(\()p Fh(V)f(al)q(ue)791 2431 y
8140 Fe(m)823 2425 y Fp(\),)i(e.g.)17 b(captures)d(receiv)o(e)g(the)f(v)n(alue)f
8141 (of)f(the)i(captured)946 2574 y(107)p eop
8143 108 109 bop 365 307 a Fp(piece)15 b(plus)e(an)g(optimistic)f(p)q(ositional)g
8144 (score.)19 b(As)13 b(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)e(has)i(the)365
8145 357 y(option)g(of)h(making)d(a)j(n)o(ull)f(mo)o(v)o(e)905 342
8146 y Fk(1)922 357 y Fp(,)g(this)h(optimistic)e(v)n(alue)h(represen)o(ts)k(an)d
8147 (upp)q(er)365 407 y(b)q(ound)h(on)g(the)g(score)h(deriv)n(able)e(from)f(the)j
8148 (subtree)g(resulting)f(from)e(this)i(mo)o(v)o(e.)365 457 y(Therefore,)e(if)d
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8150 (h)g(result,)g(the)365 506 y(p)q(oten)o(tial)h(no)q(de)g(and)g(its)f(subtree)
8151 j(can)e(b)q(e)h(pruned.)262 625 y(These)22 b(3)e(forw)o(ard)g(pruning)h(mec)o
8152 (hanisms)e(can)i(drastically)f(reduce)i(the)f(size)h(of)e(the)262
8153 675 y(quiescence)c(searc)o(h.)324 760 y(In)e(conclusion,)f(I)h(feel)g(this)g
8154 (com)o(bination)e(of)h(main)f(searc)o(h,)j(quiescence)h(searc)o(h)f(and)262
8155 810 y(selectiv)o(e)h(extensions)g(should)f(signi\014can)o(tly)f(impro)o(v)o
8156 (e)g(the)i(program's)d(tactical)i(abilit)o(y)m(.)262 860 y(Without)i(suc)o(h)
8157 i(enhancemen)o(ts,)g(it)f(is)g(lik)o(ely)f(to)h(compare)g(unfa)o(v)o(ourably)
8158 e(with)i(other)262 909 y(strong)10 b(programs)g(tactically)g(due)h(to)f(the)i
8159 (signi\014can)o(t)e(amoun)o(t)f(of)h(p)q(ositional)f(kno)o(wledge)262
8160 959 y(elsewhere)15 b(in)f(the)g(program)f(consuming)f(large)i(c)o(h)o(unks)g
8161 (of)f(time.)p 262 2371 573 2 v 308 2398 a Fj(1)325 2410 y Fi(this)f(ma)o(y)f
8162 (not)g(b)q(e)h(the)g(case)f(if)h(the)g(main)f(searc)o(h)g(if)h(rejoined,)e
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8164 y(and)f(can)h(b)q(e)g(ignored.)946 2574 y Fp(108)p eop
8166 109 110 bop 262 307 a Fl(F)l(unction)11 b Fp(Quiescence\(P)17
8167 b(:)c Fl(p)q(osition)p Fp(;)d Fh(\013)p Fp(,)k Fh(\014)i Fp(:)i
8168 Fl(in)o(teger)p Fp(\))11 b Fl(returns)j(in)o(teger)262 407
8169 y(v)m(ar)321 457 y Fp(m)82 b(:)18 b Fl(mo)o(v)o(e)321 506 y
8170 Fp(b)q(est,)321 556 y(ev)n(al,)321 606 y(score)29 b(:)18 b
8171 Fl(in)o(teger)262 706 y(b)q(egin)321 805 y Fp(b)q(est)d(:=)e(Ev)n(aluate\(P)m
8172 (,)g Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p Fh(\013)p Fp(\))321
8173 855 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(b)q(est)j Ff(\025)d Fh(\014)r Fp(\))380
8174 905 y Fl(return)f Fp(\(b)q(est\))515 b(/*)14 b Fm(Se)n(e)h(note)g(1)f
8175 Fp(*/)321 955 y Fl(endif)321 1005 y Fh(\013)f Fp(:=)h Fl(max)p
8176 Fp(\()p Fh(\013)p Fp(,)f(b)q(est\))482 b(/*)14 b Fm(Se)n(e)h(note)g(2)f
8177 Fp(*/)321 1104 y(GenerateQMo)o(v)o(es\(P\))458 b(/*)14 b Fm(Gener)n(ate)h
8178 (moves)f Fp(*/)321 1154 y(ev)n(al)f(:=)g(b)q(est)611 b(/*)14
8179 b Fm(Can)h(always)f('Stand)i(Pat')e Fp(*/)321 1204 y Fl(for)h(eac)o(h)g(mo)o
8180 (v)o(e)e Fp(m)f Fl(do)380 1254 y(if)g Fp(\(ev)n(al)i(+)g Fh(V)9
8181 b(al)q(ue)679 1260 y Fe(m)722 1254 y Fh(>)j(\013)p Fp(\))338
8182 b(/*)14 b Fm(Se)n(e)h(note)g(3)f Fp(*/)439 1303 y(/*)f Fm(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i
8183 (move)g(m)g(to)g(next)g(depth)h(using)f(ne)n(gamax)h(c)n(onvention)f
8184 Fp(*/)439 1353 y(score)g(:=)e Ff(\000)p Fp(Quiescence\()p Fh(P)871
8185 1359 y Fe(m)906 1353 y Fp(,)g Ff(\000)p Fh(\014)r Fp(,)h Ff(\000)p
8186 Fh(\013)p Fp(\))439 1403 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(score)k Fh(>)e Fp(b)q(est\))498
8187 1453 y(b)q(est)h(:=)e(score)414 b(/*)14 b Fm(Stor)n(e)g(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n
8188 (e)g(found)f Fp(*/)498 1503 y Fl(if)e Fp(\(b)q(est)k Ff(\025)11
8189 b Fh(\014)r Fp(\))557 1553 y Fl(return)g Fp(\(b)q(est\))338
8190 b(/*)14 b Fh(\014)j Fm(cut)e(o\013)h(:)j(r)n(eturn)14 b(b)n(est)h(sc)n(or)n
8191 (e)e Fp(*/)498 1602 y Fl(endif)498 1652 y Fh(\013)g Fp(:=)h
8192 Fl(max)p Fp(\()p Fh(\013)p Fp(,)f(b)q(est\))305 b(/*)14 b Fm(Up)n(date)h
8193 (fail)f(soft)f Fp(*/)439 1702 y Fl(else)498 1752 y Fp(b)q(est)i(:=)e
8194 Fl(max)p Fp(\(b)q(est,)i(ev)n(al)e(+)i Fh(V)9 b(al)q(ue)1091
8195 1758 y Fe(m)1123 1752 y Fp(\))439 1802 y Fl(endif)380 1851
8196 y(endif)321 1901 y(endfor)321 2001 y(return)i Fp(\(b)q(est\))574
8197 b(/*)14 b Fm(R)n(eturn)h(sc)n(or)n(e)f(of)h(b)n(est)g(move)g(found)g
8198 Fp(*/)262 2100 y Fl(end)d Fp(Quiescence)513 2277 y(Figure)i(5.3:)j(Pseudo)e
8199 (co)q(de)g(for)e(m)o(y)f(Quiescence)17 b(Searc)o(h.)946 2574
8202 110 111 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(6)262 897 y Fo(HIAR)m(CS)k(5.0)262
8203 1148 y Fp(In)10 b(this)h(c)o(hapter,)h(I)e(will)g(sho)o(w)g(ho)o(w)h(the)g(v)
8204 n(arious)f(tec)o(hniques)i(I)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(in)o(v)o(estigated)f(in)h(this)
8205 262 1198 y(pro)r(ject)j(can)f(b)q(e)h(brough)o(t)f(together)i(and)e(implem)o
8206 (en)o(ted)f(in)g(a)h(c)o(hess)i(program.)h(There)f(is)262 1248
8207 y(neither)g(the)g(time)f(nor)g(space)i(to)f(fully)e(explain)h(all)f(the)j
8208 (design)e(issues,)i(some)e(of)g(whic)o(h)262 1298 y(ha)o(v)o(e)j(ev)o(olv)o
8209 (ed)h(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)h(last)f(couple)g(of)g(y)o(ears.)31
8210 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)20 b(I)e(will)e(giv)o(e)i(an)g(o)o(v)o(erview)262
8211 1347 y(of)g(the)h(program's)e(design)j(and)e(structure.)35
8212 b(I)19 b(will)f(also)g(discuss)i(some)e(of)g(the)i(main)262
8213 1397 y(decisions)12 b(whic)o(h)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)q(een)h(tak)o(en)f(relating)f
8214 (to)h(the)g(algorithms)e(and)h(tec)o(hniques)i(used.)324 1483
8215 y(This)f(program)e(con)o(tains)i(around)g(a)f(50-50)g(split)h(of)f(old)g(co)q
8216 (de)i(and)f(totally)e(new)j(co)q(de)262 1532 y(resulting)h(from)e(m)o(y)g(in)
8217 o(v)o(estigations)h(since)h(b)q(eginning)g(this)g(pro)r(ject.)262
8218 1705 y Fr(6.1)69 b(Program)24 b(History)f(and)g(En)n(vironmen)n(t)262
8219 1831 y Fp(I)16 b(b)q(egan)h(writing)f(c)o(hess)i(programs)d(as)i(long)f(ago)g
8220 (as)g(1979.)26 b(My)16 b(\014rst)i(c)o(hess)g(program,)262
8221 1881 y(UCT,)13 b(only)h(pla)o(y)o(ed)g(the)g(ending)h(of)e(king)h(and)g(ro)q
8222 (ok)g(v)o(ersus)h(king.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 b(this)g(only)262
8223 1931 y(serv)o(ed)k(to)e(w)o(et)h(m)o(y)e(app)q(etite)j(for)e(the)h(sub)r
8224 (ject.)28 b(In)17 b(late)g(1980,)f(I)g(dev)o(elop)q(ed)i(m)o(y)d(\014rst)262
8225 1981 y(full)f(c)o(hess)j(program,)d(HIAR)o(CS.)g(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(it)g(w)o
8226 (as)f(only)g(capable)g(of)g(pla)o(ying)f(random)262 2031 y(c)o(hess.)32
8227 b(Later,)19 b(in)e(1981,)h(the)g(c)o(hess)i(program)c(w)o(as)i(impro)o(v)o
8228 (ed)f(to)h(searc)o(h)h(1)e(ply)h(with)262 2080 y(material)13
8229 b(and)h(mobilit)o(y)e(ev)n(aluation.)21 b(By)15 b(the)h(end)f(of)g(1983,)f
8230 (HIAR)o(CS)g(w)o(as)h(enhanced)262 2130 y(to)g(a)g(4)g(ply)g(selectiv)o(e)i
8231 (searc)o(h)g(program)d(applying)g(rudimen)o(tary)g(p)q(ositional)g(and)i(sw)o
8232 (ap)262 2180 y(o\013)g(ev)n(aluations)g(at)h(its)g(leaf)f(no)q(des.)28
8233 b(The)17 b(program)e(w)o(as)i(written)g(in)g(compiled)e(Basic)262
8234 2230 y(with)c(some)h(Z80)g(assem)o(bly)f(routines)i(and)f(w)o(as)g(capable)g
8235 (of)f(pla)o(ying)g(at)h(w)o(eak)g(club)g(lev)o(el,)262 2280
8236 y(ELO)i(1300,)e(on)i(a)f(Z80)h(pro)q(cessor.)324 2365 y(A)o(t)c(this)g(p)q
8237 (oin)o(t)f(activit)o(y)g(stopp)q(ed)i(un)o(til)e(early)h(1987,)f(when)i(I)f
8238 (b)q(egan)g(w)o(ork)f(dev)o(eloping)262 2415 y(a)15 b(totally)g(new)h(full)e
8239 (width)i(c)o(hess)h(program)e(written)h(in)f(Mo)q(dula-2)g(for)g(an)h(Amiga.)
8240 22 b(In)946 2574 y(110)p eop
8242 111 112 bop 262 307 a Fp(mid)12 b(1988,)g(the)i(program)f(w)o(as)g(rewritten)
8243 j(in)d(the)i(C)e(language)g(for)h(t)o(w)o(o)f(main)f(reasons:)324
8244 426 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Co)q(de)15 b(e\016ciency)324 509 y Ff(\017)20
8245 b Fp(More)15 b(lo)o(w)e(lev)o(el)g(freedom)262 627 y(A)o(t)g(this)h(stage)h
8246 (the)f(program)e(w)o(as)i(pla)o(ying)f(at)g(around)h(ELO)g(1550)f(while)h
8247 (analysing)e(40)262 677 y(-)h(60)h(no)q(des)g(p)q(er)h(second.)324
8248 762 y(The)i(program)f(w)o(as)h(further)g(enhanced)i(during)d(1988/89)g(un)o
8249 (til)g(b)o(y)h(August)g(1989,)262 812 y(when)12 b(it)g(w)o(as)g(en)o(tered)i
8250 (in)d(the)i(1st)f(Computer)g(Olympiad,)d(HIAR)o(CS)j(4.1)f(as)h(it)g(w)o(as)g
8251 (then)262 862 y(kno)o(wn,)j(w)o(as)g(analysing)f(at)i(the)g(rate)g(of)f(80)g
8252 (-)g(180)g(no)q(des)h(p)q(er)h(second)f(and)g(pla)o(ying)e(at)262
8253 912 y(ab)q(out)f(ELO)i(1750.)324 997 y(Early)c(on)h(during)g(this)g(pro)r
8254 (ject)h(I)f(decided)h(to)f(up)g(load)f(m)o(y)g(program)f(on)o(to)i(our)g(V)-5
8255 b(AX)262 1047 y(785)13 b(mac)o(hine)f(at)i(w)o(ork.)k(Three)d(reasons)g(la)o
8256 (y)d(b)q(ehind)j(this)f(decision:)312 1165 y(1.)20 b Fl(Securit)o(y)l(.)g
8257 Fp(The)15 b(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)f(of)g(m)o(y)f(Amiga)g(malfunctioning)f(or)j
8258 (ev)o(en)g(ha)o(ving)f(a)365 1215 y(virus)j(p)q(osed)h(to)q(o)e(great)h(a)g
8259 (risk.)26 b(I)17 b(therefore)h(felt)e(it)h(w)o(as)f(safer)i(to)e(dev)o(elop)h
8260 (the)365 1265 y(program)12 b(on)h(a)f(mac)o(hine)g(where)i(regular)f(bac)o
8261 (kup)h(securit)o(y)g(is)e(already)h(pro)o(vided.)312 1348 y(2.)20
8262 b Fl(Sp)q(eed.)27 b Fp(Ev)o(en)17 b(though)g(a)g(V)-5 b(AX)18
8263 b(785)e(mac)o(hine)f(is)i(slo)o(w)g(b)o(y)f(to)q(da)o(ys)h(standards,)365
8264 1398 y(it)f(is)h(still)e(faster)i(than)f(an)g(Amiga.)24 b(I)16
8265 b(found)g(that)g(the)h(H/W)f(c)o(hange)h(pro)o(vided)365 1447
8266 y(around)e(a)f(2-fold)f(sp)q(eed)j(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t,)c(pro)o(vided)i(the)
8267 h(mac)o(hine)e(w)o(as)i(otherwise)365 1497 y(un)o(used.)312
8268 1580 y(3.)20 b Fl(En)o(vironmen)o(t.)36 b Fp(I)20 b(felt)h(the)g(UNIX)989
8269 1565 y Fk(1)1028 1580 y Fp(op)q(erating)g(system)f(pro)o(vided)h(a)f(b)q
8270 (etter)365 1630 y(en)o(vironmen)o(t)13 b(in)h(whic)o(h)f(to)h(dev)o(elop)g
8271 (the)g(program.)262 1803 y Fr(6.2)69 b(Program)24 b(Structure)262
8272 1929 y Fp(HIAR)o(CS)9 b(5.0)g(is)g(a)h(large)g(and)f(complex)g(program.)15
8273 b(It)10 b(is)f(split)h(up)g(in)o(to)f(12)g(mo)q(dules)g(whic)o(h)262
8274 1979 y(eac)o(h)j(p)q(erform)e(a)h(particular)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)f(job.)16
8275 b(In)c(\014gure)g(6.1,)f(a)g(diagram)e(is)i(pro)o(vided)h(whic)o(h)262
8276 2029 y(illustrates)i(ho)o(w)f(the)i(mo)q(dules)e(in)o(teract)h(with)g(eac)o
8277 (h)g(other.)19 b(The)14 b(diagram)e(is)i(at)g(a)f(high)262
8278 2079 y(lev)o(el)d(and)g(m)o(uc)o(h)g(detail)g(has)h(b)q(een)g(omitted)f(for)g
8279 (reasons)i(of)e(clarit)o(y)m(.)16 b(The)11 b(lines)f(represen)o(t)262
8280 2128 y(the)16 b(call)e(in)o(teraction)i(and)f(the)h(accompan)o(ying)d
8281 (description)j(giv)o(es)g(the)g(reason)g(for)f(the)262 2178
8282 y(mo)q(dule)d(in)o(teraction.)324 2263 y(The)i(main)e(functions)i(p)q
8283 (erformed)f(b)o(y)h(eac)o(h)g(mo)q(dule)f(are)h(explained)g(b)q(elo)o(w:)p
8284 262 2298 573 2 v 308 2325 a Fj(1)325 2337 y Fi(UNIX)f(is)e(a)h(T)m(rademark)d
8285 (of)i(Bell)g(Lab)q(oratories.)946 2574 y Fp(111)p eop
8287 112 113 bop 612 2462 a Fp(Figure)14 b(6.1:)j(Mo)q(dule)d(in)o(teraction)f
8288 (diagram.)946 2574 y(112)p eop
8290 113 114 bop 312 307 a Fp(1.)20 b Fl(Hiarcs)p Fp(:)g(This)15
8291 b(is)g(the)h(main)d(program)h(mo)q(dule.)20 b(It)15 b(con)o(trols)g
8292 (initialisation)e(and)365 357 y(o)o(v)o(ersees)k(the)f(in)o(teraction)g(b)q
8293 (et)o(w)o(een)g(the)h(user,)f(via)e(the)i(MMI)g(mo)q(dule,)e(and)h(the)365
8294 407 y(c)o(hess)h(decision)e(algorithms.)312 488 y(2.)20 b Fl(HouseKeeping)p
8295 Fp(:)c(This)e(mo)q(dule)e(deals)i(with)g(initialisation)d(for)i(a)h(new)g
8296 (game.)312 570 y(3.)20 b Fl(HashDriv)o(er)p Fp(:)15 b(This)e(mo)q(dule)e(con)
8297 o(trols)i(transp)q(osition)f(table)h(creation,)g(deletion)365
8298 620 y(and)f(en)o(try)g(storage)h(and)e(retriev)n(al.)18 b(It)11
8299 b(also)h(up)q(dates)g(hash)g(indexes)h(and)f(mo)q(di\014es)365
8300 670 y(the)j(transp)q(osition)f(table)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(searc)o(hes.)21
8301 b(An)14 b(op)q(ening)g(b)q(o)q(ok)g(transp)q(osition)365 719
8302 y(table)g(is)g(also)f(loaded)h(and)f(accessed)j(b)o(y)e(this)g(mo)q(dule.)312
8303 801 y(4.)20 b Fl(MMI)p Fp(:)d(This)f(mo)q(dule)f(deals)i(with)f(all)g(h)o
8304 (uman/com)o(puter)f(in)o(teraction.)26 b(It)16 b(also)365 851
8305 y(c)o(hec)o(ks)g(en)o(tered)f(user)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(for)g(legalit)o(y)f(and)i
8306 (pro)q(cesses)j(v)n(arious)c(commands.)312 932 y(5.)20 b Fl(T)l(reeSearc)o(h)
8307 p Fp(:)c(This)11 b(mo)q(dule)g(p)q(erforms)g(the)i(tree)g(searc)o(hing)g
8308 (necessary)g(to)f(select)365 982 y(the)18 b(b)q(est)h(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(mo)o
8309 (v)o(e.)26 b(T)m(o)17 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)g(this)g(it)g(co)q(ordinates)h(the)g
8310 (activities)f(of)365 1032 y(the)e(program)d(and)i(mak)o(es)f(extensiv)o(e)i
8311 (use)f(of)g(most)e(other)j(mo)q(dules.)312 1113 y(6.)20 b Fl(Generate)p
8312 Fp(:)28 b(This)19 b(mo)q(dule)f(con)o(tains)h(all)g(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d
8313 (generation)j(routines)g(re-)365 1163 y(quired)14 b(b)o(y)g(the)h(program.)
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8315 (cates,)i(adjusts)g(and)g(con)o(trols)g(the)g(time)f(used)365
8316 1295 y(b)o(y)j(the)g(program.)312 1376 y(8.)20 b Fl(P)o(osEv)m(al)p
8317 Fp(:)d(This)12 b(mo)q(dule)e(p)q(erforms)i(a)f(p)q(ositional)g(analysis)g(on)
8318 h(a)f(giv)o(en)h(p)q(osition.)365 1426 y(It)i(con)o(tains)g(most)f(horizon)g
8319 (no)q(de)i(ev)n(aluation)d(criteria.)312 1508 y(9.)20 b Fl(Planner)p
8320 Fp(:)14 b(This)d(mo)q(dule)d(considers)k(and)e(selects)j(plans)d(to)g(direct)
8321 h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(and)365 1557 y(up)q(dates)20 b(v)n(arious)e(w)o(eigh)o
8322 (tings)f(asso)q(ciated)j(with)e(Pc/Sq)h(tables)g(and)f(the)h(game)365
8323 1607 y(phase.)291 1689 y(10.)h Fl(SqAnalysis)p Fp(:)j(This)17
8324 b(mo)q(dule)f(incremen)o(tally)g(up)q(dates)i(the)g(attac)o(k)f(tables)h(and)
8325 365 1739 y(analyses)c(v)n(arious)g(attac)o(k)f(in)o(teractions)i(for)e(p)q
8326 (ositional)g(ev)n(aluation)f(purp)q(oses.)291 1820 y(11.)20
8327 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(er)p Fp(:)g(This)15 b(mo)q(dule)e(mak)o(es)h(and)h(unmak)o(es)f
8328 (generated)i(mo)o(v)o(es.)k(It)15 b(also)g(con-)365 1870 y(trols)f(the)h
8329 (incremen)o(tal)e(up)q(dating)g(of)g(the)i(attac)o(k)f(tables.)291
8330 1951 y(12.)20 b Fl(Utils)p Fp(:)i(Pro)o(vides)17 b(v)n(arious)f(utilit)o(y)g
8331 (functions)g(whic)o(h)h(most)f(of)g(the)h(mo)q(dules)f(re-)365
8332 2001 y(quire.)262 2173 y Fr(6.3)69 b(Data)23 b(Structures)262
8333 2300 y Fp(The)16 b(data)g(structures)j(used)e(in)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(are)g(of)g
8334 (cen)o(tral)g(imp)q(ortance)g(to)g(the)h(o)o(v)o(erall)262
8335 2350 y(design)d(of)h(the)g(program.)k(They)c(de\014ne)h(to)f(a)f(large)g
8336 (exten)o(t)i(ho)o(w)f(in)o(telligen)o(t)e(the)j(in)o(ter-)262
8337 2399 y(nal)g(decisions)i(made)e(b)o(y)h(the)h(program)d(can)j(b)q(e.)29
8338 b(This)17 b(in)g(turn)g(largely)g(con)o(trols)g(the)262 2449
8339 y(kno)o(wledge)c(based)i(capabilities)e(of)g(the)h(program.)946
8342 114 115 bop 324 307 a Fp(This)17 b(section)h(explains)f(the)h(main)d(data)i
8343 (structures)j(used,)f(the)f(reasons)g(for)f(their)262 357 y(giv)o(en)c(comp)q
8344 (osition)f(and)i(their)g(application)e(to)i(the)h(program.)262
8345 509 y Fu(6.3.1)55 b(P)n(osition)18 b(Represen)n(tation)262
8346 621 y Fp(The)c(p)q(osition)f(is)h(represen)o(ted)i(b)o(y)e(t)o(w)o(o)g
8347 (structures,)h(P)o(osition)f(and)f(Colour.)344 754 y(P)o(osition)88
8348 b(=)15 b(64)p Ff(f)p Fp(PieceT)o(yp)q(e)p Ff(g)p Fp(64)344
8349 803 y(PieceT)o(yp)q(e)49 b(=)15 b(NoPiece)f Ff(j)g Fp(P)o(a)o(wn)f
8350 Ff(j)h Fp(Knigh)o(t)f Ff(j)h Fp(Bishop)g Ff(j)f Fp(Ro)q(ok)g
8351 Ff(j)g Fp(Queen)i Ff(j)f Fp(King)344 853 y(NoPiece)90 b(=)15
8352 b(0)344 903 y(P)o(a)o(wn)136 b(=)15 b(1)344 953 y(Knigh)o(t)110
8353 b(=)15 b(2)344 1003 y(Bishop)112 b(=)15 b(3)344 1052 y(Ro)q(ok)140
8354 b(=)15 b(4)344 1102 y(Queen)122 b(=)15 b(5)344 1152 y(King)148
8355 b(=)15 b(6)344 1252 y(Colour)113 b(=)15 b(64)p Ff(f)p Fp(colour)p
8356 Ff(g)p Fp(64)344 1301 y(colour)125 b(=)15 b(White)e Ff(j)h
8357 Fp(Blac)o(k)f Ff(j)h Fp(None)344 1351 y(White)124 b(=)15 b(0)344
8358 1401 y(Blac)o(k)135 b(=)15 b(1)344 1451 y(None)143 b(=)15 b(2)262
8359 1569 y(These)f(t)o(w)o(o)e(structures)k(are)d(similar)d(to)j(the)g(ones)h
8360 (Shannon)f(originally)d(suggested.)19 b(The)262 1619 y(di\013erences)c
8361 (include)e(the)g(splitting)f(of)g(piece)i(t)o(yp)q(e)f(and)g(colour)g(to)f
8362 (enable)h(generic)h(mo)o(v)o(e)262 1669 y(generation)k(and)h(square)g(con)o
8363 (trol)g(functions.)32 b(Both)19 b(structures)j(are)d(linear)f(and)g(one)262
8364 1719 y(dimensional.)d(Note)e(that)g(no)f(o\013{b)q(oard)g(edge)i(is)e(used)i
8365 (on)e(this)h(b)q(oard,)f(as)h(an)f(alternate)262 1769 y(mo)o(v)o(e)i
8366 (generation)i(pro)q(cess)i(is)e(used.)25 b(This)16 b(enables)g(all)f(piece)i
8367 (square)g(tables)f(to)g(b)q(e)g(of)262 1818 y(a)d(signi\014can)o(tly)h
8368 (reduced)i(size)f(when)g(compared)e(to)h(a)g(10x12)f(b)q(oard)i(approac)o(h,)
8369 f(for)f(ex-)262 1868 y(ample.)j(Although)c(the)i(structures)h(are)f(one)f
8370 (dimensional)e(for)h(e\016ciency)m(,)h(conceptually)262 1918
8371 y(they)h(remain)e(t)o(w)o(o)i(dimensional.)324 2003 y(The)e(most)f(imp)q
8372 (ortan)o(t)f(reason)j(for)e(suc)o(h)i(a)f(64)f(elemen)o(t)h(structure)i(is)e
8373 (that)g(an)o(y)f(mo)o(v)o(e)262 2053 y(can)19 b(b)q(e)h(represen)o(ted)j(in)c
8374 (12)g(bits,)h(6)f(bits)h(for)f(the)h(from-square)f(and)g(6)g(bits)h(for)f
8375 (the)262 2103 y(to-square.)j(This)15 b(enables)h(sp)q(ecialised)f(searc)o(h)i
8376 (tables)e(to)g(b)q(e)h(used)g(whic)o(h)f(are)g(directly)262
8377 2153 y(accessed)h(b)o(y)e(the)g(12)g(bit)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(v)n(alue.)18
8378 b(Additionally)m(,)11 b(it)j(allo)o(ws)f(a)g(complete)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(de-)262
8379 2203 y(scription)d(including)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(t)o(yp)q(e,)j(suc)o(h)g(as)f
8380 (castling,)f(pa)o(wn)h(promotion)d(etc,)12 b(to)d(b)q(e)i(stored)262
8381 2252 y(in)i(16)g(bits.)18 b(Th)o(us)d(mo)o(v)o(e)d(comparisons)h(and)g
8382 (copies)i(can)f(b)q(e)g(done)h(in)e(one)h(op)q(eration.)946
8385 115 116 bop 262 307 a Fu(6.3.2)55 b(Game)17 b(T)-5 b(ree)344
8386 434 y Fp(T)m(ree)157 b(=)15 b(0)p Ff(f)p Fp(No)q(de)p Ff(g)p
8387 Fp(2000)344 483 y(No)q(de)142 b(=)15 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)e(+)h(Score)174
8388 b(/*)13 b(4)h(b)o(ytes)g(*/)344 533 y(Mo)o(v)o(e)139 b(=)15
8389 b(t)o(yp)q(e)f(+)g(mo)o(v)o(e)192 b(/*)13 b(4)h(bit)f(t)o(yp)q(e,)h(12)g(bit)
8390 f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(*/)344 583 y(mo)o(v)o(e)141 b(=)15 b(0..4095)297
8391 b(/*)13 b(12)h(bits)g(*/)344 633 y(t)o(yp)q(e)157 b(=)15 b(Capture)f
8392 Ff(j)f Fp(Promotion)f Ff(j)i Fp(Castle)g Ff(j)f Fp(EnP)o(assan)o(t)344
8393 683 y(Promotion)42 b(=)15 b(PQueen)g Ff(j)e Fp(PKnigh)o(t)h
8394 Ff(j)f Fp(PRo)q(ok)h Ff(j)f Fp(PBishop)344 732 y(Capture)89
8395 b(=)15 b(8)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(15)f(*/)344 782 y(PQueen)94
8396 b(=)15 b(4)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(14)f(*/)344 832 y(PKnigh)o(t)82
8397 b(=)15 b(5)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(14,12)e(*/)344 882 y(PRo)q(ok)112
8398 b(=)15 b(6)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(14,13)e(*/)344 932 y(PBishop)84
8399 b(=)15 b(7)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(14,13,12)d(*/)344 982 y(Castle)123
8400 b(=)15 b(2)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(13)f(*/)344 1031 y(EnP)o(assan)o(t)46
8401 b(=)15 b(1)405 b(/*)13 b(bit)h(12)f(*/)344 1081 y(Score)140
8402 b(=)15 b Ff(\000)p Fp(4096..4095)262 1208 y(A)o(t)f(least)g(part)h(of)e(the)i
8403 (game)e(tree)i(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)g(stored)i(so)e(it)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(tra)o(v)o
8404 (ersed)h(e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)262 1258 y(This)j(structure)i(allo)o(ws)d(the)i
8405 (storage)g(of)f(no)q(des)h(generated,)i(but)d(not)h(y)o(et)f(visited)h(at)262
8406 1308 y(the)d(curren)o(t)h(searc)o(h)g(iteration.)25 b(Only)17
8407 b(the)g(no)q(des)g(generated)h(do)o(wn)f(the)g(curren)o(t)h(line)262
8408 1357 y(of)g(exploration)h(need)h(to)f(b)q(e)h(stored)g(as)f(these)i(are)f
8409 (the)f(ones)h(whic)o(h)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(not)g(b)q(een)262 1407
8410 y(completely)11 b(searc)o(hed.)20 b(Eac)o(h)13 b(no)q(de)g(is)g(only)f
8411 (generated)j(once)e(at)g(eac)o(h)h(iteration)e(except)262 1457
8412 y(when)j(a)g(fail)f(high)g(or)h(lo)o(w)f(o)q(ccurs.)23 b(While)15
8413 b(storage)g(of)g(the)g(whole)g(tree)i(w)o(ould)d(sligh)o(tly)262
8414 1507 y(impro)o(v)o(e)f(p)q(erformance,)h(it)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)i(extremely)e
8415 (costly)i(in)e(terms)h(of)f(memory)f(usage,)262 1557 y(particularly)g(in)g
8416 (the)i(endgame.)324 1642 y(T)m(ogether)f(with)f(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(stored)k
8417 (at)e(eac)o(h)h(no)q(de,)f(a)g(score)i(is)e(used)h(to)g(enable)f(mo)o(v)o(e)
8418 262 1692 y(ordering)g(at)h(in)o(ternal)g(no)q(des)g(of)g(the)g(searc)o(h)h
8419 (tree.)262 1914 y Fu(6.3.3)55 b(T)-5 b(ransp)r(osition)18 b(T)-5
8420 b(able)262 2026 y Fp(In)17 b(c)o(hess,)i(the)f(game)e(tree)j(is)e(really)g(a)
8421 h(directed)g(graph)g(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)27 b(As)18 b(the)g(depth)g(of)262
8422 2076 y(searc)o(h)13 b(increases,)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(p)q(oten)o
8423 (tial)h(transp)q(ositions)g(increases)h(exp)q(onen)o(tially)m(.)262
8424 2126 y(Additionally)m(,)k(when)j(using)f(an)f(iterativ)o(e)i(deep)q(ening)g
8425 (searc)o(h,)h(the)f(no)q(des)g(visited)f(at)262 2176 y(iteration)13
8426 b Fh(n)c Ff(\000)h Fp(1)k(are)g(also)f(usually)g(visited)h(at)g(iteration)g
8427 Fh(n)p Fp(.)k(Therefore,)d(the)f(transp)q(osi-)262 2226 y(tion)f(table)i(pro)
8428 o(vides)f(a)g(useful)h(w)o(a)o(y)e(of)h(storing)g(and)h(retrieving)f
8429 (previously)g(calculated)262 2275 y(mo)o(v)o(es)h(and)i(scores.)28
8430 b(F)m(or)17 b(deep)q(er)h(searc)o(hes)h(\(depth)f Fh(>)f Fp(5\))f(a)h(transp)
8431 q(osition)g(table)f(can)262 2325 y(signi\014can)o(tly)10 b(impro)o(v)o(e)f
8432 (the)j(p)q(erformance)g(of)e(a)i(program.)j(This)c(is)h(particularly)e
8433 (eviden)o(t)262 2375 y(in)j(the)h(endgame)f(where)i(m)o(uc)o(h)e(deep)q(er)j
8434 (searc)o(hes)g(are)e(p)q(ossible.)946 2574 y(115)p eop
8436 116 117 bop 344 357 a Fp(T)m(ransT)m(able)21 b(=)14 b(1)p Ff(f)p
8437 Fp(T)m(ableEn)o(try)p Ff(g)p Fp(32768)344 407 y(T)m(ableEn)o(try)20
8438 b(=)14 b(HashLo)q(c)o(k)g(+)g(HMo)o(v)o(e)g(+)g(TScore)344
8439 457 y(HashLo)q(c)o(k)47 b(=)14 b(long)f(in)o(teger)390 b(/*)14
8440 b(32)f(bits)h(*/)344 506 y(HMo)o(v)o(e)97 b(=)14 b(Depth)g(+)g(mo)o(v)o(e)344
8441 556 y(TScore)99 b(=)14 b(T)o(yp)q(e)g(+)g(Score)354 b(/*)14
8442 b(3)f(bit)h(t)o(yp)q(e,)g(13)f(bit)h(score)h(*/)344 606 y(Depth)113
8443 b(=)14 b(0..15)516 b(/*)14 b(4)f(bits)h(*/)344 656 y(T)o(yp)q(e)132
8444 b(=)14 b(Lo)q(c)o(k)o(ed)g(+)g(T)m(rueScore)h(+)f(Bound)56
8445 b(/*)14 b(MS)g(3)f(bits)h(of)f(TScore)i(*/)344 706 y(Lo)q(c)o(k)o(ed)98
8446 b(=)14 b(8)582 b(/*)14 b(bit)f(15)g(*/)344 756 y(T)m(rueScore)45
8447 b(=)14 b(4)582 b(/*)14 b(bit)f(14)g(*/)344 805 y(Bound)106
8448 b(=)14 b(2)582 b(/*)14 b(bit)f(13,)g(set)i(if)e(Upp)q(erBound)i(*/)1218
8449 855 y(/*)f(unset)g(if)g(Lo)o(w)o(erBound)g(*/)262 964 y(This)19
8450 b(data)f(structure)k(represen)o(ts)f(the)f(transp)q(osition)f(table)g(used)h
8451 (b)o(y)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0.)262 1013 y(Eac)o(h)14 b(en)o(try)g(stores)h(5)f
8452 (distinct)g(t)o(yp)q(es)h(of)e(information:)312 1086 y(1.)20
8453 b(P)o(osition)13 b(lo)q(c)o(k.)312 1164 y(2.)20 b(V)m(alue)14
8454 b(of)f(the)h(p)q(osition.)312 1242 y(3.)20 b(Best)c(mo)o(v)o(e)c(kno)o(wn)h
8455 (in)h(the)g(p)q(osition.)312 1320 y(4.)20 b(Depth)15 b(of)e(the)h(subtree)i
8456 (from)c(whic)o(h)i(the)g(v)n(alue)g(is)f(calculated.)312 1398
8457 y(5.)20 b(Flags)14 b(indicating)e(the)j(score)g(t)o(yp)q(e)f(relativ)o(e)g
8458 (to)g(the)g Fh(\013\014)j Fp(windo)o(w.)262 1504 y Fl(T)l(able)e(Access)262
8459 1616 y Fp(The)c(access)h(metho)q(d)e(used)h(is)g(similar)d(to)i(the)h(one)g
8460 (prop)q(osed)h(b)o(y)e(Zobrist)h([63)o(].)16 b(A)11 b(set)h(S)e(of)262
8461 1666 y(2x2x6x64)i(randomly)h(generated)j(32)d(bit)i(in)o(tegers)g(are)g(used)
8462 g(to)f(represen)o(t)j(all)c(p)q(ossible)262 1716 y(piece/square)k(com)o
8463 (binations)d(\(2)j(in)o(tegers)g(p)q(er)g(square;)h(2)e(colours;)h(6)f(piece)
8464 h(t)o(yp)q(es;)h(64)262 1766 y(squares\).)324 1851 y(A)c(single)f(hash)h
8465 (index)g(can)g(then)h(b)q(e)f(calculated)g(for)g(an)o(y)f(p)q(osition)h(b)o
8466 (y)f(applying:)347 1936 y Ff(8)p Fh(col)q(;)7 b(pc;)g(sq)48
8467 b(H)619 1942 y Fe(i)644 1936 y Fp(=)12 b Fh(H)723 1942 y Fe(i)748
8468 1936 y Fm(xor)k Fh(S)847 1942 y Fe(col;pc;sq)324 1986 y Fp(where)373
8469 2036 y(P)o(osition[sq])c(=)j(p)q(c)f Fl(and)f Fp(Colour[sq])g(=)h(col)324
8470 2121 y(The)e(hash)f(indexes)h(are)g(actually)f(incremen)o(tally)f(up)q(dated)
8471 i(in)f(HIAR)o(CS.)f(F)m(or)h(exam-)262 2171 y(ple,)i(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(from)g
8472 (square)j Fm(fsq)e Fp(to)h(square)h Fm(tsq)p Fp(,)e(the)h(follo)o(wing)e(op)q
8473 (eration)h(is)h(required:)608 2285 y Fh(H)643 2291 y Fe(i)p
8474 Fk(2)684 2285 y Fp(=)e(\()p Fh(H)779 2291 y Fe(i)p Fk(1)821
8475 2285 y Fm(xor)k Fh(S)920 2291 y Fe(col;pc;f)s(sq)1068 2285
8476 y Fp(\))c Fm(xor)28 b Fh(S)1207 2291 y Fe(col;pc;tsq)324 2399
8477 y Fp(Captures,)c(pa)o(wn)e(promotion,)f(en-passan)o(t)h(and)g(castling)f(all)
8478 g(use)h(a)g(similar,)e(if)262 2449 y(sligh)o(tly)12 b(more)h(complex)g
8479 (approac)o(h.)946 2574 y(116)p eop
8481 117 118 bop 324 307 a Fp(Using)14 b(t)o(w)o(o)g(32)h(bit)f(hash)h(indexes,)g
8482 (direct)h(transp)q(osition)e(table)h(access)h(is)f(p)q(ossible.)262
8483 357 y(The)g(\014rst)g(index)g(is)f(used)h(to)g(access)h(the)g(table)e(and)g
8484 (the)i(second)f(is)g(used)g(as)g(a)f(p)q(osition)262 407 y(lo)q(c)o(k)d(to)g
8485 (c)o(hec)o(k)i(that)f(the)g(correct)h(en)o(try)f(has)g(b)q(een)h(accessed)h
8486 (and)d(reduce)j(the)e(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)262 457 y(of)h(an)g(undetected)k
8487 (collision.)324 542 y(Unlik)o(e)10 b(normal)e(hashing,)i(only)g(one)h(table)f
8488 (access)i(is)f(tried.)17 b(This)10 b(mak)o(es)g(the)h(pro)q(cess)262
8489 592 y(b)q(oth)k(simpler)f(and)h(more)f(e\016cien)o(t.)22 b(Additionally)m(,)
8490 13 b(the)j(table)f(is)g(split)g(in)o(to)f(t)o(w)o(o)h(halfs,)262
8491 641 y(one)c(half)e(for)i(white)g(to)g(pla)o(y)f(p)q(ositions)g(and)h(the)g
8492 (other)h(half)e(for)g(blac)o(k)h(to)f(pla)o(y)g(p)q(ositions.)262
8493 784 y Fl(En)o(try)k(Storage)262 896 y Fp(No)q(de)j(attributes)h(are)g(stored)
8494 g(in)f(the)h(transp)q(osition)f(table)g(as)g(the)h(no)q(de)g(is)f(ab)q(out)g
8495 (to)262 946 y(bac)o(k)11 b(up)g(its)h(results)g(to)f(its)h(paren)o(t)g(no)q
8496 (de.)17 b(The)12 b(en)o(try)g(is)f Fl(not)f Fp(stored)j(if)d(it)h(will)f(o)o
8497 (v)o(erwrite)262 996 y(an)k(existing)g(en)o(try)h(whose)g(information)d(is)i
8498 (the)h(result)h(of)e(a)g(subtree)i(searc)o(h)g(of)e(greater)262
8499 1046 y(depth.)38 b(Therefore,)23 b(eac)o(h)d(en)o(try)h(stored)h(is)e
8500 (privileged)g(dep)q(ending)h(on)f(the)h(subtree)262 1095 y(depth.)34
8501 b(As)20 b(v)n(alues)f(deriv)o(ed)h(from)d(a)i(deep)i(searc)o(h)f(can)f
8502 (constitute)i(a)e(great)g(deal)g(of)262 1145 y(e\013ort,)14
8503 b(this)g(is)f(a)h(signi\014can)o(t)f(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t)f(o)o(v)o(er)h(a)h
8504 (simple)e(replacemen)o(t)i(algorithm.)324 1230 y(The)g(p)q(osition)e(score)j
8505 (stored)f(in)f(an)g(en)o(try)h(ma)o(y)d(b)q(e)j(a)f(true)h(score)h(or)e(a)g
8506 (score)h(outside)262 1280 y(the)g(curren)o(t)i Fh(\013\014)h
8507 Fp(windo)o(w,)c(i.e.)18 b(a)c(cut)h(o\013.)k(In)14 b(the)h(latter)g(case,)g
8508 (the)f(score)i(represen)o(ts)h(a)262 1330 y(searc)o(h)e(b)q(ound)f(whic)o(h)g
8509 (ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)j(used)g(to)f(narro)o(w)g(an)g Fh(\013\014)j
8510 Fp(windo)o(w)c(if)g(retriev)o(ed.)21 b(Hence,)262 1380 y(the)14
8511 b(score)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(is)e(also)h(stored)g(in)g(the)g(en)o(try)m(.)324
8512 1465 y(The)f(b)q(est)i(kno)o(wn)d(mo)o(v)o(e)g(from)f(the)j(curren)o(t)h(no)q
8513 (de)e(is)g(also)g(stored)h(to)f(impro)o(v)o(e)e(mo)o(v)o(e)262
8514 1515 y(ordering)i(on)h(retriev)n(al.)262 1657 y Fl(En)o(try)g(Retriev)m(al)
8515 262 1769 y Fp(When)e(a)h(no)q(de)g(in)f(the)h(main)e(searc)o(h)j(is)e
8516 (visited,)h(the)g(transp)q(osition)g(table)f(is)h(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)h(to)262
8517 1819 y(see)g(if)e(an)h(en)o(try)g(for)g(the)g(curren)o(t)i(p)q(osition)d
8518 (exists.)19 b(If)12 b(an)h(en)o(try)h(exists,)f(it)g(is)f(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)j
8519 (to)262 1869 y(see)e(if)f(it)g(is)h(storing)f(information)e(with)i(a)g(searc)
8520 o(h)i(depth)f(equal)f(or)h(greater)g(to)g(the)g(depth)262 1919
8521 y(required)h(for)g(this)g(searc)o(h.)19 b(If)14 b(so,)f(the)h(en)o(try)h(can)
8522 f(b)q(e)h(retriev)o(ed.)324 2004 y(Once)j(retriev)o(ed,)h(the)e(en)o(try's)h
8523 (p)q(osition)e(score)j(can)e(b)q(e)g(used.)29 b(Dep)q(ending)17
8524 b(on)g(the)262 2054 y(score's)e(t)o(yp)q(e,)e(3)h(outcomes)f(are)i(p)q
8525 (ossible.)312 2169 y(1.)20 b Fl(T)l(rue)c(Score)p Fp(:)i(The)d(v)n(alue)f
8526 (stored)h(is)g(an)f(exactly)g(calculated)h(v)n(alue.)k(Therefore,)365
8527 2219 y(the)c(v)n(alue)e(of)g(this)h(no)q(de)g(and)g(its)f(subtree)j(is)e(kno)
8528 o(wn)f(\(for)h(the)g(required)h(depth)f(of)365 2268 y(searc)o(h\))h(and)f
8529 (can)g(b)q(e)h(returned)g(to)f(its)g(paren)o(t)g(no)q(de)h(without)e(searc)o
8530 (hing.)312 2350 y(2.)20 b Fl(Upp)q(er)11 b(Bound)p Fp(:)k(The)c(v)n(alue)f
8531 (stored)h(is)f(not)h(exact,)g(it)f(w)o(as)h(the)g(result)g(of)f(a)h(cut)g
8532 (o\013)365 2399 y(in)h(the)h(subtree)h(b)q(elo)o(w)e(the)g(no)q(de)h(whic)o
8533 (h)f(stored)h(it.)k(Therefore,)d(the)e(v)n(alue)g(of)g(this)365
8534 2449 y(no)q(de)k(is)f(not)h(kno)o(wn,)e(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(the)g(v)n(alue)f
8535 (stored)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(used)h(to)e(narro)o(w)g(the)946 2574
8538 118 119 bop 365 307 a Fp(curren)o(t)15 b Fh(\013\014)g Fp(windo)o(w)d(b)o(y)h
8539 (p)q(ossibly)g(reducing)g(the)h Fh(\014)h Fp(v)n(alue)e(and)f(p)q(erhaps)i
8540 (thereb)o(y)365 357 y(causing)g(a)g(cut)g(o\013.)312 440 y(3.)20
8541 b Fl(Lo)o(w)o(er)f(Bound)p Fp(:)24 b(The)18 b(v)n(alue)f(stored)h(is)g(not)f
8542 (an)g(exact)i(v)n(alue,)e(only)g(a)g(b)q(ound.)365 490 y(The)h(v)n(alue)f
8543 (can,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)g(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)f(narro)o(w)h(the)g
8544 Fh(\013\014)h Fp(windo)o(w)e(b)o(y)g(p)q(ossibly)365 540 y(increasing)d(the)h
8545 Fh(\013)e Fp(v)n(alue)h(and)f(p)q(erhaps)i(thereb)o(y)g(causing)f(a)g(cut)g
8546 (o\013.)324 658 y(Assuming)g(the)i(no)q(de)g(is)f(not)g(terminated)g(b)o(y)g
8547 (a)g(true)h(score)g(or)g(cut)g(o\013,)f(the)h(stored)262 708
8548 y(mo)o(v)o(e)f(can)i(b)q(e)h(retriev)o(ed)g(and)f(searc)o(hed)h(\014rst)g
8549 (from)d(this)i(no)q(de.)28 b(This)17 b(should)f(signi\014-)262
8550 758 y(can)o(tly)10 b(impro)o(v)o(e)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(ordering)i(as)g(this)g(is)g
8551 (v)o(ery)h(lik)o(ely)d(to)i(b)q(e)h(the)g(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(a)o(v)n
8552 (ailable.)262 901 y Fl(Op)q(ening)k(Bo)q(ok)262 1013 y Fp(This)18
8553 b(transp)q(osition)g(table)g(is)g(initially)e(loaded)i(with)g(an)g('Op)q
8554 (ening)g(Bo)q(ok')g(of)g(mo)o(v)o(es)262 1063 y(b)q(efore)g(the)g(game)e(b)q
8555 (egins.)30 b(This)17 b(allo)o(ws)g(the)h(program)e(to)h('kno)o(w')f(ab)q(out)
8556 i(particular)262 1113 y(op)q(ening)f(sequences)k(commonly)15
8557 b(pla)o(y)o(ed)i(b)o(y)h(strong)g(c)o(hess)i(pla)o(y)o(ers.)30
8558 b(Instead)19 b(of)e(just)262 1163 y(mo)o(v)o(e)8 b(sequences)13
8559 b(b)q(eing)d(stored,)i(p)q(ositions)e(and)g(asso)q(ciated)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e
8560 (are)i(stored)g(enabling)262 1212 y(the)j(program)e(to)i(detect)i(an)o(y)d
8561 (transp)q(osition)h(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)k(This)d(a)o(v)o(oids)f(cases)i(where)g
8562 (the)262 1262 y(opp)q(onen)o(t)i(can)g(fo)q(ol)f(the)h(program)f(b)o(y)g(pla)
8563 o(ying)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)i(an)g(un)o(usual)f(sequence.)30
8564 b(In)262 1312 y(fact,)12 b(sometimes)e(in)i(the)g(op)q(ening)g(the)h(program)
8565 e(will)f(transp)q(ose)k(in)o(to)d(another)i(op)q(ening)262
8566 1362 y(itself,)d(e.g.)16 b(transp)q(osing)10 b(from)f(an)g(English)h(op)q
8567 (ening)g(in)o(to)f(a)h(Queen's)h(Gam)o(bit)d(Declined.)262
8568 1513 y Fu(6.3.4)55 b(Refutation)18 b(T)-5 b(able)344 1640 y
8569 Fp(RefutationT)m(able)60 b(=)14 b(1)p Ff(f)p Fp(V)m(ariation)p
8570 Ff(g)p Fp(128)344 1690 y(V)m(ariation)185 b(=)14 b(1)p Ff(f)p
8571 Fp(mo)o(v)o(e)p Ff(g)p Fp(32)262 1816 y(The)f(refutation)f(table)h(is)g(used)
8572 h(to)e(store)i(the)g(exp)q(ected)g(con)o(tin)o(uation)e(follo)o(wing)f(eac)o
8573 (h)i(1)262 1866 y(ply)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)k(Some)c(of)g(the)h(v)n(ariations)f(will)
8574 f(represen)o(t)16 b(the)d(b)q(est)h(line)f(of)f(pla)o(y)m(,)f(others)j(will)
8575 262 1916 y(represen)o(t)i(the)e(v)n(ariation)e(whic)o(h)i(refuted)h(the)g(1)e
8576 (ply)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(\(hence)j(the)g(name\).)324 2001 y(Ev)o(ery)21
8577 b(mo)o(v)o(e)d(searc)o(hed)23 b(at)d(iteration)g(n)g(has)h(its)f(exp)q(ected)
8578 j(con)o(tin)o(uation)c(sa)o(v)o(ed.)262 2051 y(During)10 b(iteration)h(n+1,)h
8579 (or)f(a)g(re-searc)o(h,)i(the)f(exp)q(ected)i(con)o(tin)o(uation)c(is)h
8580 (searc)o(hed)i(\014rst.)262 2101 y(This)h(helps)i(to)f(drastically)f(impro)o
8581 (v)o(e)f Fh(\013\014)k Fp(cut)f(o\013s)f(b)o(y)g(guiding)e(the)j(searc)o(h)g
8582 (do)o(wn)f(lines)262 2151 y(whic)o(h)f(are)i(lik)o(ely)d(to)i(refute)h(the)f
8583 (1)g(ply)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(or)i(at)g(least)g(prime)e Fh(\013\014)18
8584 b Fp(with)c(reasonable)262 2201 y(v)n(alues.)946 2574 y(118)p
8587 119 120 bop 262 307 a Fu(6.3.5)55 b(The)18 b(History)g(Heuristic)344
8588 434 y Fp(HistoryT)191 b(=)14 b(8192)p Ff(f)p Fp(V)m(alue)p
8589 Ff(g)p Fp(8192)344 483 y(V)m(alue)253 b(=)14 b(0..65535)262
8590 597 y(The)f(History)g(Heuristic)h([50)o(])e(main)o(tains)f(a)h(record)j(of)d
8591 (ev)o(ery)i(mo)o(v)o(e's)d(abilit)o(y)g(to)i(cause)h(a)262
8592 647 y(refutation.)22 b(The)16 b(table)f(is)h(split)f(in)o(to)g(t)o(w)o(o)g
8593 (halfs;)g(one)h(half)e(for)h(white)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(and)h(one)262
8594 697 y(half)h(for)i(blac)o(k)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)28 b(It)18 b(is)g(indexed)g(b)o(y)
8595 f(the)i(12)e(bit)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(v)n(alue)i(whic)o(h)f(uniquely)262
8596 747 y(iden)o(ti\014es)d(an)o(y)f(mo)o(v)o(e)609 732 y Fk(2)626
8597 747 y Fp(.)18 b(Therefore,)d(a)f(total)f(of)g(8192)g(table)h(en)o(tries)h
8598 (are)f(required.)324 832 y(A)o(t)h(ev)o(ery)g(in)o(terior)g(no)q(de)g(of)f
8599 (the)i(main)d(searc)o(h,)i(the)h(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(found)h(is)h
8600 (recorded)262 882 y(in)f(the)i(history)f(table)g(b)o(y)g(mo)q(difying)e(the)j
8601 (appropriate)f(v)n(alue.)21 b(The)16 b(v)n(alue)e(is)i(actually)262
8602 932 y(mo)q(di\014ed)11 b(b)o(y)h(2)507 917 y Fe(d)526 932 y
8603 Fp(,)g(where)i(d)e(is)h(the)g(minim)n(um)8 b(depth)13 b(of)f(the)h(subtree)i
8604 (b)q(elo)o(w)d(the)h(deriv)o(ed)262 981 y(b)q(est)i(mo)o(v)o(e.)324
8605 1067 y(A)o(t)e(the)g(b)q(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(game)f(the)h(history)g(table)f
8606 (has)h(all)f(its)g(en)o(tries)i(set)g(to)e(zero.)262 1116 y(Sc)o(hae\013er)18
8607 b([50)o(])f(suggests)h(that)f(the)h(table)f(is)g(reset)h(in)f(this)g(w)o(a)o
8608 (y)f(at)h(the)h(start)g(of)e(eac)o(h)262 1166 y(new)e(searc)o(h.)21
8609 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)14 b(in)g(HIAR)o(CS,)g(the)h(table)f(is)g(not)h(reset)h
8610 (b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(searc)o(hes,)h(but)262 1216 y(adjusted.)27
8611 b(Eac)o(h)17 b(mo)o(v)o(e's)e(v)n(alue)h(is)h(adjusted)g(b)o(y)g(dividing)e
8612 (it)i(b)o(y)f(4.)27 b(This)16 b(allo)o(ws)g(the)262 1266 y(table)d(to)h(ha)o
8613 (v)o(e)g(some)f(in\015uence)i(on)e(the)i(next)f(searc)o(h.)324
8614 1351 y(The)19 b(history)g(heuristic)h(is)f(applied)g(at)g(eac)o(h)h(in)o
8615 (terior)f(no)q(de)g(of)g(the)g(main)e(searc)o(h)262 1401 y(where)d(mo)o(v)o
8616 (e)e(generation)h(is)g(required.)19 b(As)13 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i(generated,)
8617 g(their)g(history)f(v)n(alue)262 1451 y(is)g(lo)q(ok)o(ed)g(up)g(in)g(the)h
8618 (history)g(table)f(and)g(encorp)q(orated)i(in)o(to)e(a)g(sp)q(ecial)h(mo)o(v)
8619 o(e)e(ordering)262 1501 y(score.)19 b(See)c(section)f(6.4.2)e(for)i(more)f
8620 (details.)262 1650 y Fu(6.3.6)55 b(Incremen)n(tal)16 b(A)n(ttac)n(k)j(T)-5
8621 b(ables)344 1776 y Fp(A)o(ttac)o(kT)143 b(=)15 b(64)p Ff(f)p
8622 Fp(A)o(ttac)o(kEn)o(try)p Ff(g)p Fp(64)344 1826 y(/*)f(16)f(b)o(yte)h(en)o
8623 (try)h(*/)344 1876 y(A)o(ttac)o(kEn)o(try)69 b(=)15 b(A)o(ttac)o(kCo)q(de)f
8624 (+)g(Coun)o(t)g(+)g(PieceList)344 1926 y(/*)g(16)f(bit)g(attac)o(k)h(co)q(de)
8625 h(*/)344 1976 y(A)o(ttac)o(kCo)q(de)80 b(=)15 b(P)o(ad)e(+)h(A)o(ttP)h(+)f(A)
8626 o(ttN)g(+)g(A)o(ttB)h(+)f(A)o(ttR)g(+)g(A)o(ttQ)g(+)g(A)o(ttK)344
8627 2026 y(P)o(ad)224 b(=)15 b(0)344 2075 y(A)o(ttP)205 b(=)15
8628 b(0..3)218 b(/*)14 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(pa)o(wn)h(attac)o(ks,)f(2)h(bits)g
8629 (*/)344 2125 y(A)o(ttN)202 b(=)15 b(0..7)218 b(/*)14 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g
8630 (knigh)o(t)g(attac)o(ks,)h(3)g(bits)g(*/)344 2175 y(A)o(ttB)204
8631 b(=)15 b(0..7)218 b(/*)14 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(bishop)h(attac)o(ks,)g(3)f
8632 (bits)h(*/)344 2225 y(A)o(ttR)202 b(=)15 b(0..7)218 b(/*)14
8633 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(ro)q(ok)h(attac)o(ks,)g(3)f(bits)h(*/)344
8634 2275 y(A)o(ttQ)201 b(=)15 b(0..7)218 b(/*)14 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(queen)i
8635 (attac)o(ks,)f(3)f(bits)h(*/)344 2324 y(A)o(ttK)201 b(=)15
8636 b(0..1)218 b(/*)14 b(Num)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(king)g(attac)o(ks,)h(1)g(bit)f(*/)
8637 344 2374 y(Coun)o(t)183 b(=)15 b(0..255)176 b(/*)14 b(Coun)o(t)f(of)g(attac)o
8638 (ks)i(*/)p 262 2411 573 2 v 308 2437 a Fj(2)325 2449 y Fi(although)9
8639 b(not)i(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e's)e(t)o(yp)q(e)946 2574 y Fp(119)p
8642 120 121 bop 344 307 a Fp(PieceList)131 b(=)15 b(13)p Ff(f)p
8643 Fp(A)o(ttSq)p Ff(g)p Fp(13)51 b(/*)14 b(List)f(of)h(attac)o(king)f(pieces)i
8644 (*/)344 357 y(A)o(ttSq)188 b(=)15 b(square)168 b(/*)14 b(Square)g(of)f(piece)
8645 i(attac)o(king)e(this)h(sq)g(*/)344 407 y(square)179 b(=)15
8646 b(0..63)262 534 y(Tw)o(o)20 b(attac)o(k)h(tables)g(are)g(main)o(tained,)f
8647 (one)h(for)f(white)h(attac)o(ks)g(and)g(one)g(for)f(blac)o(k)262
8648 583 y(attac)o(ks.)j(These)17 b(tables)f(represen)o(t)i(p)q(erhaps)e(the)h
8649 (most)d(imp)q(ortan)o(t)g(data)h(structure)j(in)262 633 y(the)d(program.)j
8650 (Eac)o(h)d(table)g(records)h(all)e(the)h(attac)o(ks)g(b)o(y)f(a)h(giv)o(en)f
8651 (colour)g(on)h(eac)o(h)g(and)262 683 y(ev)o(ery)k(square.)31
8652 b(Additionally)m(,)17 b(a)h(list)f(of)h(eac)o(h)h(piece)g(attac)o(king)e(eac)
8653 o(h)i(square)g(is)f(also)262 733 y(main)o(tained.)324 818 y(This)f(table,)g
8654 (allo)o(ws)f(complex)g(in)o(ter{piece)j(calculations)d(whic)o(h)h(w)o(ould)g
8655 (otherwise)262 868 y(b)q(e)e(v)o(ery)g(time)e(consuming.)20
8656 b(F)m(or)14 b(example,)f(it)i(is)f(a)h(simple)e(matter)h(to)h(\014nd)f(the)i
8657 (square)262 918 y(o)q(ccupied)k(b)o(y)g(a)g(c)o(hec)o(king)g(piece;)k(in)19
8658 b(turn)h(it)g(is)g(simple)e(to)i(calculate)g(whether)i(this)262
8659 968 y(c)o(hec)o(king)14 b(piece)g(is)g(itself)g(threatened)h(with)f(capture.)
8660 324 1053 y(The)d(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(mak)o(es)f(extensiv)o(e)i(use)g
8661 (of)f(the)h(attac)o(k/defence)h(balance)e(of)262 1103 y(eac)o(h)j(square.)18
8662 b(Therefore,)13 b(these)h(tables)f(are)g(of)f(cen)o(tral)h(imp)q(ortance)f
8663 (to)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)262 1152 y(function)k(as)h(they)g(allo)o(w)e(it)i
8664 (to)f(mak)o(e)g(v)n(arious)g(p)q(ositional)f(ev)n(aluations)h(whic)o(h)g(w)o
8665 (ould)262 1202 y(otherwise)d(b)q(e)h(far)e(to)q(o)h(time)f(consuming.)324
8666 1287 y(These)18 b(tables)g(also)e(con)o(tribute)i(to)f(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d
8667 (generation)i(and)g(in)g(particular)g(the)262 1337 y(legal)11
8668 b(c)o(hec)o(k)i(ev)n(asion)f(and)g(capture)i(mo)o(v)o(e)c(generation)j
8669 (routines)g(of)e(the)i(program.)j(They)262 1387 y(are)e(also)f(imp)q(ortan)o
8670 (t)f(in)h(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d(ordering)i(pro)q(cess)i(b)q(ecause)f
8671 (information)c(ab)q(out)j(at-)262 1437 y(tac)o(k)o(ed)e(squares)h(is)f(used)i
8672 (to)e(order)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(according)i(to)f(ho)o(w)f(reasonable)i(they)g
8673 (app)q(ear.)262 1487 y(F)m(or)h(example,)f(mo)o(ving)f(an)j(en-prise)g(piece)
8674 h(or)e(capturing)h(an)g(undefended)h(piece)f(is)g(or-)262 1537
8675 y(dered)k(higher)f(than)g(mo)o(ving)e(a)i(piece)h(to)f(a)g(square)g(where)i
8676 (it)d(will)g(b)q(e)i(en-prise.)32 b(See)262 1586 y(section)14
8677 b(6.4.2)e(for)i(more)f(details.)324 1672 y(All)f(this)h(attac)o(k)h(orien)o
8678 (ted)f(information)e(is)i(far)g(to)q(o)g(time)f(consuming)g(to)h(regenerate)
8679 262 1721 y(at)e(eac)o(h)g(new)h(no)q(de.)17 b(In)12 b(fact,)f(eac)o(h)h(mo)o
8680 (v)o(e)d(only)h(c)o(hanges)i(some)f(of)f(the)i(attac)o(k)f(prop)q(erties)262
8681 1771 y(of)i(a)h(p)q(osition.)k(F)m(or)13 b(example,)g(in)g(the)i(op)q(ening)f
8682 (p)q(osition,)f(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d(e4)i(w)o(ould)g(require)262
8683 1821 y(only)h(the)j(attac)o(ks)f(of)f(the)h(white)g(queen,)g(king's)f(bishop)
8684 h(and)f(king's)g(pa)o(wn)g(to)h(b)q(e)g(ad-)262 1871 y(justed.)24
8685 b(Therefore,)17 b(an)e(incremen)o(tal)g(approac)o(h)h(seems)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(w)
8686 o(arran)o(ted.)24 b(Although)262 1921 y(there)17 b(are)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(whic)o
8687 (h)h(mak)o(e)f(this)h(incremen)o(tal)f(approac)o(h)h(v)o(ery)h(complex,)e
8688 (e.g.)25 b(an)262 1970 y(en-passan)o(t)18 b(mo)o(v)o(e;)f(and)h(the)g
8689 (programming)c(of)j(suc)o(h)h(an)g(approac)o(h)f(is)h(v)o(ery)g(tric)o(ky)m
8690 (,)g(I)262 2020 y(ha)o(v)o(e)13 b(found)h(it)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(v)o(ery)h(cost)f
8691 (e\013ectiv)o(e.)324 2105 y(The)19 b(added)f(information)e(a)o(v)n(ailable)g
8692 (at)i(all)f(no)q(des)i(is)f(extremely)g(useful)g(and)g(has)262
8693 2155 y(man)o(y)13 b(applications,)g(some)i(of)f(whic)o(h)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q
8694 (een)h(sho)o(wn.)21 b(In)16 b(fact,)e(I)h(feel)g(the)h(full)e(p)q(o-)262
8695 2205 y(ten)o(tial)9 b(of)h(ha)o(ving)f(suc)o(h)i(a)f(w)o(ealth)h(of)e
8696 (information)f(has)i(not)h(as)f(y)o(et)h(b)q(een)g(fully)e(exploited.)262
8697 2255 y(I)14 b(do)h(not)f(kno)o(w)h(of)f(an)o(y)g(other)h(c)o(hess)i(programs)
8698 c(whic)o(h)i(incremen)o(tally)e(main)o(tain)f(suc)o(h)262 2305
8699 y(a)h(comprehensiv)o(e)h(attac)o(k)g(table)g(throughout)g(the)g(searc)o(h.)
8700 946 2574 y(120)p eop
8702 121 122 bop 262 307 a Fu(6.3.7)55 b(Game)17 b(History)344 434
8703 y Fp(GameHistory)53 b(=)63 b(0)p Ff(f)p Fp(Mo)o(v)o(eRecord)p
8704 Ff(g)p Fp(512)344 483 y(Mo)o(v)o(eRecord)71 b(=)63 b(GMo)o(v)o(e)13
8705 b(+)h(GScore)h(+)f(CPiece)h(+)f(CColour)f(+)h(EPsq)h(+)734
8706 533 y(Dra)o(wmn)d(+)i(Depth)g(+)h(UTime)d(+)i(No)q(des)h(+)f(Ev)n(al)f(+)734
8707 583 y(Hash1)h(+)g(Hash2)344 633 y(GMo)o(v)o(e)165 b(=)63 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)344
8708 683 y(GScore)166 b(=)63 b(Score)344 732 y(CPiece)171 b(=)63
8709 b(PieceT)o(yp)q(e)344 782 y(CColour)142 b(=)63 b(colour)344
8710 832 y(EPsq)201 b(=)63 b(square)344 882 y(Dra)o(wmn)138 b(=)63
8711 b(0..512)344 932 y(Depth)183 b(=)63 b(1..32)344 982 y(UTime)168
8712 b(=)63 b(long)13 b(in)o(teger)344 1031 y(No)q(des)185 b(=)63
8713 b(long)13 b(in)o(teger)344 1081 y(Ev)n(al)214 b(=)63 b(long)13
8714 b(in)o(teger)344 1131 y(Hash1)183 b(=)63 b(long)13 b(in)o(teger)344
8715 1181 y(Hash2)183 b(=)63 b(long)13 b(in)o(teger)262 1308 y(The)i(game)e
8716 (history)i(data)g(structure)i(records)f(the)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(elemen)o(ts)i
8717 (of)f(eac)o(h)h(mo)o(v)o(e)262 1357 y(so)h(it)h(can)f(b)q(e)i(accurately)f
8718 (rev)o(ersed,)i(if)d(necessary)m(.)28 b(This)16 b(structure)j(is)e(used)g
8719 (for)f(b)q(oth)262 1407 y(actual)d(mo)o(v)o(es)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)g(in)g(the)i
8720 (game)d(and)i(mo)o(v)o(es)f(made)f(while)i(searc)o(hing.)324
8721 1492 y(Dra)o(wmn)f(represen)o(ts)18 b(the)e(mo)o(v)o(e)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h
8722 (of)f(the)i(last)f(irrev)o(ersible)i(mo)o(v)o(e.)j(This)c(is)262
8723 1542 y(used)j(to)g(ease)g(detection)h(of)e(the)h(dra)o(w)g(b)o(y)f(3-fold)g
8724 (rep)q(etition)h(or)f(the)i(50)e(mo)o(v)o(e)f(rule.)262 1592
8725 y(EPsq)e(is)f(stored)h(so)g(the)g(p)q(ossible)g(en-passan)o(t)g(capture)g
8726 (square)g(can)g(b)q(e)g(restored)h(when)262 1642 y(the)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)i
8727 (rev)o(ersed.)23 b(GScore)15 b(stores)i(the)e(p)q(ositional)f(v)n(alue)g(of)g
8728 (an)o(y)h(piece)g(captured)262 1692 y(to)d(enable)h(incremen)o(tal)f(ev)n
8729 (aluation)g(and)h(restoration)g(while)g(searc)o(hing)g(and)g(stores)h(the)262
8730 1742 y(mo)o(v)o(e)e(score)j(for)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(actually)g(pla)o(y)o(ed.)324
8731 1827 y(UTime,)18 b(No)q(des,)i(Ev)n(al)e(and)h(Depth)g(are)g(all)f
8732 (measuremen)o(ts)g(stored)i(after)f(actual)262 1877 y(mo)o(v)o(es)10
8733 b(are)i(pla)o(y)o(ed.)17 b(The)12 b(other)g(\014elds,)g(GMo)o(v)o(e,)g
8734 (CPiece,)g(CColour,)f(Hash1)h(and)g(Hash2)262 1926 y(are)i(used)h(to)e(allo)o
8735 (w)g(easy)h(rev)o(ersal)h(of)e(an)o(y)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)946 2574
8738 122 123 bop 262 307 a Fr(6.4)69 b(The)23 b(Algorithms)262 434
8739 y Fp(This)18 b(section)i(explains)e(some)g(of)g(the)h(more)f(critical)g
8740 (algorithms)f(used)i(in)f(HIAR)o(CS.)262 483 y(Man)o(y)12 b(other)h
8741 (algorithms)e(are)i(used)g(and)g(I)g(w)o(ould)e(refer)j(the)g(reader)g(to)e
8742 (the)h(actual)g(co)q(de)262 533 y(listing)f(if)h(more)g(details)h(ab)q(out)g
8743 (these)h(algorithms)d(are)i(required.)262 685 y Fu(6.4.1)55
8744 b(Mo)n(v)n(e)19 b(Generation)262 797 y Fp(The)11 b(mo)o(v)o(e)e(generation)h
8745 (routine)h(used)h(dep)q(ends)g(on)e(the)i(t)o(yp)q(e)f(of)f(searc)o(h)i(b)q
8746 (eing)e(emplo)o(y)o(ed)262 847 y(at)19 b(a)h(giv)o(en)f(no)q(de)i(and)e(the)i
8747 (state)g(of)e(that)h(no)q(de.)36 b(Three)21 b(di\013eren)o(t)g(t)o(yp)q(es)g
8748 (of)e(mo)o(v)o(e)262 896 y(generation)14 b(can)g(b)q(e)g(p)q(erformed:)312
8749 1015 y(1.)20 b Fl(F)l(ull)c(Pseudo)g(Legal)g(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(Generation)p
8750 Fp(:)g(P)o(erformed)e(at)g(all)f(no)q(des)i(in)f(the)365 1065
8751 y(main)d(searc)o(h)j(tree)g(where)g(the)g(pla)o(y)o(er)e(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e
8752 (is)i(not)p 1193 1072 60 2 v 14 w(in-c)o(hec)o(k.)312 1148
8753 y(2.)20 b Fl(F)l(ull)11 b(Legal)h(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(Generation)p
8754 Fp(:)h(P)o(erformed)c(at)i(all)e(no)q(des)i(in)f(the)h(searc)o(h)g(tree)365
8755 1198 y(where)j(the)g(pla)o(y)o(er)e(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)i(in-c)o(hec)o(k.)
8756 312 1281 y(3.)20 b Fl(Selectiv)o(e)c(T)l(actical)i(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(Generation)p
8757 Fp(:)h(P)o(erformed)c(at)g(all)f(no)q(des)i(in)f(the)365 1330
8758 y(quiescence)g(searc)o(h)f(tree)g(where)h(the)e(pla)o(y)o(er)g(to)f(mo)o(v)o
8759 (e)f(is)i(not)p 1291 1337 V 14 w(in-c)o(hec)o(k.)262 1474 y
8760 Fl(F)l(ull)g(Pseudo)g(Legal)h(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(Generation)262 1586
8761 y Fp(This)20 b(routine)g(generates)j(all)c(pseudo)i(legal)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(in)
8762 h(the)h(curren)o(t)h(p)q(osition.)37 b(The)262 1636 y(legalit)o(y)12
8763 b(of)h(eac)o(h)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(is)g(not)h(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)h(at)f(this)g
8764 (stage)g(for)g(2)g(reasons:)324 1754 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Most)14
8765 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(ma)o(y)f(not)i(need)h(searc)o(hing)f(at)g(all)e(b)q(ecause)k
8766 (of)d Fh(\013\014)k Fp(cut)d(o\013s.)324 1837 y Ff(\017)20
8767 b Fp(Most)14 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)h(legal)f(in)g(p)q(ositions)g(where)i(a)f
8768 (king)f(is)g(not)h(in)f(c)o(hec)o(k.)19 b(Therefore)365 1887
8769 y(it)14 b(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(w)o(asteful)g(to)g(test)h(for)e(the)i
8770 (exceptional)f(case)h(at)e(this)h(stage.)324 2005 y(All)d(mo)o(v)o(es)h(are)g
8771 (generated)i(using)e(an)h(o\013set)g(metho)q(d)f(via)f(a)h(set)i(of)e(mo)o(v)
8772 o(e)e(generation)262 2055 y(tables.)35 b(F)m(or)19 b(example,)g(to)g(mo)o(v)o
8773 (e)f(in)h(direction)h(3)f(\()p Ff(\000)p Fp(8)h(o\013set\))g(the)g(curren)o
8774 (t)h(square,)262 2105 y Fm(sq1)c Fp(sa)o(y)m(,)g(is)f(used)i(as)f(an)g(index)
8775 g(in)o(to)g(a)f(table)h(whic)o(h)g(giv)o(es)g(the)h(resulting)f('to)f
8776 (square')262 2155 y(\()p Fm(sq1)p Ff(\000)p Fp(8\).)23 b(If)15
8777 b(the)h('to)f(square')h(is)f(o\013)h(the)g(b)q(oard,)f(the)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)
8778 d(128)h(is)g(returned)j(\(most)262 2205 y(signi\014can)o(t)10
8779 b(bit)h(set\).)18 b(This)11 b(metho)q(d)g(a)o(v)o(oids)f(the)i(need)g(to)f
8780 (ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g(b)q(oundary)g(around)g(the)262 2254 y(b)q(oard,)16
8781 b(therefore)i(allo)o(wing)c(a)i(64)g(square)h(b)q(oard.)25
8782 b(As)17 b(explained)f(earlier,)g(this)h(allo)o(ws)262 2304
8783 y(con)o(v)o(enien)o(t)d(12)f(bit)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(storage.)324
8784 2389 y(All)h(non)h(capture/sp)q(ecial)h(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)j(generated)g
8785 (using)f(these)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(tables.)18 b(Cap-)262 2439 y(tures)12
8786 b(are)g(generated)h(directly)f(from)d(the)j(appropriate)g(attac)o(k)f(table.)
8787 18 b(P)o(a)o(wn)11 b(promotion)946 2574 y(122)p eop
8789 123 124 bop 262 307 a Fp(to)17 b(minor)e(pieces)k(is)e(catered)i(for,)e(eac)o
8790 (h)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(ha)o(ving)i(the)g(same)g(12)g(bit)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(co)q(de,)
8791 262 357 y(but)e(a)h(di\013eren)o(t)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(t)o(yp)q(e.)18
8792 b(Castling)13 b(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)j(generated)g(only)e(if)f(the)j(follo)o
8793 (wing)c(5)262 407 y(conditions)i(are)h(met:)312 525 y(1.)20
8794 b(The)15 b(king)e(has)h(nev)o(er)h(mo)o(v)o(ed.)312 608 y(2.)20
8795 b(The)15 b(ro)q(ok)e(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)g(has)h(nev)o(er)h(mo)o(v)o(ed.)312
8796 691 y(3.)20 b(The)15 b(squares)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(the)f(king)g(and)f(ro)q
8797 (ok)h(are)g(empt)o(y)m(.)312 774 y(4.)20 b(The)15 b(king)e(is)g(not)h(in)g(c)
8798 o(hec)o(k.)312 857 y(5.)20 b(The)c(king)f(will)f(not)i(pass)g(through)g(or)f
8799 (in)o(to)g(c)o(hec)o(k)i(as)e(part)h(of)f(the)h(castling)f(ma-)365
8800 907 y(no)q(euvre.)262 1026 y(The)f(incremen)o(tal)f(attac)o(k)h(table)f(is)h
8801 (v)o(ery)g(useful)g(for)g(c)o(hec)o(king)g(conditions)g(4)f(and)h(5.)324
8802 1111 y(En-passan)o(t)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(are)h(tested)i(and)e(generated)i(b)o(y)e
8803 (c)o(hec)o(king)g(the)h(relev)n(an)o(t)g(attac)o(k)262 1161
8804 y(table)e(for)h(pa)o(wn)f(attac)o(ks)i(on)e(the)i(curren)o(t)g(en-passan)o(t)
8805 g(square)f(\(if)f(an)o(y\).)262 1304 y Fl(F)l(ull)h(Legal)g(Mo)o(v)o(e)i
8806 (Generation)262 1416 y Fp(When)10 b(the)h(king)e(is)h(in)g(c)o(hec)o(k,)i
8807 (most)d(pseudo)i(legal)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(are)i(in)f(fact)g(illegal.)15
8808 b(Therefore,)262 1466 y(it)e(mak)o(es)g(sense)i(to)f(generate)h(only)e(legal)
8809 g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(when)h(the)h(king)e(is)h(in)f(c)o(hec)o(k.)324
8810 1551 y(It)h(is)f(surprising)h(ho)o(w)g(man)o(y)e(c)o(hess)j(programs)d(con)o
8811 (tin)o(ue)i(to)g(generate)h(pseudo)g(legal)262 1601 y(mo)o(v)o(es)c(ev)o(en)j
8812 (when)f(the)g(king)g(is)f(in)h(c)o(hec)o(k.)18 b(They)13 b(then)h(w)o(aste)f
8813 (time)f(pro)o(ving)g(that)h(most)262 1651 y(of)e(the)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e
8814 (generated)j(are)f(in)f(fact)g(illegal.)j(Admittedly)m(,)c(it)h(do)q(es)h
8815 (tak)o(e)f(some)g(sophis-)262 1701 y(ticated)g(data)f(structures)k(to)c
8816 (enable)h(suc)o(h)h(legal)d(mo)o(v)o(e)h(generation)h(to)f(b)q(e)i
8817 (accomplished)262 1750 y(e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)j(My)10 b(incremen)o(tal)g
8818 (attac)o(k)h(tables)g(do)f(pro)o(vide)g(enough)h(information)d(to)i(allo)o(w)
8819 262 1800 y(suc)o(h)k(mo)o(v)o(e)f(generation)h(to)g(b)q(e)g(done)g(v)o(ery)h
8820 (e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)i(In)d(fact,)g(in)f(tests,)i(I)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(found)262
8821 1850 y(legal)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(generation)j(is)f(appro)o(ximately)d(10)j(times)f
8822 (faster)i(than)f(pseudo)h(legal)e(mo)o(v)o(e)262 1900 y(generation)h(and)f(v)
8823 n(alidation,)e(assuming)i(no)g Fh(\013\014)k Fp(cut)d(o\013s)g(o)q(ccur.)324
8824 1985 y(Legal)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(when)h(in)f(c)o(hec)o(k)i(fall)e(in)o(to)g(one)h
8825 (of)f(the)i(follo)o(wing)c(3)j(categories:)312 2104 y(1.)20
8826 b(King)14 b(mo)o(v)o(es)e(to)i(unattac)o(k)o(ed)g(squares.)312
8827 2187 y(2.)20 b(Captures)15 b(of)e(the)i(c)o(hec)o(king)f(piece)h(b)o(y)f
8828 (pieces)h(not)f(pinned)g(to)f(the)i(king.)312 2270 y(3.)20
8829 b(In)o(terp)q(osition)10 b(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(the)g(king)f(and)g(the)h(c)o
8830 (hec)o(king)g(piece,)g(b)o(y)g(pieces)g(not)f(pinned)365 2319
8831 y(to)14 b(the)h(king.)946 2574 y(123)p eop
8833 124 125 bop 262 307 a Fp(In)16 b(category)h(1,)f(it)g(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f
8834 (to)h(tak)o(e)h(accoun)o(t)g(of)e(c)o(hec)o(ks)j(b)o(y)e(v)o(ector)h(t)o(yp)q
8835 (e)g(pieces)262 357 y(\(bishop,)e(ro)q(ok)h(and)f(queen\))i(as)f(these)h
8836 (e\013ectiv)o(ely)f(attac)o(k)g(squares)h(through)f(the)g(king.)262
8837 407 y(These)f(attac)o(ks)f(are)g(not)g(ob)o(vious)f(from)f(the)j(attac)o(k)f
8838 (tables)g(themselv)o(es.)324 492 y(Note)j(when)g(in)f(double)g(c)o(hec)o(k,)h
8839 (only)f(king)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(need)i(to)f(b)q(e)h(generated)h(as)f(it)f(is)262
8840 542 y(imp)q(ossible)c(to)i(get)g(out)f(of)h(c)o(hec)o(k)h(b)o(y)e(pla)o(ying)
8841 g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)i(categories)g(2)g(or)g(3.)324 627 y(Generating)f(only)g
8842 (legal)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(giv)o(es)h(an)g(added)h(b)q(ene\014t)h(to)f(the)g
8843 (program's)d(searc)o(h)262 677 y(extensions:)17 b(It)11 b(is)f(kno)o(wn)g(b)q
8844 (efore)h(searc)o(hing)h(an)o(y)e(mo)o(v)o(es,)f(ho)o(w)h(man)o(y)f(legal)g
8845 (mo)o(v)o(es)h(exist,)262 727 y(ho)o(w)f(man)o(y)g(legal)g(king)g(mo)o(v)o
8846 (es)g(exist)i(and)f(whether)i(the)e(c)o(hec)o(k)i(is)e(doubled)g(or)g(disco)o
8847 (v)o(ered.)262 870 y Fl(Selectiv)o(e)j(T)l(actical)i(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(Generation)
8848 262 982 y Fp(Mo)o(v)o(es)f(generated)i(in)d(the)i(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)e
8849 (when)g(not)f(in)g(c)o(hec)o(k)h(are)g(rather)g(limited)262
8850 1032 y(to)j(ob)o(vious)g(tactical)h(mo)o(v)o(es.)32 b(Only)18
8851 b(t)o(w)o(o)h(tactical)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(categories)h(are)h(generated,)262
8852 1082 y(captures)15 b(and)f(pa)o(wn)f(promotions.)324 1167 y(Only)k(pa)o(wn)h
8853 (promotions)e(to)h(a)h(queen)h(are)f(considered.)31 b(All)17
8854 b(capture)i(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)262 1217 y(generated)h(with)e(the)i(exception)g
8855 (of)e(en-passan)o(t.)25 b(These)17 b(sp)q(ecial)g(case)g(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)j
8856 (not)262 1267 y(considered)h(cost)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)h(enough)f(to)f(w)o(arran)
8857 o(t)g(inclusion)g(in)g(this)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(generation)262 1316
8858 y(pro)q(cess.)k(All)13 b(mo)o(v)o(es)g(generated)i(b)o(y)f(this)g(phase)g
8859 (are)h(only)e(pseudo-legal.)262 1468 y Fu(6.4.2)55 b(Mo)n(v)n(e)19
8860 b(Ordering)262 1580 y Fp(As)f(explained)g(in)g(c)o(hapter)h(3,)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f
8861 (ordering)h(is)g(vital)f(to)h(the)h(e\016ciency)g(of)f(the)g
8862 Fh(\013\014)262 1630 y Fp(searc)o(h)d(algorithm.)i(T)m(o)c(ac)o(hiev)o(e)i
8863 (the)g(optimal)d Fh(\013\014)k Fp(searc)o(h)g(tree,)f(it)f(is)g(not)p
8864 1398 1637 60 2 v 14 w(necessary)j(to)262 1680 y(examine)12
8865 b(mo)o(v)o(es)h(in)g(a)h(strictly)g(b)q(est)h(to)f(w)o(orst)g(order)g(at)g
8866 (eac)o(h)h(no)q(de.)324 1765 y(The)f(optimal)d Fh(\013\014)17
8867 b Fp(searc)o(h)e(tree)g(can)f(b)q(e)g(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)h(b)o(y:)324
8868 1883 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Along)13 b(a)g(v)n(ariation)e(whic)o(h)i(will)f(b)q
8869 (ecome)h(the)h(new)f(principle)g(v)n(ariation,)f(the)h(b)q(est)365
8870 1933 y(mo)o(v)o(e)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)j(examined)e(\014rst)h(at)g(eac)o(h)g
8871 (ply)m(.)324 2016 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(The)e(\014rst)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(explored)i
8872 (at)f(ev)o(en)h(ply)f(depths)h(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(a)f(refutation)g(mo)o(v)o
8873 (e,)365 2066 y(e.g.)h(one)c(that)g(causes)h(a)f Fh(\014)i Fp(cut)f(o\013.)324
8874 2149 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(A)o(t)11 b(o)q(dd)f(ply)g(depths)i(whic)o(h)e(are)h
8875 (not)f(part)h(of)f(a)g(new)h(principle)f(v)n(ariation,)g(ordering)365
8876 2199 y(is)16 b(unimp)q(ortan)o(t)f(pro)o(vided)h(a)f(refutation)h(mo)o(v)o(e)
8877 f(is)h(examined)f(\014rst)h(at)g(the)h(next)365 2249 y(depth.)262
8878 2367 y(It)c(can)i(b)q(e)f(seen)h(from)d(these)k(p)q(oin)o(ts)d(that)h(it)g
8879 (is)f(vital)g(to)h(examine)e(refutation)i(mo)o(v)o(es)f(as)262
8880 2417 y(early)k(as)g(p)q(ossible.)28 b(In)17 b(HIAR)o(CS,)f(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e
8881 (ordering)h(algorithm's)d(basic)k(aim)d(is)i(to)946 2574 y(124)p
8884 125 126 bop 262 307 a Fp(alw)o(a)o(ys)12 b(examine)g(the)i(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o
8885 (e)d(\014rst.)18 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(emphasis)f(is)g(placed)h(on)f
8886 (examining)262 357 y(mo)o(v)o(es)f(lik)o(ely)h(to)g(cause)i
8887 Fh(\014)i Fp(cut)d(o\013)s('s,)g(e.g.)k(capturing)13 b(the)i(piece)g(just)f
8888 (mo)o(v)o(ed.)324 442 y(The)19 b(main)e(mo)o(v)o(e)h(ordering)h(algorithm)e
8889 (is)i(p)q(erformed)f(while)h(generating)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)262
8890 492 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)10 b(a)f(signi\014can)o(t)g(prop)q(ortion)g(of)g(the)
8891 h(time,)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(do)q(es)h(not)g(need)g(to)f(generate)262
8892 542 y(an)o(y)i(mo)o(v)o(es.)16 b(This)c(is)g(b)q(ecause)h(at)f(eac)o(h)g(no)q
8893 (de)h(the)f(refutation)g(and)g(transp)q(osition)f(tables)262
8894 592 y(are)16 b(prob)q(ed,)h(p)q(ossibly)e(resulting)h(in)g(a)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g
8895 (b)q(eing)h(prop)q(osed.)25 b(An)o(y)15 b(mo)o(v)o(e)g(prop)q(osed)262
8896 641 y(b)o(y)h(these)j(tables)e(has)h(a)f(high)f(probabilit)o(y)g(of)g
8897 (causing)h(a)g(refutation.)28 b(It)17 b(is)g(therefore)262
8898 691 y(explored)d(\014rst)g(without)g(generating)g(an)o(y)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)k(If)
8899 d(a)f(cut)i(o\013)f(is)f(ac)o(hiev)o(ed,)h(the)g(costly)262
8900 741 y(exercise)h(of)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(generation)i(and)g(ordering)f(is)h(a)o(v)o
8901 (oided)f(altogether.)324 826 y(Tw)o(o)i(mo)o(v)o(e)g(ordering)h(algorithms)e
8902 (are)j(used,)g(one)f(during)g(b)q(oth)g(the)h(pseudo)g(legal)262
8903 876 y(and)12 b(legal)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(generation)i(routines)g(and)f(one)h
8904 (during)f(quiescence)j(mo)o(v)o(e)c(generation.)262 1020 y
8905 Fl(F)l(ull)j(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(Ordering)262 1132 y Fp(As)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i
8906 (generated)h(in)e(the)h(full)e(pseudo)i(or)f(legal)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(generation)
8907 j(routines)g(a)262 1181 y(score)d(is)e(assigned.)18 b(This)12
8908 b(score)h(allo)o(ws)e(the)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(generated)i(to)f(b)q(e)g(ordered)h
8909 (on)f(merit.)262 1231 y(While)f(the)i(score)g(do)q(es)g(represen)o(t)i(an)d
8910 (estimate)g(of)f(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e's)e(v)n(alue,)g(it)h(also)g(attempts)262
8911 1281 y(to)h(estimate)h(the)g(lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)e(of)h(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d
8912 (causing)i(a)g(cut)g(o\013.)324 1366 y(Eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)i(scored)h
8913 (b)o(y)f(the)g(follo)o(wing)e(pro)q(cedure:)312 1485 y(1.)20
8914 b(The)13 b(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i(lo)q(ok)o(ed)f(up)h(in)f(the)i(history)f(table)g
8915 (and)f(the)i(v)n(alue)e(found)h(is)f(assigned)365 1535 y(as)j(the)h(mo)o(v)o
8916 (e's)d(initial)g(score.)312 1618 y(2.)20 b(When)13 b(a)e(mo)o(v)o(e)g(is)h
8917 (found)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(b)q(est)i(at)e(a)g(giv)o(en)f(no)q(de)i(in)e(the)i
8918 (tree)h(it)d(is)h(stored)i(as)365 1667 y(a)g(killer)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(and)i(giv)
8919 o(en)g(an)f(appropriate)h(v)n(alue.)k(In)c(HIAR)o(CS,)f(3)h(killer)f(mo)o(v)o
8920 (es)365 1717 y(are)i(stored)g(at)f(eac)o(h)h(ply)m(,)e(2)g(for)h(mo)o(v)o(es)
8921 f(causing)h(cut)h(o\013)s('s)f(and)g(1)g(for)g(non)g(cut)h(o\013)365
8922 1767 y(mo)o(v)o(es.)365 1833 y(The)d(mo)o(v)o(e)e(ordering)h(algorithm)e(c)o
8923 (hec)o(ks)k(the)f(mo)o(v)o(e)d(against)i(the)h(follo)o(wing)d(stored)365
8924 1883 y(killer)k(mo)o(v)o(es:)383 1966 y(\(a\))21 b(Refutation)13
8925 b(killer's)g(1)g(and)h(2)f(at)h(this)g(ply)m(.)381 2033 y(\(b\))21
8926 b(Normal)11 b(killer)j(3)f(at)h(this)g(ply)m(.)385 2099 y(\(c\))22
8927 b(Refutation)13 b(killer)g(1)g(at)h(ply)p Ff(\000)p Fp(2.)365
8928 2182 y(If)i(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)h(a)g(killer)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(at)j(this)f
8929 (depth)h(of)e(the)i(tree,)h(the)f(score)g(is)f(incre-)365 2232
8930 y(men)o(ted)e(b)o(y)f(the)i(resp)q(ectiv)o(e)h(killer)d(v)n(alue.)365
8931 2298 y(This)j(heuristic)h(supp)q(orts)g(the)g(history)f(heuristic)h(b)o(y)e
8932 (suggesting)i(recen)o(t)g(strong)365 2348 y(mo)o(v)o(es)g(at)h(the)h(curren)o
8933 (t)h(depth.)32 b(It)18 b(is)g(often)g(the)h(case)g(that)f(the)h(last)f(mo)o
8934 (v)o(e)f(to)365 2398 y(cause)c(a)f(refutation)f(at)h(a)g(giv)o(en)f(depth)i
8935 (will)d(rep)q(eatedly)j(ac)o(hiev)o(e)f(the)h(same)e(result)365
8936 2448 y(in)j(other)g(p)q(ositions)g(at)g(the)g(same)f(depth.)946
8939 126 127 bop 312 307 a Fp(3.)20 b(If)15 b(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(captures)k(the)f
8940 (piece)g(just)f(mo)o(v)o(ed)e(b)o(y)i(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t,)f(it)g(receiv)o
8941 (es)i(a)365 357 y(b)q(on)o(us)c(score)h(of)d(400)h(p)q(oin)o(ts.)17
8942 b(This)c(indicates)f(the)h(imp)q(ortance)f(of)g(suc)o(h)h(mo)o(v)o(es)e(in)
8943 365 407 y(causing)j(refutations.)312 486 y(4.)20 b(The)15 b(estimate)e(is)h
8944 (then)g(mo)q(di\014ed)f(b)o(y:)448 556 y Fh(C)s(P)6 b(T)14
8945 b Ff(\000)c Fh(S)r(W)c(P)15 b Fp(+)10 b Fh(E)r(N)5 b(P)365
8946 656 y Fl(where)448 706 y Fp(CPT)14 b(:)63 b(is)14 b(the)g(v)n(alue)g(of)f
8947 (the)h(captured)h(piece,)g(if)e(an)o(y)m(,)f(otherwise)j(0.)448
8948 805 y(SWP)f(:)57 b(is)14 b(the)g(estimated)g(v)n(alue)f(of)g(the)i(p)q(oten)o
8949 (tial)e(exc)o(hanges)i(on)f(the)g(to)625 855 y(square.)19 b(De\014ned)c(b)o
8950 (y:)448 955 y(SWP)f(=)37 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\()p Fl(not)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o
8951 (ed\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),to\)\))684 1005 y(0)625 1054 y Fl(else)684
8952 1104 y(if)g Fp(\()p Fl(not)g Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y],col,to\)\))743
8953 1154 y Fh(M)5 b(T)812 1160 y Fe(col;f)s(r)q(om)684 1204 y Fl(else)743
8954 1254 y(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([An)o(y)h Fh(<)g Fp
8955 (On\(from\)],Opp\(col\),to\))743 1303 y Fl(or)g Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o
8956 (ks\(Opp\(col\),to\))g Fh(>)g Fp(0\))802 1353 y Fl(if)f Fp(\(Con)o
8957 (trol\(to\))g(=)i(col\))861 1403 y Fh(M)5 b(T)930 1409 y Fe(col;f)s(r)q(om)
8958 1066 1403 y Fh(=)p Fp(2)802 1453 y Fl(else)861 1503 y Fh(M)g(T)930
8959 1509 y Fe(col;f)s(r)q(om)802 1553 y Fl(endif)743 1602 y(else)802
8960 1652 y(if)13 b Fp(\(Con)o(trol\(to\))g(=)i(col\))861 1702 y(0)802
8961 1752 y Fl(else)861 1802 y Fh(M)5 b(T)930 1808 y Fe(col;f)s(r)q(om)1066
8962 1802 y Fh(=)p Fp(2)802 1851 y Fl(endif)743 1901 y(endif)684
8963 1951 y(endif)625 2001 y(endif)448 2100 y Fh(M)g(T)517 2106
8964 y Fe(col;sq)603 2100 y Fp(:)10 b(See)15 b(ev)n(aluation)d(function)i
8965 (de\014nition)f(1,)h(Material.)448 2200 y(ENP)g(:)64 b(Represen)o(ts)16
8966 b(an)e(estimate)f(of)g(the)i(threat)f(to)g(the)h(mo)o(ving)c(piece)k(on)e
8967 (its)625 2250 y(original)f(square,)i(e.g.)k(its)c(urgency)h(to)e(mo)o(v)o(e.)
8968 k(De\014ned)d(b)o(y:)448 2350 y(ENP)g(=)44 b Fl(if)13 b Fp(\(A)o(ttac)o(k)o
8969 (ed\([An)o(y)h Fh(<)g Fp(On\(from\)],Opp\(col\),from)o(\)\))684
8970 2399 y Fh(M)5 b(T)753 2405 y Fe(col;f)s(r)q(om)889 2399 y Fh(=)p
8971 Fp(16)625 2449 y Fl(endif)946 2574 y Fp(126)p eop
8973 127 128 bop 365 357 a Fp(Note:)19 b('from')11 b(and)j('to')e(are)j(the)f
8974 (from)e(and)i(to)g(squares)h(of)e(the)i(generated)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)365
8975 448 y(SWP)9 b(and)h(ENP)f(are)h(only)f(calculated)g(if)f(the)i(History)g(and)
8976 f(Killer)g(v)n(alues)g(summed,)365 498 y(are)16 b(less)f(than)g(32.)21
8977 b(This)14 b(a)o(v)o(oids)g(go)q(o)q(d)h(refutation)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(b)q(eing)i
8978 (badly)f(ordered)365 548 y(b)q(ecause)k(they)f(lo)q(ok)e(inferior)g(to)h
8979 (this)g(score)i(estimator,)d(when)i(in)e(fact)h(previous)365
8980 598 y(searc)o(hing)f(has)f(sho)o(wn)g(them)f(to)g(b)q(e)i(go)q(o)q(d)e(in)h
8981 (the)g(past.)262 740 y Fl(Quiescence)f(Mo)o(v)o(e)j(Ordering)262
8982 852 y Fp(In)h(the)g(selectiv)o(e)i(tactical)d(mo)o(v)o(e)g(generator,)i(mo)o
8983 (v)o(es)e(are)i(scored)g(b)o(y)f(their)h(optimistic)262 902
8984 y(p)q(ossibilities.)33 b(This)19 b(is)g(to)g(enable)h(the)f(forw)o(ard)g
8985 (pruning)g(mec)o(hanism)e(explained)i(in)262 951 y(section)14
8986 b(5.4,)f(note)h(3.)324 1037 y(All)g(capture)j(mo)o(v)o(es)d(are)i(scored)h(b)
8987 o(y)e(the)h(v)n(alue)f(of)g(the)h(piece)g(captured)h(min)o(us)d(the)262
8988 1086 y(capturing)i(piece's)i(represen)o(tation)h(\(1-6\),)d(e.g.)27
8989 b(3)17 b(for)f(a)h(bishop.)27 b(This)16 b(results)i(in)f(an)262
8990 1136 y(ordering)j(where)i(captures)g(of)e(higher)h(v)n(alued)f(pieces)i(are)f
8991 (examined)f(\014rst.)39 b(Where)262 1186 y(more)13 b(than)h(one)h(w)o(a)o(y)f
8992 (to)g(capture)i(a)e(piece)h(exists,)g(the)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(are)i(further)g
8993 (ordered)h(b)o(y)262 1236 y(considering)e(captures)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(lo)o(w)o
8994 (er)g(v)n(alued)f(pieces)i(\014rst.)324 1321 y(This)g(is)f(kno)o(wn)h(as)g
8995 (Minor)f(to)h(Ma)r(jorC)g(ordering)g(and)g(has)g(b)q(een)h(sho)o(wn)f(to)f(b)
8996 q(e)i(the)262 1371 y(most)c(e\013ectiv)o(e)k(ordering)d(of)h(capture)h(mo)o
8997 (v)o(es)d([10)o(].)324 1456 y(P)o(a)o(wn)j(promotions)f(receiv)o(e)j(an)e
8998 (estimated)g(score)i(of)e(QueenV)m(alue)h Ff(\000)g Fp(P)o(a)o(wnV)m(alue.)
8999 262 1506 y(Where)i(the)h(promotion)d(is)h(also)h(a)f(capture,)j(the)e(score)i
9000 (is)d(further)i(increased)g(b)o(y)f(the)262 1556 y(capture)d(score)g
9001 (explained)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)324 1641 y(Although)f(all)g(the)h(ordering)g
9002 (algorithms)d(score)k(mo)o(v)o(es)e(as)h(they)g(are)g(generated,)h(the)262
9003 1691 y(mo)o(v)o(es)g(are)i(not)g(fully)e(sorted)i(in)o(to)f(order.)24
9004 b(Only)16 b(the)g(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(not)h(y)o(et)h(searc)o(hed)i(is)262
9005 1741 y(required)d(to)f(b)q(e)h(sorted)g(as)f(it)g(ma)o(y)e(itself)i(cause)h
9006 (a)f(cut)h(o\013,)f(a)o(v)o(oiding)e(the)j(need)g(for)f(an)o(y)262
9007 1791 y(more)e(sorting.)262 1941 y Fu(6.4.3)55 b(T)-5 b(ree)18
9008 b(Searc)n(hing)262 2053 y Fp(The)g(actual)f(searc)o(h)i(tec)o(hniques)g
9009 (emplo)o(y)o(ed)d(in)h(HIAR)o(CS)g(w)o(ere)i(explained)e(and)h(illus-)262
9010 2103 y(trated)g(in)f(c)o(hapter)i(5,)f(T)m(ree)h(Searc)o(hing.)30
9011 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(some)f(of)g(the)i(w)o(ork)e('b)q(ehind)h(the)262
9012 2152 y(scenes')e(of)e(the)i(searc)o(h)g(pro)q(cedures)h(w)o(as)e(not)g
9013 (explained.)21 b(This)15 b(section)h(will)d(therefore)262 2202
9014 y(highligh)o(t)f(these)j(more)e(implemen)o(tatio)o(nal)d(tasks)15
9015 b(whic)o(h)f(the)g(searc)o(h)h(m)o(ust)e(p)q(erform.)324 2287
9016 y(Three)i(searc)o(h)g(routines)f(are)h(used)f(in)g(HIAR)o(CS:)312
9017 2399 y(1.)20 b Fl(Ro)q(ot)p Fp(:)j(This)17 b(recursiv)o(e)h(function)f(o)o(v)
9018 o(ersees)h(and)f(con)o(trols)g(the)g(searc)o(h)h(pro)q(cess.)365
9019 2449 y(It)c(p)q(erforms)g(the)g(follo)o(wing)d(k)o(ey)j(tasks:)946
9022 128 129 bop 415 307 a Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Selects)15 b(the)f(searc)o(h)h
9023 (required)g(for)f(the)g(next)h(depth.)415 374 y Ff(\017)21
9024 b Fp(Chec)o(ks)15 b(mo)o(v)o(es)d(for)i(kno)o(wn)f(results,)i(e.g.)i(c)o(hec)
9025 o(kmate)d(in)g(2)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)415 440 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Sorts)14
9026 b(1)g(ply)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(iterations.)415
9027 506 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Allo)q(cates)9 b(and)g(assigns)h(refutation)f(lines)g
9028 (to)g(and)h(from)d(the)j(refutation)f(table.)415 573 y Ff(\017)21
9029 b Fp(Adjusts)14 b(time)f(con)o(trol)g(information)e(in)j(the)g(ligh)o(t)f(of)
9030 g(searc)o(h)i(results.)415 639 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Main)o(tains)9
9031 b(searc)o(h)i(status)g(indicators)f(whic)o(h)g(aid)f(the)i(time)e(con)o(trol)
9032 g(decision)457 689 y(pro)q(cess.)415 756 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Up)q(dates)15
9033 b(the)f(history)g(table)g(with)f(the)i(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(found.)312
9034 839 y(2.)20 b Fl(AlphaBeta)p Fp(:)15 b(This)c(recursiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h)f
9035 (function)f(explores)h(all)d(no)q(des)j(in)f(the)h(main)365
9036 888 y(searc)o(h)j(tree)g(b)q(elo)o(w)f(ply)f(1.)18 b(It)c(p)q(erforms)g(the)g
9037 (follo)o(wing)d(k)o(ey)j(tasks:)415 971 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13
9038 b(for)g(ev)n(aluation)g(of)g(no)q(des.)415 1038 y Ff(\017)21
9039 b Fp(Mak)o(es)14 b(searc)o(h)h(extension)f(decisions.)415 1104
9040 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Prob)q(es)14 b(refutation)e(and)h(transp)q(osition)g
9041 (tables)g(for)f(scores)j(and)d(mo)o(v)o(es.)17 b(Of-)457 1154
9042 y(ten)d(this)g(is)g(enough)g(to)g(cause)g(termination)f(of)g(the)h(no)q(de.)
9043 415 1220 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13 b(for)g(generation)h(of)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g
9044 (when)h(necessary)m(.)415 1287 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13 b(for)g(a)h(searc)o
9045 (h)h(to)f(the)g(next)g(depth.)415 1353 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Main)o(tains)c(the)j
9046 (b)q(est)f(v)n(ariation)e(of)h(mo)o(v)o(es)g(from)f(this)h(no)q(de)i(and)e
9047 (returns)457 1403 y(suc)o(h)c(information)d(to)j(its)g(paren)o(t)g(no)q(de.)
9048 415 1469 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Sa)o(v)o(es)14 b(information)d(ab)q(out)i(the)i
9049 (no)q(de)f(in)g(the)g(transp)q(osition)g(table.)415 1536 y
9050 Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Up)q(dates)15 b(killer)e(mo)o(v)o(es)f(and)i(scores)h(for)f
9051 (the)g(curren)o(t)i(depth.)415 1602 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Up)q(dates)15
9052 b(the)f(history)g(table)g(with)f(the)i(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(found.)312
9053 1685 y(3.)20 b Fl(Quies)p Fp(:)e(This)d(recursiv)o(e)h(searc)o(h)g(function)f
9054 (handles)g(no)q(des)g(b)q(ey)o(ond)g(the)h(horizon)365 1735
9055 y(of)e(the)g(main)e(searc)o(h.)19 b(It)14 b(p)q(erforms)f(the)i(follo)o(wing)
9056 c(k)o(ey)j(tasks:)415 1818 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13 b(for)g(ev)n(aluation)g
9057 (of)g(no)q(des.)415 1885 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Mak)o(es)g(searc)o(h)g(extension,)
9058 i(main)c(searc)o(h)i(con)o(tin)o(uation)f(and)g(quiescence)457
9059 1934 y(decisions.)415 2001 y Ff(\017)h Fp(Calls)13 b(for)g(re-en)o(try)i(of)e
9060 (the)i(main)d(searc)o(h.)415 2067 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13
9061 b(for)g(generation)h(of)f(tactical)h(mo)o(v)o(es)f(when)h(necessary)m(.)415
9062 2134 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Calls)13 b(for)g(a)h(searc)o(h)h(to)f(the)g(next)g
9063 (depth.)415 2200 y Ff(\017)21 b Fp(Main)o(tains)c(the)j(b)q(est)f(v)n
9064 (ariation)e(of)h(mo)o(v)o(es)g(from)f(this)h(no)q(de)i(and)e(returns)457
9065 2250 y(suc)o(h)c(information)d(to)j(its)g(paren)o(t)g(no)q(de.)262
9066 2368 y(Figure)i(6.2)g(sho)o(ws)h(a)g(state)h(transition)e(diagram)e(for)j
9067 (the)g(searc)o(h.)28 b(It)17 b(illustrates)g(ho)o(w)262 2418
9068 y(eac)o(h)d(searc)o(h)h(state)g(in)o(teracts.)k(An)14 b(explanation)f(of)g
9069 (eac)o(h)h(state)h(is)f(giv)o(en)f(b)q(elo)o(w:)946 2574 y(128)p
9072 129 130 bop 499 2422 a Fp(Figure)14 b(6.2:)j(State)d(T)m(ransition)f(Diagram)
9073 e(for)j(the)g(Searc)o(h.)946 2574 y(129)p eop
9075 130 131 bop 262 307 a Fl(IDLE)262 419 y Fp(When)13 b(no)g(searc)o(hing)g(of)g
9076 (an)o(y)f(kind)h(is)g(b)q(eing)g(p)q(erformed,)f(the)i(program)d(is)i(in)f
9077 (the)i Fm(IDLE)262 469 y Fp(state.)k(A)o(t)c(program)f(start)h(up,)g(this)g
9078 (is)f(also)h(the)g(initial)e(state.)324 554 y(If)h(the)i(program)d(is)h(exp)q
9079 (ecting)i(a)f(mo)o(v)o(e,)d(it)j(will)e(start)i(to)g(searc)o(h)h(on)f(the)g
9080 (opp)q(onen)o(ts)262 604 y(time)9 b(for)i(its)g(o)o(wn)g(b)q(est)h(resp)q
9081 (onse)h(to)e(the)h(exp)q(ected)h(mo)o(v)o(e.)j(This)11 b(is)g(kno)o(wn)g(as)g
9082 ("thinking)262 654 y(on)16 b(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(time".)25
9083 b(T)m(o)16 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(this)g(the)g Fm(SEAR)o(CHING)h(ON)f(OPP)g
9084 Fp(state)h(is)262 704 y(en)o(tered.)26 b(If)16 b(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(t)f
9085 (actually)f(mak)o(es)h(a)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(while)h(in)f(the)i
9086 Fm(IDLE)g Fp(state,)g(the)262 754 y(en)o(tered)e(user)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i
9087 (made)f(and)g(the)i(program)d(en)o(ters)k(the)e Fm(SEAR)o(CHING)g
9088 Fp(state.)262 896 y Fl(SEAR)o(CHING)262 1008 y Fp(This)j(state)h(carries)g
9089 (out)f(the)h(tree)h(searc)o(hing)e(on)g(the)h(computer's)f(time.)27
9090 b(It)18 b(uses)g(the)262 1058 y(aforemen)o(tioned)d(three)k(searc)o(h)f
9091 (routines.)28 b(The)17 b(searc)o(h)i(ma)o(y)c(start)i(from)f(the)h(ro)q(ot)g
9092 (of)262 1108 y(the)d(tree)h(or)f(con)o(tin)o(ue)g(a)g(previously)f(in)o
9093 (terrupted)i(searc)o(h.)324 1193 y(If)j(the)i(searc)o(h)g(deriv)o(es)g(a)f
9094 (kno)o(wn)f(v)n(alue)h(for)g(the)g(game)f(tree,)j(lik)o(e)d(c)o(hec)o(kmate)h
9095 (in)262 1243 y(3)d(mo)o(v)o(es)g(for)g(example,)g(no)h(more)e(searc)o(hing)j
9096 (is)e(required)i(and)f(the)g Fm(SEAR)o(CH)h(COM-)262 1293 y(PLETE)g
9097 Fp(state)h(is)f(en)o(tered.)33 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)20 b(if)d(the)i(game)e
9098 (tree)i(v)n(alue)f(is)g(not)g(kno)o(wn,)h(the)262 1342 y(program)d(con)o(tin)
9099 o(ues)j('thinking')d(un)o(til)i(either,)h(a)f(user)i(in)o(terrupt)f(\()p
9100 Ff(")p Fp(C\))f(o)q(ccurs)i(or)e(an)262 1392 y(alarm)e(timer)h(expires,)i
9101 (where)h(up)q(on)e(the)h Fm(SEAR)o(CH)g(INTERR)o(UPTED)f Fp(state)h(is)f(en-)
9102 262 1442 y(tered.)262 1584 y Fl(SEAR)o(CHING)e(ON)g(OPP)262
9103 1697 y Fp(Lik)o(e)g(the)i Fm(SEAR)o(CHING)g Fp(state,)g(this)g(state)g
9104 (carries)g(out)f(the)h(tree)h(searc)o(hing,)f(except)262 1746
9105 y(in)c(this)i(case)g(on)g(the)g(opp)q(onen)o(ts)g(thinking)e(time.)22
9106 b(Again,)14 b(if)h(the)h(searc)o(h)g(tree)h(v)n(alue)e(is)262
9107 1796 y(kno)o(wn,)g(the)h(searc)o(h)h(terminates)e(and)h(the)g
9108 Fm(SEAR)o(CHED)h(ON)g(OPP)e Fp(state)i(is)e(en)o(tered.)262
9109 1846 y(Assuming)g(the)i(game)e(tree)j(v)n(alue)e(is)h(not)f(kno)o(wn,)h(the)g
9110 (searc)o(h)h(con)o(tin)o(ues)f(inde\014nitely)262 1896 y(un)o(til)f(the)i
9111 (user)h(en)o(ters)g(his/her/it's)f(mo)o(v)o(e,)e(when)i(one)g(of)f(t)o(w)o(o)
9112 g(p)q(ossible)h(actions)f(can)262 1946 y(o)q(ccur.)j(If)15
9113 b(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(en)o(tered)17 b(is)d(the)h(exp)q(ected)i(mo)o(v)o(e,)12
9114 b(then)j(the)g(program's)e(e\013orts)j(at)262 1995 y(thinking)9
9115 b(on)i(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(time)d(ha)o(v)o(e)i(not)g(b)q(een)h(w)o(asted.)17
9116 b(In)11 b(whic)o(h)g(case,)h(the)g Fm(SEAR)o(CH-)262 2045 y(ING)k
9117 Fp(state)h(is)f(en)o(tered)j(to)d(con)o(tin)o(ue)h(the)g(searc)o(h)g(on)f
9118 (the)h(program's)e(time.)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262 2095 y(if)17
9119 b(the)j(en)o(tered)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i(unexp)q(ected,)j(this)d(searc)o(h)g
9120 (is)g(terminated)f(b)o(y)h(en)o(tering)g(the)262 2145 y Fm(SEAR)o(CH)c
9121 (INTERR)o(UPTED)f Fp(state.)262 2287 y Fl(SEAR)o(CH)i(INTERR)o(UPTED)262
9122 2399 y Fp(The)h(ob)r(jectiv)o(e)h(of)f(this)g(state)h(is)f(to)g(allo)o(w)f(a)
9123 h(clean)h(bac)o(king)e(up)i(and)f(termination)e(of)262 2449
9124 y(the)h(searc)o(h)h(tree.)26 b(Once)17 b(the)g(searc)o(h)g(has)f(returned)i
9125 (to)e(the)h(ro)q(ot)f(p)q(osition,)f(either)i(the)946 2574
9128 131 132 bop 262 307 a Fm(SEAR)o(CH)16 b(COMPLETE)e Fp(or)h
9129 Fm(SEAR)o(CHED)i(ON)f(OPP)f Fp(state)h(is)e(en)o(tered.)23
9130 b(The)16 b(actual)262 357 y(state)h(dep)q(ends)h(on)f(whether)h(the)f
9131 (program)e(w)o(as)h(previously)h(thinking)e(on)i(its)f(o)o(wn)h(or)262
9132 407 y(the)d(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(time.)262 550 y Fl(SEAR)o(CH)h(COMPLETE)262
9133 662 y Fp(In)g(this)g(state)g(the)h(user)g(is)f(informed)e(of)i(the)g(searc)o
9134 (h)i(result)e(b)o(y)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(of)h(a)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(or)h(an)262
9135 712 y(announcemen)o(t.)h(Some)12 b(searc)o(h)j(v)n(alues)e(are)h(then)g
9136 (reset)g(and)g(\014nally)e(the)i Fm(IDLE)g Fp(state)g(is)262
9137 762 y(en)o(tered.)262 905 y Fl(SEAR)o(CHED)i(ON)g(OPP)262 1017
9138 y Fp(This)d(state)i(records)g(the)g(searc)o(h)g(result)g(and)e(en)o(ters)j
9139 (the)e Fm(IDLE)h Fp(state.)324 1138 y(Please)i(note,)g(an)f(explanation)f(of)
9140 h(the)h(handling)e(of)h(user)h(commands)d(suc)o(h)j(as)g(set)262
9141 1188 y(up)d(p)q(osition)g(for)h(example,)e(en)o(tered)j(while)e(searc)o(hing)
9142 i(on)e(opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(time)d(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)q(een)262 1238
9143 y(omitted)i(for)h(reasons)i(of)e(clarit)o(y)m(.)28 b(They)18
9144 b(are)g(only)e(minor)g(side)i(issues)h(whic)o(h)e(do)h(not)262
9145 1287 y(a\013ect)c(the)h(underlying)e(design.)262 1439 y Fu(6.4.4)55
9146 b(Ev)m(aluation)262 1551 y Fp(The)18 b(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)i(used)h(in)e
9147 (HIAR)o(CS)g(w)o(ere)h(fully)e(explained)i(and)f(illustrated)262
9148 1601 y(in)f(c)o(hapter)i(4.)31 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19 b(during)f(the)h
9149 (implemen)o(tatio)o(n)d(and)i(testing,)h(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)262
9150 1651 y(problem)10 b(areas)i(w)o(ere)g(observ)o(ed.)19 b(In)11
9151 b(this)h(section)g(I)g(will)e(explain)h(some)f(of)h(the)i(problems)262
9152 1700 y(encoun)o(tered)i(and)f(the)h(resulting)f(solutions.)324
9153 1786 y(The)h(\014rst)g(ma)r(jor)e(problem)g(noticed)i(w)o(as)g(asso)q(ciated)
9154 g(with)g(the)g(application)e(of)h(the)262 1836 y(ev)n(aluation)h(function.)27
9155 b(The)18 b(ev)n(aluation)d(function)i(is)g(usually)f(applied)h(at)g(the)g
9156 (leaf)g(or)262 1885 y(horizon)e(no)q(des)i(of)e(the)i(main)d(searc)o(h)870
9157 1870 y Fk(3)889 1885 y Fp(,)i(after)g(whic)o(h)g(a)g(quiescence)i(searc)o(h)f
9158 (is)f(applied.)262 1935 y(The)d(p)q(ositional)f(v)n(alue)h(calculated)g(at)g
9159 (the)h(horizon)f(no)q(des)h(is)f(carried)h(forw)o(ard)f(in)o(to)f(the)262
9160 1985 y(quiescence)k(searc)o(h)g(to)f(enable)g(the)g(\014nal)f(v)n(alues)g
9161 (calculated)h(at)g(the)g(leaf)f(no)q(des)h(of)g(this)262 2035
9162 y(searc)o(h)e(to)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(reasonably)f(up)h(to)f(date)h(p)q(ositional)e
9163 (v)n(alues)h(to)g(go)g(with)g(the)h(calculated)262 2085 y(material)h(v)n
9164 (alue.)26 b(When)17 b(pieces)h(are)f(captured)h(during)e(the)i(quiescence)g
9165 (searc)o(h,)g(b)q(oth)262 2134 y(the)12 b(material)d(and)j(p)q(ositional)e(v)
9166 n(alue)h(of)g(the)h(captured)h(piece)g(should)e(b)q(e)i(lost.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o
9167 (er,)262 2184 y(this)e(w)o(as)g(not)g(re\015ected)i(in)e(the)g(p)q(ositional)
9168 f(v)n(alue)h(carried)g(forw)o(ard)g(in)g(the)g(quiescence)262
9169 2234 y(searc)o(h.)k(In)14 b(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(the)h(p)q(ositional)f(v)n
9170 (alue)g(started)i(to)f(b)q(ecome)f('out)h(of)f(date'.)324 2319
9171 y(When)f(the)i(p)q(ositional)d(v)n(alues)h(of)g(pieces)i(are)f(relativ)o(ely)
9172 e(lo)o(w,)h(this)g(w)o(as)h(not)f(a)g(ma)r(jor)262 2369 y(problem.)31
9173 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(unlik)o(e)d(most)g(c)o(hess)i(programs,)f(m)o(y)e
9174 (ev)n(aluation)h(function)g(can)p 262 2404 573 2 v 308 2431
9175 a Fj(3)325 2442 y Fi(except)10 b(where)h Fb(\013\014)i Fi(v)n(alues)d
9176 (indicate)f(that)h(the)h(p)q(osition)f(cannot)f(a\013ect)h(the)h(searc)o(h)f
9177 (result.)946 2574 y Fp(131)p eop
9179 132 133 bop 262 307 a Fp(pro)q(duce)13 b(v)o(ery)g(high)f(p)q(ositional)f
9180 (scores.)19 b(Therefore,)14 b(when)f(highly)f(p)q(ositionally)e(v)n(alued)262
9181 357 y(pieces)15 b(are)h(captured,)f(the)g(carried)h(forw)o(ard)e(p)q
9182 (ositional)f(v)n(alue)h(w)o(as)h(drastically)f(out)g(of)262
9183 407 y(date,)j(causing)g(serious)g(problems)f(to)h(the)g(searc)o(h,)i(b)q(oth)
9184 e(in)f(e\016ciency)i(and)e(accuracy)m(.)262 457 y(F)m(or)c(example,)g(if)h(a)
9185 g(passed)h(pa)o(wn)f(p)q(ositionally)f(v)n(alued)g(at)i(200)e(p)q(oin)o(ts)h
9186 (\(2)h(pa)o(wns\),)f(w)o(as)262 506 y(captured)19 b(during)f(the)g
9187 (quiescence)j(searc)o(h,)f(the)e(p)q(ositional)f(total)h(should)g(ha)o(v)o(e)
9188 f(b)q(een)262 556 y(decreased)f(b)o(y)d(around)h(200)f(p)q(oin)o(ts.)324
9189 641 y(The)18 b(solution)e(to)i(this)f(problem)f(la)o(y)h(in)g(incremen)o
9190 (tally)f(up)q(dating)h(the)h(p)q(ositional)262 691 y(v)n(alue)10
9191 b(during)g(the)h(quiescence)i(searc)o(h.)18 b(T)m(o)10 b(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h
9192 (this,)g(whenev)o(er)h(the)g(full)d(ev)n(aluation)262 741 y(function)h(is)h
9193 (applied,)g(all)e(piece)j(p)q(ositional)e(scores)j(are)e(sa)o(v)o(ed)g(in)g
9194 (a)g(general)g(Pc/Sq)g(table.)262 791 y(As)k(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)i(made)e
9195 (during)h(the)h(subsequen)o(t)h(searc)o(h)f(this)g(table)f(is)g(main)o
9196 (tained)e(and)262 841 y(the)18 b(p)q(ositional)f(v)n(alue)h(of)g(an)o(y)f
9197 (captured)j(piece)f(is)f(recorded)i(in)e(the)h('Game)d(History')262
9198 891 y(structure)k(and)e(used)g(to)g(incremen)o(tally)f(up)q(date)h(the)h(p)q
9199 (ositional)e(score.)31 b(It)18 b(w)o(as)g(also)262 940 y(found)c(necessary)i
9200 (to)f(include)g(promotion)d(mo)o(v)o(es)i(in)o(to)g(this)g(pro)q(cess)j(b)o
9201 (y)d(remo)o(ving)f(the)262 990 y(promoted)d(pa)o(wns)i(p)q(ositional)e
9202 (score.)19 b(These)13 b(enhancemen)o(ts)f(noticeably)f(impro)o(v)o(ed)f(the)
9203 262 1040 y(standard)k(of)f(pla)o(y)g(b)o(y)h(the)g(program.)324
9204 1125 y(Another)i(area)f(whic)o(h)g(caused)h(some)e(problems)h(w)o(as)g(the)g
9205 (concept)i(of)d(temp)q(o.)21 b(The)262 1175 y(pla)o(y)o(er)11
9206 b(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(should)i(receiv)o(e)h(some)e(p)q(ositional)f(b)q(on)o(us)
9207 j(for)e(ha)o(ving)g(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(as)h(this)262 1225 y(is)h(adv)n(an)o
9208 (tageous)546 1210 y Fk(4)564 1225 y Fp(.)324 1310 y(I)e(tried)g(out)g(v)n
9209 (arious)g(temp)q(o)f(v)n(alues)h(based)h(on)f(a)f(direct)i(ratio)f(to)g(the)h
9210 (b)q(est)g(p)q(ositional)262 1360 y(increase)k(caused)g(b)o(y)f(an)o(y)g
9211 (single)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(from)h(eac)o(h)h(pla)o(y)o(ers)h(p)q(oin)o(t)e(of)h
9212 (view.)22 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262 1410 y(this)11 b(caused)i(problems)d(b)q
9213 (ecause)j(the)f(maxim)n(um)7 b(p)q(ositional)j(c)o(hange)i(o)o(v)o(er)g(ev)o
9214 (en)g(a)f(single)262 1460 y(mo)o(v)o(e)j(can)j(b)q(e)g(dramatic)e(o)o(v)o(er)
9215 i(a)f(whole)g(searc)o(h.)27 b(I)16 b(\014nally)g(used)h(a)f(constan)o(t)h(v)n
9216 (alue)f(of)262 1509 y(20)g(p)q(oin)o(ts)i(for)f(ha)o(ving)f(the)i(mo)o(v)o
9217 (e.)27 b(I)17 b(still)f(feel)i(the)g(temp)q(o)e(v)n(alue)h(should)g(b)q(e)h
9218 (related)262 1559 y(to)f(p)q(ositional)f(v)n(alues)i(in)f(some)g(w)o(a)o(y)m
9219 (,)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(the)g(v)n(alue)f(c)o(hosen)i(seems)f(to)f(b)q(eha)o
9220 (v)o(e)262 1609 y(reasonably)c(in)h(the)g(test)h(games)e(pla)o(y)o(ed.)324
9221 1694 y(In)j(elemen)o(tary)f(endings,)i(where)g(a)f(c)o(hec)o(kmate)f(driv)o
9222 (e)h(is)g(required,)h(e.g.)25 b(king)15 b(and)262 1744 y(ro)q(ok)h(v)o(ersus)
9223 h(king,)f(a)g(sp)q(ecial)g(routine)h(w)o(as)f(found)g(necessary)i(to)e(force)
9224 h(c)o(hec)o(kmate)f(in)262 1794 y(an)c(e\016cien)o(t)h(manor.)j(The)d
9225 (routine)g(used)h(is)f(v)o(ery)g(similar)d(to)j(the)g(mop)e(up)i(routine)g
9226 (used)262 1844 y(in)g(Chess)i(4.5)e([4)o(].)324 1929 y(Cases)j(of)f
9227 (insu\016cien)o(t)h(mating)d(material,)g(e.g.)23 b(king)14
9228 b(and)i(knigh)o(t)e(v)i(king,)e(are)i(also)262 1979 y(detected)d(b)o(y)e(the)
9229 h(ev)n(aluation)e(function)h(and)g(the)h(dra)o(w)g(v)n(alue)e(returned.)19
9230 b(This)12 b(enhance-)262 2029 y(men)o(t)j(is)h(v)o(ery)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)i(in)
9231 d(the)i(late)f(endgame)f(b)q(ecause)j(it)e(allo)o(ws)e(early)i(termination)
9232 262 2078 y(of)d(man)o(y)f(v)n(ariations,)g(thereb)o(y)j(reducing)f
9233 (unnecessary)i(searc)o(h)f(e\013ort.)324 2164 y(In)i(order)i(to)e(ease)i(the)
9234 f(debugging)f(of)g(the)h(ev)n(aluation)e(function,)i(all)e(v)n(alues)i(w)o
9235 (ere)262 2213 y(sa)o(v)o(ed)12 b(and)g(displa)o(y)o(ed)f(on)h(request.)19
9236 b(This)12 b(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(n)o(umerous)g(small)f(bugs)j(to)e(b)q(e)i(iden)o
9237 (ti-)262 2263 y(\014ed,)f(whic)o(h)f(w)o(ould)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(otherwise)i(b)q
9238 (een)g(v)o(ery)f(di\016cult)f(to)g(sp)q(ot)h(as)g(they)g(only)f(sligh)o(tly)
9239 262 2313 y(a\013ected)k(the)f(\014nal)g(ev)n(aluation)e(function)i(score.)p
9240 262 2340 573 2 v 308 2366 a Fj(4)325 2378 y Fi(except)c(in)h(zugzw)o(ang)f(p)
9241 q(ositions)946 2574 y Fp(132)p eop
9243 133 134 bop 324 307 a Fp(Ev)o(en)14 b(in)g(the)h(\014nal)e(p)q(erformance)h
9244 (tested)i(v)o(ersion,)e(some)f(of)g(these)j(p)q(ositional)d(diag-)262
9245 357 y(nostics)f(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)i(retained)g(as)f(they)g(allo)o(w)e(a)h
9246 (v)n(aluable)g(insigh)o(t)g(in)o(to)g(wh)o(y)g(a)h(particular)262
9247 407 y(mo)o(v)o(e)g(w)o(as)i(c)o(hosen.)262 558 y Fu(6.4.5)55
9248 b(Time)16 b(Allo)r(cation)i(and)h(Con)n(trol)262 670 y Fp(As)11
9249 b(I)g(explained)g(in)f(c)o(hapter)i(3,)f(I)g(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(time)f(allo)q
9250 (cation)f(and)i(con)o(trol)g(is)g(an)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)262
9251 720 y(asp)q(ect)j(of)f(a)g(c)o(hess)i(program's)d(mak)o(e)g(up)i(and)f(one)h
9252 (whic)o(h)f(do)q(es)h(not)g(seem)f(to)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)262
9253 770 y(addressed)j(prop)q(erly)f(in)g(most)f(c)o(hess)i(programs.)324
9254 855 y(A)o(t)h(the)g Fm(Computer)h(Olympiad)p Fp(,)f(I)f(often)h(noticed)h(ho)
9255 o(w)e(ev)o(en)i(the)f(strongest)h(man)o(u-)262 905 y(facturer's)d(programs)e
9256 (to)q(ok)h(appro)o(ximately)e(the)j(same)e(time)g(o)o(v)o(er)h(all)f(the)i
9257 (mo)o(v)o(es,)e(ev)o(en)262 955 y(ob)o(vious)k(ones.)28 b(The)18
9258 b(only)e(time)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(w)o(ere)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(quic)o(kly)f(w)o(as)h
9259 (when)h(either)g(the)262 1005 y(mac)o(hines)11 b(w)o(ere)j(thinking)e(on)g
9260 (opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(time)d(and)i(an)f(exp)q(ected)j(reply)e(w)o(as)f(made,)g
9261 (or)262 1055 y(when)i(c)o(hec)o(kmate)g(w)o(as)f(seen)j(or)e(when)g(only)f
9262 (one)h(legal)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(existed.)324 1140 y(The)f(\014rst)g(thing)e(to)h
9263 (do)h(is)f(to)g(analyse)g(ho)o(w)g(v)o(ery)g(strong)h(h)o(uman)e(c)o(hess)i
9264 (pla)o(y)o(ers)g(tac)o(kle)262 1190 y(the)i(problem)e(of)h(time)f(allo)q
9265 (cation.)16 b(I)c(did)g(not)h(\014nd)f(an)o(y)g(previous)h(researc)o(h)i(w)o
9266 (ork)d(whic)o(h)262 1239 y(pro)o(vided)h(the)h(detailed)f(mo)o(v)o(e/time)e
9267 (analysis)i(I)g(required,)h(so)g(I)f(decided)i(to)e(collate)g(the)262
9268 1289 y(information)d(m)o(yself.)324 1375 y(I)g(decided)i(to)e(use)h(the)g
9269 (1986)e(w)o(orld)h(c)o(hampionship)f(matc)o(h)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)j(Gary)e
9270 (Kasparo)o(v)262 1424 y(and)16 b(Anatoly)g(Karp)q(o)o(v)g([62)o(])h(as)f(m)o
9271 (y)f(case)j(study)m(.)26 b(This)17 b(matc)o(h)e(w)o(as)h(c)o(hosen)i(for)e
9272 (three)262 1474 y(main)11 b(reasons:)312 1593 y(1.)20 b(Lik)o(ely)13
9273 b(high)h(qualit)o(y)e(of)h(time)g(allo)q(cation)f(decisions.)312
9274 1676 y(2.)20 b(Same)14 b(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(w)o(ere)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)d(in)h
9275 (all)f(games)h(allo)o(wing)e(pla)o(y)o(er)i(st)o(yle)h(to)g(b)q(e)g(anal-)365
9276 1725 y(ysed.)312 1808 y(3.)20 b(Detailed)c(statistics)g(giving)f(time)f(used)
9277 j(for)f(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(w)o(as)i(a)o(v)n(ailable)e(in)h(c)o(hess)365
9278 1858 y(magazine.)324 1977 y(I)c(analysed)g(all)f(24)g(games)g(of)g(the)i
9279 (matc)o(h.)k(F)m(or)11 b(eac)o(h)g(game,)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(b)o(y)h(b)q(oth)g
9280 (sides)h(up)262 2027 y(to)i(the)i(time)e(con)o(trol)h(at)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(40)i
9281 (w)o(ere)h(collated.)21 b(This)15 b(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(analysing)h(appro)o
9282 (x-)262 2076 y(imately)e(2000)i(mo)o(v)o(e)g(times.)20 b(As)15
9283 b(a)g(result)g(I)g(w)o(as)g(able)g(to)g(pro)q(duce)h(5)e(di\013eren)o(t)i
9284 (graphs)262 2126 y(detailing)c(the)j(a)o(v)o(erage)f(time)e(sp)q(en)o(t)j(on)
9285 f(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(for:)324 2245 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Kasparo)o(v)14
9286 b(pla)o(ying)e(white.)324 2328 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Kasparo)o(v)14
9287 b(pla)o(ying)e(blac)o(k.)324 2411 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Karp)q(o)o(v)14
9288 b(pla)o(ying)e(white.)946 2574 y(133)p eop
9290 134 135 bop 324 307 a Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Karp)q(o)o(v)14 b(pla)o(ying)e(blac)o
9291 (k.)324 390 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Com)o(bined)12 b(time)h(allo)q(cation.)262
9292 509 y(The)h(graphs)g(pro)q(duced)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(found)e(in)h(app)q(endix)f
9293 (C.)324 594 y(Analysing)g(these)j(graphs)e(it)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(seen)g(that)f
9294 (b)q(oth)h(pla)o(y)o(ers)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(distinctly)g(dif-)262
9295 644 y(feren)o(t)e(st)o(yles)h(on)e(time)g(con)o(trol.)17 b(Kasparo)o(v)12
9296 b(allo)q(cates)f(a)h(signi\014can)o(t)f(amoun)o(t)f(of)h(time)g(to)262
9297 694 y(the)i(middle)e(game,)f(mo)o(v)o(es)i(12-28)f(in)h(particular.)18
9298 b(Kasparo)o(v's)12 b(time)f(allo)q(cation)g(usually)262 743
9299 y(has)k(one)g(v)o(ery)g(high)f(p)q(eak)h(around)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(16)g(to)h(20)
9300 f(and)h(then)g(tails)g(o\013)f(dramatically)m(.)262 793 y(Karp)q(o)o(v)f(on)f
9301 (the)i(other)g(hand)f(has)g(a)g(more)f(uniform)f(usage)i(of)f(time,)g
9302 (although)g(his)h(time)262 843 y(allo)q(cation)h(also)i(usually)f(tails)h
9303 (o\013)g(steadily)g(after)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(26.)24 b(Tw)o(o)16
9304 b(reasons)h(are)g(lik)o(ely)262 893 y(for)c(this)h(tailing)e(o\013:)324
9305 1011 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Bad)e(time)d(allo)q(cation)h(during)g(the)i(middle)d
9306 (game)h(leading)g(to)h(a)g(rush)g(near)h(the)365 1061 y(time)13
9307 b(con)o(trol.)324 1144 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Go)q(o)q(d)e(planning)e(during)i
9308 (the)h(late)e(middle)g(game)f(allo)o(wing)g(planned)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(se-)365
9309 1194 y(quences)g(to)e(b)q(e)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(quic)o(kly)m(.)262
9310 1312 y(As)f(this)g(tailing)f(o\013)g(o)q(ccurs)j(in)e(nearly)g(all)e(the)j
9311 (games)e(and)h(the)h(v)o(ery)f(high)f(calibre)i(of)e(the)262
9312 1362 y(pla)o(y)o(ers)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed,)g(I)g(tend)i(to)f(think)f(go)q(o)q
9313 (d)h(planning)e(is)i(resp)q(onsible.)324 1447 y(Another)j(in)o(teresting)h
9314 (observ)n(ation)e(o)q(ccurs)i(when)g(y)o(ou)e(sup)q(er-imp)q(ose)h(the)g
9315 (graphs)262 1497 y(Kasparo)o(v)f(as)h(white)g(o)o(v)o(er)f(Karp)q(o)o(v)h(as)
9316 f(blac)o(k)h(and)f(Karp)q(o)o(v)h(as)f(white)h(o)o(v)o(er)g(Kasparo)o(v)262
9317 1547 y(as)c(blac)o(k.)18 b(A)o(t)c(eac)o(h)g(p)q(eak)g(on)f(the)i(white)e
9318 (pla)o(y)o(er's)h(graph)f(there)i(is)f(usually)f(a)g(trough)h(at)262
9319 1597 y(the)g(corresp)q(onding)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(on)i(the)g(opp)q(osing)f(blac)o
9320 (k)g(pla)o(y)o(er's)g(graph.)18 b(This)13 b(also)g(o)q(ccurs)262
9321 1647 y(when)k(the)h(blac)o(k)f(pla)o(y)o(er's)f(p)q(eaks)i(are)g(compared)e
9322 (with)h(the)h(graph)f(for)f(the)i(opp)q(osing)262 1696 y(white)c(pla)o(y)o
9323 (er's)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(follo)o(wing)e(suc)o(h)j(p)q(eaks.)324
9324 1782 y(I)f(think)g(this)g(clearly)g(illustrates)h(that)f(eac)o(h)h(pla)o(y)o
9325 (er)f(mak)o(es)f(signi\014can)o(t)g(use)j(of)d(their)262 1832
9326 y(opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(thinking)f(time.)324 1917 y(Examining)f(the)k(com)o
9327 (bined)e(graph)g(for)h(b)q(oth)g(Kasparo)o(v)g(and)g(Karp)q(o)o(v,)g(a)f
9328 (relation-)262 1967 y(ship)f(to)h(a)g(normal)e(distribution)h(can)h(b)q(e)g
9329 (seen.)20 b(Ov)o(erall)13 b(p)q(eak)h(remains)f(at)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(20.)324
9330 2052 y(>F)m(rom)h(these)18 b(graphs)e(the)g(follo)o(wing)d(p)q(oin)o(ts)j(ab)
9331 q(out)g(time)e(allo)q(cation)g(and)i(con)o(trol)262 2102 y(can)e(b)q(e)g
9332 (deduced:)324 2220 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Thinking)13 b(on)h(y)o(our)f(opp)q(onen)
9333 o(ts)i(time)d(is)i(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)324 2303 y Ff(\017)20 b
9334 Fp(During)14 b(the)g(op)q(ening,)f(prepared)i(mo)o(v)o(es)e(are)h(t)o
9335 (ypically)f(pla)o(y)o(ed)g(quic)o(kly)m(.)324 2386 y Ff(\017)20
9336 b Fp(A)c(signi\014can)o(t)f(amoun)o(t)f(of)h(time)f(should)h(b)q(e)h(allo)q
9337 (cated)f(to)h('unkno)o(wn')e(p)q(ositions)365 2436 y(o)q(ccurring)h(in)e(the)
9338 i(op)q(ening)e(after)i(a)e(prepared)i(sequence)h(of)e(mo)o(v)o(es.)946
9341 135 136 bop 324 307 a Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Time)10 b(should)h(b)q(e)h(allo)q
9342 (cated)f(dep)q(ending)h(on)f(the)h(complexit)o(y)d(and)i(understanding)365
9343 357 y(of)j(the)g(curren)o(t)h(p)q(osition.)324 435 y Ff(\017)20
9344 b Fp(Time)13 b(allo)q(cation)f(should)i(b)q(e)g(dynamically)d(altered)k(as)f
9345 (a)f(searc)o(h)i(progresses.)324 513 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp('Ob)o(vious')13
9346 b(mo)o(v)o(es)g(should)g(b)q(e)i(made)e(quic)o(kly)m(.)262
9347 621 y(Some)i(of)i(these)h(p)q(oin)o(ts)f(are)g(ob)o(vious)f(to)h(an)o(y)g
9348 (exp)q(erienced)i(tournamen)o(t)d(pla)o(y)o(er,)h(oth-)262
9349 670 y(ers)g(are)f(less)h(so.)24 b(Nev)o(ertheless)18 b(it)e(remains)f(imp)q
9350 (ortan)o(t)f(to)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(one's)g(suspicions)g(re-)262
9351 720 y(enforced)f(b)o(y)e(researc)o(h.)324 805 y(I)h(will)e(no)o(w)i(explain)f
9352 (ho)o(w)g(these)i(p)q(oin)o(ts)f(are)g(addressed)i(in)e(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0.)262
9353 947 y Fl(Thinking)g(on)i(Opp)q(onen)o(ts)e(Time)262 1059 y
9354 Fp(HIAR)o(CS)j(thinks)g(ab)q(out)g(its)h(next)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(durings)j(its)f
9355 (opp)q(onen)o(t's)h(thinking)e(time.)25 b(It)262 1108 y(do)q(es)16
9356 b(this)g(b)o(y)f(thinking)g(ab)q(out)h(the)g(p)q(osition)f(as)h(if)f(the)i
9357 (opp)q(onen)o(t)f(had)f(made)g(the)h(ex-)262 1158 y(p)q(ected)g(reply)m(.)21
9358 b(If)14 b(the)i(opp)q(onen)o(t)f(actually)f(mak)o(es)f(the)j(exp)q(ected)h
9359 (reply)m(,)d(HIAR)o(CS)g(has)262 1208 y(gained)h(time)f(and)h(can)h(con)o
9360 (tin)o(ue)p 651 1215 153 2 v 15 w('thinking')e(or)h(reply)h(imm)o(ediately)m
9361 (.)j(If)c(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(the)262 1258 y(opp)q(onen)o(t)c(mak)o(es)f(a)h
9362 (di\013eren)o(t)h(reply)m(,)e(HIAR)o(CS)h(ab)q(orts)g(its)g(analysis)g(and)g
9363 (starts)h('think-)262 1308 y(ing')e(from)h(the)i(new)f(p)q(osition.)k(In)c
9364 (practice,)h(the)g(correct)h(mo)o(v)o(e)c(seems)i(to)g(b)q(e)h(predicted)262
9365 1357 y(around)f(50\045)g(of)h(the)g(time.)324 1443 y(The)h(time)e(sp)q(en)o
9366 (t)i(thinking)e(on)h(the)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)g(time)e(is)h(tak)o(en)h(in)o(to)e
9367 (accoun)o(t)i(when)262 1493 y(the)f(exp)q(ected)i(reply)e(is)g(made.)262
9368 1634 y Fl(Initial)f(Time)i(Allo)q(cation)262 1746 y Fp(Initially)g(the)i
9369 (resp)q(onse)i(time)d(\(respTime\))h(allo)q(cated)g(to)g(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(is)
9370 i(calculated)g(from)262 1795 y(the)d(a)o(v)o(erage)g(time)e(p)q(er)j(mo)o(v)o
9371 (e)d(remaining)g(to)i(the)g(next)h(time)d(con)o(trol:)671 1903
9372 y(respTime)h(=)h(timeLeft)f(/)h(mo)o(v)o(esLeft)324 2011 y(A)g(maxim)n(um)9
9373 b(time)k(\(maxTime\))e(is)j(also)f(initially)e(calculated)j(as)g(follo)o(ws:)
9374 785 2119 y(maxTim)o(e)d(=)k(timeLeft)324 2227 y(This)f(is)f(a)h(sp)q(ecial)g
9375 (case)h(to)f(stop)g(the)g(program)f(from)f(losing)h(on)g(time.)324
9376 2313 y(Using)i(only)f(this)i(approac)o(h,)f(a)f(problem)g(ma)o(y)g(o)q(ccur)i
9377 (where)g(the)g(program)e(ha)o(ving)262 2363 y(half)19 b(an)h(hour)h(left)f
9378 (for)h(its)f(last)h(mo)o(v)o(e)d(will)i(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)g(use)i(its)e(full)f
9379 (time)h(allo)q(cation.)262 2412 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(it)h(ma)o(y)d(b)q(e)
9380 j(b)q(etter)h(not)f(to)f(sp)q(end)i(all)d(the)j(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(time)h(and)
9381 i(sa)o(v)o(e)f(some)g(for)262 2462 y(use)i(during)e(the)i(next)g(time)e(con)o
9382 (trol)h(p)q(erio)q(d.)18 b(T)m(o)12 b(a)o(v)o(oid)g(this)i(problem;)d(during)
9383 i(the)h(last)262 2512 y(10)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(b)q(efore)j(a)f(time)e(con)o
9384 (trol,)h(respTime)h(is)g(mo)q(di\014ed)e(as)i(follo)o(ws:)946
9387 136 137 bop 344 357 a Fp(respTime)14 b(=)g(min\(respTime,)d(timeLeft2/mo)o(v)
9388 o(esLeft2\))344 457 y Fl(where)380 506 y Fp(respTime)i(:)77
9389 b(is)14 b(the)h(initial)c(resp)q(onse)16 b(time)d(set.)380
9390 606 y(timeLeft2)f(:)71 b(is)14 b(the)h(time)d(left)i(b)q(efore)g(the)h(next)f
9391 (but)g(one)g(time)f(con)o(trol.)380 706 y(mo)o(v)o(esLeft2)f(:)42
9392 b(is)14 b(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(left)g(b)q(efore)i(the)f
9393 (next)h(but)f(one)g(time)651 756 y(con)o(trol.)324 874 y(After)g(the)h
9394 (program)e(lea)o(v)o(es)h(its)g(op)q(ening)g(b)q(o)q(ok)f(it)h(is)g(faced)g
9395 (with)g(a)g(p)q(osition)f(whose)262 924 y(concepts)22 b(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i
9396 (grasp)q(ed)h(to)e(enable)h(the)g(program)e(to)h(con)o(tin)o(ue)h(the)g
9397 (thread)g(of)262 974 y(the)16 b(op)q(ening.)25 b(T)m(o)16 b(help)g(the)h
9398 (program)e(at)h(this)g(di\016cult)g(stage,)h(the)g(resp)q(onse)h(time)d(is)
9399 262 1023 y(increased)g(b)o(y)e(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(0)e(and)h(respTime)f(dep)q
9400 (ending)i(on)e(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(since)262
9401 1073 y(lea)o(ving)i(the)j(op)q(ening)f(b)q(o)q(ok,)g(e.g.)26
9402 b(the)18 b(\014rst)g(non)f(b)q(o)q(ok)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(is)g(respTime,)h(and)g
9403 (the)262 1123 y(forth)c(is)h(0.)262 1266 y Fl(Time)h(Allo)q(cation)e
9404 (Adjustmen)o(t)262 1378 y Fp(The)h(actual)g(time)f(whic)o(h)i(can)f(b)q(e)h
9405 (sp)q(en)o(t)h(on)e(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(can)h(v)n(ary)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i
9406 (respTime/64)262 1428 y(and)10 b(maxTim)o(e.)k(Therefore,)e(for)e(a)g(time)f
9407 (con)o(trol)g(of)h(40)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)g(2)h(hours)h(the)g(minim)n(um)262
9408 1478 y(and)20 b(maxim)n(um)d(times)i(could)i(range)g(from)d(3)j(seconds)h(to)
9409 e(2)h(hours.)39 b(Of)20 b(course,)j(if)262 1528 y(the)c(searc)o(h)h(tree)h
9410 (is)d(terminal)g(or)h(thinking)f(on)g(opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(time)e(has)h(b)q(een)
9411 h(used)g(an)262 1578 y(imm)o(ediate)11 b(resp)q(onse)16 b(ma)o(y)c(still)h(o)
9412 q(ccur.)324 1663 y(The)18 b(time)e(sp)q(en)o(t)j(thinking)e(on)g(opp)q(onen)o
9413 (ts)i(time)d(is)i(tak)o(en)g(in)o(to)f(accoun)o(t)h(b)o(y)g(this)262
9414 1713 y('time)f(windo)o(w'.)34 b(F)m(or)19 b(example,)g(if)g(the)h(program)e
9415 (had)h(sp)q(en)o(t)i(60)e(seconds)i(thinking)262 1763 y(on)d(opp)q(onen)o(ts)
9416 g(time)f(and)h(the)h(exp)q(ected)i(reply)d(w)o(as)g(made,)g(a)g(new)h
9417 (respTime)e(of)h(62)262 1812 y(seconds)f(w)o(ould)e(only)g(require)i(2)f
9418 (more)f(seconds)j(though)o(t)d(b)o(y)h(the)h(program,)d(all)h(other)262
9419 1862 y(things)e(b)q(eing)h(equal.)324 1947 y(The)20 b(actual)f(time)g(tak)o
9420 (en)h(within)f(this)h('time)e(windo)o(w')g(will)h(dep)q(end)i(on)e(v)n
9421 (arious)262 1997 y(factors)e(measuring)f(ho)o(w)g(complex)g(the)h(mo)o(v)o(e)
9422 f(c)o(hoice)h(is.)27 b(Dep)q(ending)17 b(on)g(the)g(searc)o(h)262
9423 2047 y(status,)12 b(the)h(time)e(allo)q(cation)f(is)i(adjusted)h(under)g(5)e
9424 (categories.)19 b(Note,)12 b(to)g(facilitate)f(the)262 2097
9425 y(v)n(arying)h(time)h(allo)q(cation)f(c)o(hanges,)i(the)h(concept)g(of)e
9426 (extra)p 1130 2104 94 2 v 14 w(time)g(is)h(in)o(tro)q(duced.)262
9427 2240 y Fl(1.)25 b(Best)17 b(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(leads)f(to)h(a)g(Loss:)41
9428 b Fp(While)15 b(no)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(are)h(found)g(to)g(a)o(v)o(oid)f(losing)
9429 262 2290 y(the)e(game,)e(the)j(allo)q(cated)f(time)e(is)i(set)h(to)f(the)g
9430 (maxTime.)i(This)e(allo)o(ws)f(the)h(program)f(to)262 2340
9431 y(con)o(tin)o(ue)k(searc)o(hing)h(un)o(til)e(either)j(mate)d(is)h(found)g(or)
9432 h(almost)d(all)h(the)i(program's)e(time)262 2390 y(expires.)20
9433 b(After)14 b(all,)f(the)i(program)e(is)h(v)o(ery)g(lik)o(ely)f(to)h(lose)g
9434 (if)g(it)g(pla)o(ys)f(a)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(it)h(kno)o(ws)262 2439
9435 y(will)e(lead)i(to)f(a)h(loss,)f(therefore)i(it)f(migh)o(t)e(as)i(w)o(ell)f
9436 (sp)q(end)i(most)d(of)i(its)f(time)g(attempting)946 2574 y(136)p
9439 137 138 bop 262 307 a Fp(to)16 b(\014nd)g(an)g(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t.)22
9440 b(Of)16 b(course,)i(if)d(the)i(loss)f(is)g(found)f(to)h(b)q(e)h(una)o(v)o
9441 (oidable)e(the)262 357 y(mo)o(v)o(e)d(whic)o(h)i(lasts)g(out)f(the)i(longest)
9442 f(will)e(b)q(e)j(pla)o(y)o(ed)e(immedia)o(tely)m(.)262 499
9443 y Fl(2.)35 b(New)21 b(Iteration)d(Begun:)41 b Fp(Before)19
9444 b(eac)o(h)f(new)h(iteration)e(b)q(egins)i(the)f(program)262
9445 549 y(calculates)10 b(ho)o(w)f(long)g(the)i(iteration)e(is)h(exp)q(ected)i
9446 (to)e(tak)o(e)f(based)i(on)f(the)g(time)f(tak)o(en)h(o)o(v)o(er)262
9447 599 y(previous)g(iterations.)17 b(F)m(or)10 b(example,)f(in)h(the)h(middle)e
9448 (game)g(an)h(iteration)g(t)o(ypically)f(tak)o(es)262 649 y(ab)q(out)15
9449 b(6)g(times)f(the)i(length)g(of)e(all)g(previous)i(iterations)1177
9450 634 y Fk(5)1196 649 y Fp(.)22 b(Additionally)m(,)13 b(an)i(iteration)262
9451 699 y(commi)o(tm)o(en)o(t)d(time)i(is)g(calculated.)21 b(If)14
9452 b(the)h(curren)o(t)h(resp)q(onse)h(time)c(will)h(expire)h(b)q(efore)262
9453 748 y(the)f(iteration)f(commi)o(tm)o(en)o(t)e(time,)h(the)i(searc)o(h)g(is)g
9454 (ab)q(orted.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(if)e(the)i(program)262 798
9455 y(is)h(committed)f(to)i(the)g(iteration,)g(it)g(allo)o(ws)e(the)j(extra)f
9456 (time)f(reasonably)h(exp)q(ected)i(to)262 848 y(ac)o(hiev)o(e)e(some)f
9457 (results)i(from)e(the)h(new)h(iteration)f(commitm)n(en)o(t.)23
9458 b(Note)16 b(that)g(the)h(time)262 898 y(previously)c(tak)o(en)h(thinking)f
9459 (on)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)g(time)f(is)h(also)f(tak)o(en)h(in)o(to)f(accoun)o(t.)
9460 504 1011 y(extraTime)g(=)h(iterationTime)e Ff(\000)i Fp(respTime)g(+)g
9461 (oppTime)262 1153 y Fl(3.)20 b(Searc)o(h)13 b(F)l(ailed)f(Lo)o(w:)41
9462 b Fp(When)12 b(the)h(searc)o(h)g(has)f(failed)g(lo)o(w,)f(the)h(true)h(v)n
9463 (alue)f(of)f(the)262 1203 y(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o(e)f(found)g(is)h(not)f(kno)o
9464 (wn,)h(it)f(is)h(only)f(kno)o(wn)g(that)h(it)f(is)h(w)o(orse)h(than)e(the)i
9465 Fh(\013)e Fp(v)n(alue)262 1253 y(of)h(the)h(initial)e(searc)o(h)j(windo)o(w.)
9466 i(In)d(this)g(case,)h(a)e(large)g(amoun)o(t)f(of)h(time)g(is)g(allo)q(cated)h
9467 (to)262 1303 y(actually)g(\014nd)i(a)f(true)i(score.)21 b(Otherwise,)16
9468 b(if)d(the)j(b)q(est)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(found)h(w)o(ere)i(pla)o(y)o(ed,)e(it)g
9469 (is)262 1353 y(lik)o(ely)e(to)i(b)q(e)g(a)g(blunder.)739 1466
9470 y(extraTime)f(=)h(8)g Ff(\001)f Fp(respTime)262 1608 y Fl(4.)23
9471 b(Searc)o(h)16 b(F)l(ailed)f(High:)41 b Fp(Lik)o(e)14 b(a)g(fail)f(lo)o(w,)h
9472 (when)h(the)g(searc)o(h)h(fails)d(high)h(the)i(true)262 1658
9473 y(score)21 b(is)e(not)h(kno)o(wn.)35 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)22
9474 b(things)d(are)h(not)g(so)g(sev)o(ere)i(as)d(with)h(the)g(fail)f(lo)o(w)262
9475 1708 y(condition)13 b(as)h(it)g(is)h(kno)o(wn)e(that)i(the)g(b)q(est)g(mo)o
9476 (v)o(e)e(found)h(is)g(b)q(etter)i(than)e Fh(\014)r Fp(.)20
9477 b(Therefore,)262 1758 y(some)12 b(extra)i(time)e(is)h(allo)q(cated)g(to)h
9478 (allo)o(w)d(the)j(true)h(score)f(to)g(b)q(e)g(determined,)f(ho)o(w)o(ev)o
9479 (er,)262 1808 y(this)g(time)g(is)h(not)g(excessiv)o(e,)h(b)q(eing)f(set)g
9480 (at:)739 1921 y(extraTime)f(=)h(2)g Ff(\001)f Fp(respTime)262
9481 2063 y Fl(5.)41 b(Searc)o(h)21 b(V)l(alue)g(in)h(Aspiration)d(Windo)o(w:)40
9482 b Fp(The)20 b(actual)g(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(v)n(alue)262
9483 2113 y(is)e(kno)o(wn,)h(therefore,)h(time)e(can)h(b)q(e)g(allo)q(cated)f
9484 (directly)h(from)e(the)j(v)n(alue)e(itself.)26 b(The)262 2163
9485 y(judgemen)o(t)17 b(is)h(based)i(on)e(the)h(di\013erence)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g
9486 (the)f(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o(e's)d(v)n(alue)h(and)g(the)262 2213
9487 y(score)e(at)f(the)h(end)g(of)e(the)i(last)f(iteration.)22
9488 b(If)15 b(this)g(di\013erence)i(is)e(less)h(than)g(or)f(equal)g(to)262
9489 2263 y Ff(\000)p Fp(16,)e(extra)h(time)f(is)g(allo)q(cated)h(as)g(follo)o
9490 (ws:)599 2376 y(extraTime)f(=)h(\()p Ff(j)g Fp(di\013)f Ff(j)h
9491 Fp(/)f(16)h Ff(\001)f Fp(respTime\))h(/)f(8)p 262 2411 573
9492 2 v 308 2437 a Fj(5)325 2449 y Fi(the)e(fact)f(that)h(o)q(dd)f(ply)h
9493 (iterations)e(tak)o(e)i(longer)f(than)g(ev)o(en)g(ones)h(is)g(also)g(tak)o
9494 (en)f(in)o(to)h(accoun)o(t)946 2574 y Fp(137)p eop
9496 138 139 bop 262 307 a Fp(F)m(or)11 b(example,)f(if)g(the)i(b)q(est)h(mo)o(v)o
9497 (e)d(at)h(this)g(iteration)g(app)q(ears)i(to)e(lose)g(a)g(pa)o(wn)h(relativ)o
9498 (e)f(to)262 357 y(the)16 b(previous)f(iteration)g(\(di\013)h(=)f
9499 Ff(\000)p Fp(100\),)g(the)h(extra)g(time)e(allo)q(cated,)h(giv)o(en)g
9500 (respTime)262 407 y(=)i(180)g(seconds)i(and)f(in)o(teger)g(arithmetic,)f(w)o
9501 (ould)g(b)q(e)h(135)f(seconds,)j(making)15 b(a)i(total)262
9502 457 y(time)11 b(of)i(5)g(min)o(utes)f(15)h(seconds.)19 b(F)m(or)13
9503 b(the)h(loss)g(of)e(a)h(bishop,)g(the)h(extra)g(time)e(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)262
9504 506 y(ab)q(out)h(8)h(min)o(utes)f(\(total)g(time)g(11)g(min)o(utes\).)324
9505 592 y(This)h(metho)q(d)g(allo)o(ws)f(extra)h(time)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(allo)q
9506 (cated)f(as)g(and)g(when)h(necessary)m(.)21 b(The)262 641 y(loss)14
9507 b(of)f(a)h(piece)i(is)e(v)o(ery)g(lik)o(ely)f(to)i(mean)e(the)h(loss)h(of)e
9508 (the)i(game,)e(so)h(it)g(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(to)262 691
9509 y(allo)q(cate)j(a)g(signi\014can)o(t)g(amoun)o(t)f(of)h(time)g(in)g(order)h
9510 (to)g(searc)o(h)h(for)e(a)h(w)o(a)o(y)f(of)g(a)o(v)o(oiding)262
9511 741 y(the)d(loss.)18 b(As)13 b(can)h(b)q(e)f(seen)h(the)g(actual)f(extra)g
9512 (time)f(allo)q(cated)g(is)h(directly)h(prop)q(ortional)262
9513 791 y(to)e(the)i(threatened)h(loss.)j(This)13 b(approac)o(h)g(also)f(helps)i
9514 (the)g(program)d(a)o(v)o(oid)h(the)i(horizon)262 841 y(e\013ect)20
9515 b(b)o(y)f(detecting)g(when)h(scores)g(drop)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(iterations,)g
9516 (and)f(then)g(allo)q(cating)262 891 y(more)12 b(time)h(to)h(see)h(o)o(v)o(er)
9517 f(the)g(searc)o(h)h(horizon.)324 976 y(When)e(the)g(di\013erence)i(is)e
9518 (greater)h(than)e Ff(\000)p Fp(16,)h(no)f(extra)i(time)d(is)i(allo)q(cated.)k
9519 (In)c(fact,)262 1026 y(the)j(time)e(is)h(reduced)i(for)e(n)o(umerous)g(ob)o
9520 (vious)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)21 b(The)16 b(follo)o(wing)d(attributes)j(are)262
9521 1075 y(tak)o(en)e(in)o(to)f(accoun)o(t)h(for)g(time)e(reduction:)324
9522 1190 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)15 b(the)f(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(has)i(main)o
9523 (tained)d(top)i(p)q(osition)g(throughout)g(all)g(itera-)365
9524 1240 y(tions.)324 1321 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)15 b(a)f(fail)e(lo)o(w)h(or)
9525 h(high)f(has)h(o)q(ccurred)i(during)e(this)f(searc)o(h.)324
9526 1402 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)15 b(the)g(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i
9527 (clearly)f(b)q(etter)j(than)e(all)e(its)i(siblings.)324 1484
9528 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)15 b(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i(a)f(capture)i(or)f
9529 (recapture.)324 1565 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)c(the)e(mo)o(v)o(e)f(w)o(as)h
9530 (part)g(of)g(the)h(main)d(line)h(predicted)j(from)c(the)j(previous)365
9531 1615 y(searc)o(h.)324 1696 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(Whether)11 b(a)e(mo)o(v)o(e's)f
9532 (v)n(alue)h(falls)g(within)g(a)g(score)i(range)f(predicted)h(b)o(y)e(the)h
9533 (previous)365 1745 y(searc)o(h.)262 1860 y(Giv)o(en)19 b(this)i(information,)
9534 d(the)j(time)f(allo)q(cation)e(function)i(can)h(mak)o(e)e(a)h(reasonable)262
9535 1910 y(decision)14 b(ab)q(out)f(what)h(can)g(safely)p 717 1925
9536 102 2 v 14 w(b)q(e)g(considered)i(ob)o(vious.)324 1995 y(Please)11
9537 b(note,)g(this)g(time)e(allo)q(cation)g(adjustmen)o(t)h(pro)q(cess)i(is)f
9538 (con)o(tin)o(ually)e(p)q(erformed)262 2045 y(ev)o(ery)14 b(time)f(a)g(new)i
9539 (b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e)d(is)i(found)f(or)h(an)g(iteration)f(completes.)262
9540 2188 y Fl(Chec)o(king)h(Time)262 2300 y Fp(Whenev)o(er)g(the)g(allo)q(cated)f
9541 (time)f(is)h(adjusted,)h(a)f(new)h(searc)o(h)h(expiry)e(time)f(exists.)19
9542 b(This)262 2350 y(expiry)10 b(time)f(is)h(calculated)h(from)d(the)j(resp)q
9543 (onse)i(time,)c(extra)i(time,)e(time)g(sp)q(en)o(t)j(thinking)262
9544 2399 y(on)i(opp)q(onen)o(ts)i(time)d(and)i(the)h(max)d(time.)20
9545 b(Using)15 b(this)g(expiry)g(time,)e(an)i(alarm)e(call)h(is)262
9546 2449 y(set)i(up)g(to)f(signal)g(the)h(program)e(when)i(its)f(searc)o(h)i
9547 (time)d(has)i(matured.)23 b(Additionally)m(,)946 2574 y(138)p
9550 139 140 bop 262 307 a Fp(b)q(efore)19 b(setting)f(a)g(new)h(alarm)d(call)i
9551 (time,)g(the)h(old)e('alarm)f(call')h(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)i(cancelled.)262
9552 357 y(This)13 b(approac)o(h)h(mak)o(es)f(use)i(of)e(the)h(UNIX)h(system)e
9553 (call)g Fm(alarm)p Fp(.)262 530 y Fr(6.5)69 b(E\016ciency)22
9554 b(Asp)r(ects)262 656 y Fp(E\016ciency)f(is)f(v)o(ery)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(to)j
9555 (an)o(y)f(c)o(hess)i(program.)36 b(In)20 b(fact,)i(b)q(ecause)g(of)e(the)262
9556 706 y(un)o(usually)14 b(dominan)o(t)g(factor)i(of)f(e\016ciency)m(,)h(c)o
9557 (hess)h(programs)e(are)h(usually)f(quite)h(hard)262 756 y(to)h(follo)o(w.)28
9558 b(I)17 b(ha)o(v)o(e)h(tried)g(to)g(mak)o(e)e(HIAR)o(CS)h(as)h(clear)g(and)g
9559 (easy)g(to)g(understand)h(as)262 805 y(p)q(ossible,)13 b(while)h(k)o(eeping)f
9560 (to)h(the)h(o)o(v)o(erall)d(aims)h(of)g(e\016ciency)m(.)324
9561 891 y(The)e(follo)o(wing)e(sections)j(explain)e(program)g(e\016ciency)i(from)
9562 d(three)j(di\013eren)o(t)g(angles:)262 1042 y Fu(6.5.1)55 b(Algorithms)262
9563 1154 y Fp(T)m(ree)17 b(searc)o(hing)h(e\016ciency)g(is)f(of)f(primary)g(imp)q
9564 (ortance)g(to)h(the)h(o)o(v)o(erall)e(sp)q(eed)i(of)f(the)262
9565 1204 y(program.)25 b(F)m(or)17 b(example,)f(the)i(di\013erence)h(b)q(et)o(w)o
9566 (een)f(applying)e Fh(\013\014)j Fp(to)e(a)g(w)o(ell)f(ordered)262
9567 1254 y(tree)g(and)g(a)f(badly)g(ordered)i(tree)g(is)f(man)o(y)e(orders)i(of)f
9568 (magnitude.)22 b(In)16 b(HIAR)o(CS,)f(par-)262 1304 y(ticular)g(atten)o(tion)
9569 g(has)h(b)q(een)h(paid)e(to)g(impro)o(ving)e(mo)o(v)o(e)h(ordering)h(to)h
9570 (therefore)h(a)o(v)o(oid)262 1354 y(exploration)c(of)g(man)o(y)f(unnecessary)
9571 k(no)q(des.)324 1439 y(Other)11 b(areas)g(lik)o(e)e(mo)o(v)o(e)f(generation,)
9572 j(for)f(example,)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)q(een)h(made)e(more)g(e\016cien)o(t)262
9573 1489 y(b)o(y)k(the)i(use)f(of)g(suitable)f(data)h(structures.)262
9574 1640 y Fu(6.5.2)55 b(Data)19 b(Structures)262 1752 y Fp(Data)c(structure)k
9575 (comp)q(osition)c(mak)o(es)g(a)h(large)h(con)o(tribution)f(to)g(o)o(v)o
9576 (erall)g(program)f(ef-)262 1802 y(\014ciency)j(b)o(y)f(allo)o(wing)e(fast)i
9577 (storage)g(and)h(retriev)n(al)f(of)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)g(information.)25
9578 b(The)262 1852 y(incremen)o(tal)13 b(attac)o(k)g(tables)i(and)e(transp)q
9579 (osition)h(table)g(are)g(ob)o(vious)g(examples)f(of)g(this.)262
9580 1902 y(The)e(rather)i(complex)d(ev)n(aluation)g(function)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)j
9581 (just)e(to)q(o)g(exp)q(ensiv)o(e)i(to)e(compute)262 1952 y(w)o(ere)j(it)g
9582 (not)g(for)f(the)i(attac)o(k)f(tables.)324 2037 y(Without)d(the)h(use)g(of)f
9583 (a)g(large)g(easily)g(accessible)i(transp)q(osition)e(table,)h(m)o(uc)o(h)e
9584 (w)o(asted)262 2087 y(e\013ort)18 b(w)o(ould)f(result)h(from)e(exploring)h
9585 (duplicate)h(subtrees.)32 b(The)18 b(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(ts)d(are)262
9586 2137 y(particularly)f(eviden)o(t)j(in)e(the)h(endgame,)f(where)i(a)e(5-fold)g
9587 (sp)q(eed)i(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t)c(is)j(not)262 2186 y(uncommon.)946
9590 140 141 bop 262 307 a Fu(6.5.3)55 b(Co)r(de)18 b(Pro)r(duction)262
9591 419 y Fp(Consideration)d(m)o(ust)g(also)g(b)q(e)h(giv)o(en)f(to)h(the)g(co)q
9592 (de)h(pro)q(duced)g(b)o(y)e(the)i(C)e(compiler.)23 b(It)262
9593 469 y(ma)o(y)17 b(ha)o(v)o(e)j(b)q(een)h(noted)g(ho)o(w)e(all)g(m)o(y)f(main)
9594 g(data)h(structure)j(records)g(are)e(of)f(a)h(size)262 519
9595 y(divisible)e(b)o(y)i(2.)35 b(This)20 b(allo)o(ws)f(the)h(compiler)f(to)g
9596 (use)i(a)e(less)i(time)d(consuming)h(shift)262 569 y(op)q(eration,)13
9597 b(instead)h(of)f(m)o(ultiplication,)d(to)k(access)i(individual)11
9598 b(records.)324 654 y(Unsigned)19 b(data)f(t)o(yp)q(es)h(are)g(used)h(where)g
9599 (p)q(ossible)e(to)h(impro)o(v)o(e)e(the)i(e\016ciency)g(of)262
9600 704 y(the)13 b(addressing)h(co)q(de)g(pro)q(duced.)20 b(F)m(or)12
9601 b(example,)g(when)i(using)f(a)g(signed)g(16)g(bit)g(in)o(teger)262
9602 754 y(as)k(an)f(index)h(in)o(to)f(an)h(arra)o(y)m(,)f(the)i(compiler)d(m)o
9603 (ust)h(pro)q(duce)i(an)f(extra)h(instruction)f(to)262 803 y(p)q(erform)d
9604 (sign)i(extensions)h(\(EXT.L)e(on)h(a)f(MC68000\))g(in)h(a)f(32)g(bit)h
9605 (addressing)g(mo)q(de.)262 853 y(With)d(unsigned)h(in)o(tegers,)g(none)g(of)g
9606 (this)g(is)f(necessary)m(.)324 938 y(All)g(constructs)j(and)e(expressions)i
9607 (whic)o(h)e(pro)q(duce)i(time)d(exp)q(ensiv)o(e)i(mac)o(hine)e(co)q(de)262
9608 988 y(are)h(a)o(v)o(oided)f(where)i(p)q(ossible.)j(F)m(or)c(example,)e(few)i
9609 (division)e(op)q(erations)i(are)h(used.)324 1073 y(Most)g(functions)g(use)h
9610 (register)g(v)n(ariables)e(for)g(the)i(most)d(commonly)f(used)j(data)g(ob-)
9611 262 1123 y(jects.)36 b(Of)19 b(course,)j(ho)o(w)d(often)h(these)h(v)n
9612 (ariables)d(are)i(register)h(residen)o(t)g(dep)q(ends)g(on)262
9613 1173 y(UNIX)14 b(and)f(the)i(C)f(Compiler.)324 1258 y(Unfolding)f(lo)q(ops)i
9614 (and)f(pro)q(ducing)h(linear)g(co)q(de)g(is)g(another)g(tric)o(k)g(to)g
9615 (extract)h(more)262 1308 y(sp)q(eed.)j(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12
9616 b(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)o(v)o(oided)g(suc)o(h)h(practice)g(on)f(the)h(whole)f
9617 (to)g(impro)o(v)o(e)e(readabil-)262 1358 y(it)o(y)j(and)h(ease)g(dev)o
9618 (elopmen)o(t)f(testing.)324 1443 y(I)k(ha)o(v)o(e)h(made)e(a)h(n)o(um)o(b)q
9619 (er)g(of)g(critical)g(v)n(ariables)g(global)f(to)h(a)o(v)o(oid)f(using)i(up)f
9620 (time,)262 1493 y(passing)h(large)g(amoun)o(ts)g(of)g(data)g(on)g(the)i(stac)
9621 o(k.)32 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)20 b(I)f(ha)o(v)o(e)f(also)g(emplo)o(y)o(ed)262
9622 1543 y(some)e(data)h(hiding)f(tec)o(hniques)j(where)f(suitable)g(to)f(ease)h
9623 (dev)o(elopmen)o(t)e(and)i(testing.)262 1593 y(The)c(HashDriv)o(er)g(mo)q
9624 (dule)e(is)i(an)g(ob)o(vious)f(example)g(of)g(this.)324 1678
9625 y(Individually)m(,)18 b(all)g(these)j(impro)o(v)o(em)o(en)o(ts)d(are)h(v)o
9626 (ery)h(small.)32 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(when)f(y)o(ou)262
9627 1728 y(consider)15 b(that)g(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)h(co)q(de)g(units)g(are)
9628 g(executed)i(man)o(y)c(milli)o(ons)f(of)i(times,)g(the)262
9629 1778 y(o)o(v)o(erall)e(e\013ect)k(can)e(b)q(e)g(quite)g(impressiv)o(e.)946
9632 141 142 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(7)262 897 y Fo(Program)40
9633 b(P)m(erformance)262 1148 y Fp(In)17 b(order)h(to)f(b)q(e)i(able)e(to)g(ev)n
9634 (aluate)g(the)h(tec)o(hniques)h(emplo)o(y)o(ed)d(in)h(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0,)g(the)
9635 262 1198 y(program's)g(strengths)k(and)d(w)o(eaknesses)k(need)e(to)f(b)q(e)g
9636 (assessed.)36 b(F)m(ortunately)m(,)19 b(c)o(hess)262 1248 y(pro)o(vides)14
9637 b(man)o(y)e(w)o(a)o(ys)h(of)g(testing)i(a)e('pla)o(y)o(ers')g(abilit)o(y)m(.)
9638 324 1333 y(The)g(ELO)h(c)o(hess)g(rating)f(system)g([19)o(])f(has)h(b)q(een)h
9639 (used)g(w)o(orld)f(wide)g(for)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(t)o(w)o(en)o(t)o(y)262
9640 1383 y(y)o(ears)h(to)h(estimate)e(a)h(pla)o(y)o(er's)g(abilit)o(y)f(in)h
9641 (terms)g(of)f(rating)h(p)q(oin)o(ts.)20 b(Chess)15 b(ratings)f(are)262
9642 1433 y(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)h(b)o(y)f(pla)o(ying)f(a)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g
9643 (games)g(against)g(already)g(rated)i(pla)o(y)o(ers.)k(Using)15
9644 b(a)262 1483 y(rating/probabilit)o(y)c(table,)i(a)h(rating)f(can)h(b)q(e)h
9645 (calculated)f(based)h(on)e(ones)i(p)q(erformance)262 1532 y(against)9
9646 b(the)i(rated)f(pla)o(y)o(ers.)17 b(I)10 b(will)e(use)j(a)f(similar)e(metho)q
9647 (d)h(to)h(pro)o(vide)g(a)f(rough)h(estimate)262 1582 y(of)j(HIAR)o(CS's)g(c)o
9648 (hess)j(rating.)324 1667 y(Chess)g(ratings)g(can)f(also)g(b)q(e)h(estimated)f
9649 (from)f(a)h(set)h(of)f(test)i(p)q(ositions.)22 b(Although)262
9650 1717 y(this)d(metho)q(d)g(is)h(not)f(used)i(o\016cially)d(to)h(rate)h(pla)o
9651 (y)o(ers,)h(it)e(can)h(b)q(e)h(used)f(to)g(giv)o(e)f(an)262
9652 1767 y(estimate)11 b(of)h(the)h(tested)h(pla)o(y)o(ers)e(rating.)17
9653 b(Also,)12 b(these)h(tests)h(allo)o(w)d(a)h(pla)o(y)o(er's)g(abilit)o(y)e(in)
9654 262 1817 y(v)n(arious)k(areas)i(of)f(c)o(hess,)h(e.g.)23 b(tactical)15
9655 b(pla)o(y)m(,)e(to)j(b)q(e)g(measured.)22 b(Therefore,)16 b(suc)o(h)h(test)
9656 262 1867 y(p)q(ositions)9 b(will)f(b)q(e)j(useful)f(to)g(me)f(in)g(iden)o
9657 (tifying)f(the)j(relativ)o(e)e(strengths)j(and)e(w)o(eaknesses)262
9658 1916 y(of)j(HIAR)o(CS.)324 2002 y(The)j(follo)o(wing)d(tests)k(will)d(b)q(e)i
9659 (p)q(erformed)g(to)f(assess)i(the)g(program's)d(o)o(v)o(erall)g(c)o(hess)262
9660 2052 y(rating,)e(st)o(yle,)i(strength)h(and)f(w)o(eakness)h(in)e(the)i(v)n
9661 (arious)e(areas)h(of)g(the)g(game:)312 2170 y(1.)20 b Fl(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)g
9662 (T)l(ests)p Fp(:)k(These)19 b(test)g(p)q(ositions)e(will)f(b)q(e)i(used)h(to)
9663 e(estimate)g(a)365 2220 y(rating)10 b(and)f(assess)j(b)q(oth)e(the)g
9664 (tactical)g(and)f(p)q(ositional)g(strengths)i(of)e(the)i(program.)312
9665 2303 y(2.)20 b Fl(Computer)15 b(Opp)q(osition)p Fp(:)h(A)e(matc)o(h)g(will)f
9666 (b)q(e)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(HIAR)o(CS)e(and)365
9667 2353 y(a)g(rated)h(computer)e(opp)q(onen)o(t)h(to)g(illustrate)g(its)g(pla)o
9668 (ying)e(st)o(yle)i(and)g(estimate)g(its)365 2402 y(rating.)946
9671 142 143 bop 312 307 a Fp(3.)20 b Fl(Human)f(Opp)q(osition)o
9672 Fp(:)h(A)d(matc)o(h)e(will)g(b)q(e)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(HIAR)o
9673 (CS)f(and)f(a)365 357 y(rated)h(h)o(uman)d(opp)q(onen)o(t)j(to)f(\014nd)g
9674 (out)g(ho)o(w)f(it)h(cop)q(es)h(with)f(a)g(h)o(uman's)e(st)o(yle)i(of)365
9675 407 y(pla)o(y)d(and)h(to)g(further)g(estimate)g(its)g(rating.)312
9676 490 y(4.)20 b Fl(Kno)o(wledge)c(v)o(ersus)g(Searc)o(h)p Fp(:)k(A)15
9677 b(matc)o(h)g(will)e(b)q(e)j(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(HIAR)o(CS)365
9678 540 y(and)c(a)g(v)o(ersion)g(of)f(itself)g(with)h(dramatically)d(reduced)15
9679 b(leaf)d(no)q(de)h(kno)o(wledge)g(and)365 589 y(no)19 b(searc)o(h)g
9680 (extensions.)33 b(This)18 b('kno)o(wledge-less')g(v)o(ersion)h(of)f(HIAR)o
9681 (CS)g(will)f(b)q(e)365 639 y(allo)o(w)o(ed)h(to)g(searc)o(h)i(3)e(ply)h(deep)
9682 q(er)h(than)f(the)g(more)f(in)o(telligen)o(t)f(v)o(ersion.)33
9683 b(This)365 689 y(should)18 b(enable)g(me)f(to)h(estimate)g(what)g(the)g(kno)o
9684 (wledge)g(is)g(w)o(orth)g(in)f(terms)h(of)365 739 y(searc)o(h)d(depth.)324
9685 857 y(All)h(tests)j(are)f(p)q(erformed)f(with)g(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0)f(running)h
9686 (on)g(a)g(SUN)h(3/80,)f(whic)o(h)262 907 y(pro)o(vides)d(a)f(rate)i(of)e
9687 (appro)o(ximately)e(300)i(to)h(1200)f(\(legal\))g(no)q(des)i(p)q(er)g
9688 (second.)262 1080 y Fr(7.1)69 b(Bratk)n(o-Kop)r(ec)23 b(T)-6
9689 b(ests)262 1206 y Fp(A)10 b(series)i(of)d(24)h(test)h(p)q(ositions)f(w)o(as)h
9690 (devised)g(b)o(y)f(I.)f(Bratk)o(o)i(and)f(D.)f(Kop)q(ec)j(to)e(in)o(v)o
9691 (estigate)262 1256 y(and)j(assess)j(c)o(hess)f(p)q(erformance)f(under)h(t)o
9692 (w)o(o)e(categories:)324 1374 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(T)m(actical)13
9693 b(pla)o(y)324 1458 y Ff(\017)20 b Fp(P)o(ositional)13 b(pla)o(y)262
9694 1576 y(The)f(p)q(ositional)f(tests)i(concen)o(trate)h(in)e(particular)g(on)f
9695 (lev)o(er)i(mo)o(v)o(es,)e(whic)o(h)h(Bratk)o(o)g(and)262 1626
9696 y(Kop)q(ec)j(b)q(eliev)o(ed,)e(pla)o(y)g(an)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(role)i(in)f
9697 (a)h(strong)g(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(abilit)o(y)m(.)324 1711 y(This)f(test)h(set)h
9698 (w)o(as)e(c)o(hosen)h(in)f(particular)g(b)q(ecause)i(it)e(has)h(b)q(een)h
9699 (applied)d(to)h(almost)262 1761 y(all)18 b(the)j(strongest)h(c)o(hess)f
9700 (programs)e(in)h(the)h(w)o(orld)e([41)o(],)i(therefore)h(allo)o(wing)17
9701 b(useful)262 1811 y(comparisons)f(to)h(b)q(e)h(made.)28 b(In)17
9702 b(the)h(original)e(test,)i(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(w)o(ere)g(ask)o(ed)g(to)f(giv)o(e)
9703 g(the)262 1860 y(b)q(est)g(four)f(mo)o(v)o(es)e(in)i(order)h(of)e(merit)g
9704 (for)h(eac)o(h)h(p)q(osition.)24 b(A)16 b(correct)i(mo)o(v)o(e)c(w)o(as)i
9705 (then)262 1910 y(scored)j(as)f(follo)o(ws:)25 b(1)17 b(p)q(oin)o(t)h(for)g(a)
9706 f(correct)j(1st)e(c)o(hoice,)1226 1894 y Fk(1)p 1226 1901 17
9707 2 v 1226 1925 a(2)1265 1910 y Fp(p)q(oin)o(t)g(for)f(a)h(correct)i(2nd)262
9708 1960 y(c)o(hoice,)401 1944 y Fk(1)p 401 1951 V 401 1974 a(3)437
9709 1960 y Fp(p)q(oin)o(t)13 b(for)h(a)f(correct)j(3rd)e(c)o(hoice)g(and)1065
9710 1944 y Fk(1)p 1065 1951 V 1065 1974 a(4)1100 1960 y Fp(p)q(oin)o(t)g(for)f(a)
9711 h(correct)h(4th)f(c)o(hoice.)324 2045 y(The)f(problem)f(with)h(computer)f
9712 (test)j(sub)r(jects)f(is)f(that)g(the)h Fh(\013\014)i Fp(algorithm)10
9713 b(do)q(es)k(not)262 2095 y(pro)o(vide)f(an)f(accurate)j(b)q(est)f(n)f(c)o
9714 (hoices,)h(only)f(the)g(b)q(est)i(mo)o(v)o(e)c(found)i(so)g(far.)18
9715 b(Therefore,)262 2145 y(Bratk)o(o)g(and)f(Kop)q(ec)i(suggested)h(the)e
9716 (computers)h(c)o(hoice)f(after)g(120,)g(180,)g(30)f(and)h(60)262
9717 2195 y(seconds)f(should)e(b)q(e)h(used)h(as)e(the)i(1st,)e(2nd,)h(3rd)g(and)f
9718 (4th)g(c)o(hoices)i(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)m(.)24 b(The)262 2245
9719 y(computer)16 b(is)h(therefore)h(at)f(a)g(sligh)o(t)f(disadv)n(an)o(tage)g
9720 (as)h(its)g(4)f(c)o(hoices)i(ma)o(y)d(all)g(b)q(e)j(the)262
9721 2294 y(same.)324 2380 y(The)13 b(actual)f(test)i(p)q(ositions)e(can)h(b)q(e)g
9722 (found)g(in)f(app)q(endix)h(D.)e(The)j(results)f(pro)q(duced)262
9723 2429 y(b)o(y)g(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0)f(are)h(sho)o(wn)g(in)f(\014gure)i(7.1.)946
9726 143 144 bop 344 596 1268 2 v 343 646 2 50 v 369 631 a Fm(No.)p
9727 496 646 V 88 w(Best)15 b(move)p 733 646 V 88 w(1st)p 911 646
9728 V 119 w(2nd)p 1089 646 V 117 w(3r)n(d)p 1267 646 V 121 w(4th)p
9729 1445 646 V 85 w(Points)p 1611 646 V 344 648 1268 2 v 343 697
9730 2 50 v 369 682 a Fp(1\(T\))p 496 697 V 70 w(...)i(Qd1+)p 733
9731 697 V 86 w(Qd1+)p 911 697 V 195 w(forced)e(mate)p 1445 697
9732 V 231 w(1)p 1611 697 V 344 699 1268 2 v 343 749 2 50 v 369
9733 734 a(2\(L\))p 496 749 V 74 w(d5)p 733 749 V 222 w(Re3)p 911
9734 749 V 108 w(Re3)p 1089 749 V 108 w(Re3)p 1267 749 V 108 w(Re3)p
9735 1445 749 V 126 w(0)p 1611 749 V 344 750 1268 2 v 343 800 2
9736 50 v 369 785 a(3\(L\))p 496 800 V 74 w(...)i(f5)p 733 800 V
9737 197 w(f5)p 911 800 V 144 w(f5)p 1089 800 V 123 w(Qd8)p 1267
9738 800 V 102 w(Qd8)p 1445 800 V 123 w(1)p 1611 800 V 344 802 1268
9739 2 v 343 852 2 50 v 369 837 a(4\(L\))p 496 852 V 74 w(e6)p 733
9740 852 V 243 w(e6)p 911 852 V 138 w(e6)p 1089 852 V 139 w(e6)p
9741 1267 852 V 139 w(e6)p 1445 852 V 142 w(1)p 1611 852 V 344 853
9742 1268 2 v 343 903 2 51 v 369 888 a(5\(T\))p 496 903 V 70 w(Nd5)p
9743 733 903 V 195 w(Bf4)p 911 903 V 115 w(Bf4)p 1089 903 V 108
9744 w(Nd5)p 1267 903 V 103 w(Nd5)p 1445 903 V 1520 872 a Fk(1)p
9745 1520 879 17 2 v 1520 903 a(3)p 1611 903 2 51 v 344 905 1268
9746 2 v 343 955 2 50 v 369 940 a Fp(6\(L\))p 496 955 V 74 w(g6)p
9747 733 955 V 238 w(g6)p 911 955 V 136 w(g6)p 1089 955 V 137 w(c4)p
9748 1267 955 V 139 w(c4)p 1445 955 V 142 w(1)p 1611 955 V 344 957
9749 1268 2 v 343 1006 2 50 v 369 991 a(7\(T\))p 496 1006 V 70 w(Nf6)p
9750 733 1006 V 200 w(Bb4)p 911 1006 V 104 w(Bb4)p 1089 1006 V 106
9751 w(Rg3)p 1267 1006 V 105 w(Rg3)p 1445 1006 V 124 w(0)p 1611
9752 1006 V 344 1008 1268 2 v 343 1058 2 50 v 369 1043 a(8\(L\))p
9753 496 1058 V 74 w(f5)p 733 1058 V 250 w(f5)p 911 1058 V 144 w(f5)p
9754 1089 1058 V 144 w(f5)p 1267 1058 V 144 w(f5)p 1445 1058 V 144
9755 w(1)p 1611 1058 V 344 1059 1268 2 v 343 1109 2 50 v 369 1094
9756 a(9\(L\))p 496 1109 V 74 w(f5)p 733 1109 V 232 w(Re1)p 911
9757 1109 V 108 w(Re1)p 1089 1109 V 108 w(Re1)p 1267 1109 V 108
9758 w(Re1)p 1445 1109 V 126 w(0)p 1611 1109 V 344 1111 1268 2 v
9759 343 1161 2 50 v 369 1146 a(10\(T\))p 496 1161 V 49 w(...)g(Ne5)p
9760 733 1161 V 142 w(Qc5)p 911 1161 V 107 w(Qc5)p 1089 1161 V 107
9761 w(Qc5)p 1267 1161 V 107 w(Qc5)p 1445 1161 V 126 w(0)p 1611
9762 1161 V 344 1162 1268 2 v 343 1212 2 50 v 369 1197 a(11\(L\))p
9763 496 1212 V 53 w(f4)p 733 1212 V 235 w(Nf5)p 911 1212 V 113
9764 w(Nf5)p 1089 1212 V 113 w(Nf5)p 1267 1212 V 112 w(Nf5)p 1445
9765 1212 V 129 w(0)p 1611 1212 V 344 1214 1268 2 v 343 1264 2 50
9766 v 369 1249 a(12\(T\))p 496 1264 V 49 w(...)g(Bf5)p 733 1264
9767 V 154 w(Bf5)p 911 1264 V 115 w(Bf5)p 1089 1264 V 114 w(Bf5)p
9768 1267 1264 V 115 w(Bf5)p 1445 1264 V 130 w(1)p 1611 1264 V 344
9769 1265 1268 2 v 343 1315 2 50 v 369 1300 a(13\(L\))p 496 1315
9770 V 53 w(b4)p 733 1315 V 222 w(Rc1)p 911 1315 V 108 w(Rc1)p 1089
9771 1315 V 108 w(Rc1)p 1267 1315 V 108 w(Rc1)p 1445 1315 V 126
9772 w(0)p 1611 1315 V 344 1317 1268 2 v 343 1367 2 50 v 369 1352
9773 a(14\(T\))p 496 1367 V 49 w(Qd2)p 733 1367 V 187 w(Qd2)p 911
9774 1367 V 102 w(Qd2)p 1089 1367 V 102 w(Qd2)p 1267 1367 V 102
9775 w(Qd2)p 1445 1367 V 123 w(1)p 1611 1367 V 344 1368 1268 2 v
9776 343 1418 2 50 v 369 1403 a(15\(T\))p 496 1418 V 49 w(Qxg7+)p
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9778 V 50 w(Qxg7+)p 1267 1418 V 50 w(Qxg7+)p 1445 1418 V 97 w(1)p
9779 1611 1418 V 344 1420 1268 2 v 343 1470 2 50 v 369 1455 a(16\(T\))p
9780 496 1470 V 49 w(Ne4)p 733 1470 V 196 w(Ne4)p 911 1470 V 108
9781 w(Ne4)p 1089 1470 V 108 w(Ne4)p 1267 1470 V 107 w(Ne4)p 1445
9782 1470 V 127 w(1)p 1611 1470 V 344 1471 1268 2 v 343 1521 2 50
9783 v 369 1506 a(17\(L\))p 496 1521 V 53 w(...)g(h5)p 733 1521
9784 V 182 w(h5)p 911 1521 V 134 w(h5)p 1089 1521 V 121 w(Nc5)p
9785 1267 1521 V 121 w(h5)p 1445 1521 V 139 w(1)p 1611 1521 V 344
9786 1523 1268 2 v 343 1573 2 50 v 369 1558 a(18\(T\))p 496 1573
9787 V 49 w(...)g(Nb3)p 733 1573 V 156 w(f5)p 911 1573 V 144 w(f5)p
9788 1089 1573 V 144 w(f5)p 1267 1573 V 144 w(f5)p 1445 1573 V 144
9789 w(0)p 1611 1573 V 344 1574 1268 2 v 343 1624 2 50 v 369 1609
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9792 w(c5)p 1445 1624 V 142 w(1)p 1611 1624 V 344 1626 1268 2 v
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9794 1676 V 221 w(Qh5)p 911 1676 V 102 w(Qh5)p 1089 1676 V 102 w(Kb1)p
9795 1267 1676 V 102 w(Kb1)p 1445 1676 V 123 w(0)p 1611 1676 V 344
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9797 V 49 w(Nh6)p 733 1727 V 189 w(Nh6)p 911 1727 V 103 w(Nh6)p
9798 1089 1727 V 102 w(Nh6)p 1267 1727 V 103 w(Nh6)p 1445 1727 V
9799 124 w(1)p 1611 1727 V 344 1729 1268 2 v 343 1778 2 50 v 369
9800 1764 a(22\(T\))p 496 1778 V 49 w(...)g(Bxe4)p 733 1778 V 121
9801 w(Rd8)p 911 1778 V 103 w(Rd8)p 1089 1778 V 105 w(Nc5)p 1267
9802 1778 V 107 w(Nc5)p 1445 1778 V 127 w(0)p 1611 1778 V 344 1780
9803 1268 2 v 343 1830 2 50 v 369 1815 a(23\(L\))p 496 1830 V 53
9804 w(...)g(f6)p 733 1830 V 183 w(Bf5)p 911 1830 V 115 w(Bf5)p
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9806 130 w(0)p 1611 1830 V 344 1832 1268 2 v 343 1881 2 50 v 369
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9809 w(f4)p 1445 1881 V 144 w(1)p 1611 1881 V 344 1883 1268 2 v
9810 343 1933 2 51 v 369 1918 a Fm(T)m(otal)d(T)m(actic)n(al)g(Sc)n(or)n(e)h
9811 (\(T\))p 1445 1933 V 696 w Fp(7)1531 1902 y Fk(1)p 1531 1909
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9814 1445 1985 V 757 w Fp(6)p 1611 1985 V 344 1986 1268 2 v 343
9815 2036 2 51 v 369 2021 a Fm(T)m(otal)f(Sc)n(or)n(e)h(\(S\))p
9816 1445 2036 V 850 w Fp(13)1542 2005 y Fk(1)p 1541 2012 17 2 v
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9818 a Fp(Figure)f(7.1:)j(HIAR)o(CS)c(5.0)g(results)i(on)f(the)g(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q
9819 (ec)h(T)m(est)f(P)o(ositions.)946 2574 y(143)p eop
9821 144 145 bop 324 307 a Fp(T)m(o)14 b(determine)h(the)h(relativ)o(e)f(bias)g
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9824 341 y Fk(12)p Fd(\001)p Fk(\()p Fe(T)t Fd(\000)p Fe(L)p Fk(\))p
9825 945 352 142 2 v 1005 376 a Fe(S)1092 361 y Fp(,)g(where)h(T)f(is)h(the)f
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9828 (osi-)262 461 y(tiv)o(e)e(bias)h(v)n(alue)f(for)h(tactically)f(orien)o(ted)h
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9834 y(Bratk)o(o)18 b(and)g(Kop)q(ec)h(pro)q(duced)g(a)f(histogram)f(of)g(the)i
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9837 (e)h(results)h(in)f(the)262 795 y(+2.4)d(to)i(+8)f(range)570
9838 780 y Fk(1)589 795 y Fp(.)17 b(The)12 b(most)f(frequen)o(t)h(v)n(alues)f(w)o
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9840 b(when)f(HIAR)o(CS's)g(bias)g(v)n(alue)f(is)h(compared)f(to)h(these)h
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9842 o(ell)f(balanced)h(tactical)g(and)f(p)q(ositional)g(abilit)o(y)m(.)324
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9844 (tested,)h(b)o(y)f(far)g(the)h(most)e(common)262 1030 y(v)n(alues)18
9845 b(la)o(y)g(in)h(the)g Ff(\000)p Fp(5)g(to)g(+3)g(range.)33
9846 b(Th)o(us,)20 b(indicating)e(that)h(most)f(h)o(uman)f(c)o(hess)262
9847 1080 y(pla)o(y)o(ers)c(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(balanced)g(abilit)o(y)e(with)h(a)h
9848 (sligh)o(t)f(emphasis)g(on)h(p)q(ositional)e(pla)o(y)m(.)324
9849 1165 y(Bratk)o(o)i(and)f(Kop)q(ec)i(also)e(ga)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(table)h(giving)e
9850 (rating)i(ranges)g(and)g(corresp)q(onding)262 1215 y(mean)f(v)n(alues.)20
9851 b(The)15 b(v)n(alues)g(for)f(h)o(uman)f(pla)o(y)o(ers)i(in)f(the)h(ranges)h
9852 (2000-2199)c(and)j(2200-)262 1265 y(2399)d(are)j(giv)o(en)e(b)q(elo)o(w:)p
9853 516 1355 923 2 v 515 1405 2 50 v 541 1390 a Fm(R)n(ating)i(r)n(ange)p
9854 797 1405 V 50 w(Me)n(an)h(T)p 990 1405 V 49 w(Me)n(an)g(L)p
9855 1179 1405 V 50 w(12\(T)p Ff(\000)p Fm(L\)/S)p 1438 1405 V 516
9856 1407 923 2 v 515 1457 2 50 v 541 1442 a Fp(2000-2199)p 797
9857 1457 V 134 w(6.67)p 990 1457 V 116 w(4.84)p 1179 1457 V 150
9858 w(1.73)p 1438 1457 V 516 1458 923 2 v 515 1508 2 50 v 541 1493
9859 a(2200-2399)p 797 1508 V 134 w(7.81)p 990 1508 V 116 w(8.07)p
9860 1179 1508 V 160 w(0.2)p 1438 1508 V 516 1510 923 2 v 324 1620
9861 a(Comparing)9 b(these)j(results)h(with)d(those)i(of)f(HIAR)o(CS,)f(it)h(can)g
9862 (b)q(e)h(seen)h(that)e(HIAR)o(CS)262 1670 y(has)16 b(a)f(sligh)o(tly)g(b)q
9863 (etter)i(tactical)f(score)h(\(T\))f(and)g(a)g(noticeably)f(b)q(etter)j(lev)o
9864 (er)e(score)h(\(L\))262 1719 y(than)11 b(pla)o(y)o(ers)g(in)f(the)i
9865 (2000-2199)d(rating)h(range.)17 b(P)o(erhaps)c(more)d(surprisingly)m(,)g
9866 (HIAR)o(CS)262 1769 y(displa)o(y)o(ed)g(a)h(b)q(etter)i(balance)e(b)q(et)o(w)
9867 o(een)h(tactical)f(and)g(p)q(ositional)f(abilit)o(y)f(than)i(the)h(mean)262
9868 1819 y(results)j(in)e(that)h(rating)f(range.)324 1904 y(F)m(or)g(the)h
9869 (higher)g(rating)f(range,)h(HIAR)o(CS)f(has)h(a)f(lo)o(w)o(er)h(score,)g(b)q
9870 (oth)g(tactically)f(and)262 1954 y(p)q(ositionally)m(.)i(It)f(is)g(in)o
9871 (teresting,)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(that)h(at)g(this)g(higher)g(range)g(the)g
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9873 g(tactical)g(score,)h(re-enforcing)f(m)o(y)e(b)q(elief)i(that)262
9874 2054 y(p)q(ositional)14 b(abilit)o(y)g(pla)o(ys)i(a)g(m)o(uc)o(h)e(greater)j
9875 (role)f(in)g(high)f(lev)o(el)h(c)o(hess)h(than)f(it)g(do)q(es)h(at)262
9876 2104 y(the)d(lo)o(w)o(er)g(lev)o(els)f(of)h(abilit)o(y)m(.)324
9877 2189 y(Examining)9 b(the)k(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)g(graph)f(of)f(rating)h(vs)g
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9879 (rating)f(can)i(b)q(e)f(assigned)h(to)f(HIAR)o(CS.)f(As)h(the)h(test)g
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9881 (sa)o(y)g(HIAR)o(CS's)g(rating)f(is)i(lik)o(ely)e(to)h(lie)f(in)h(the)h
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9883 Fi(ignoring)c(w)o(eak)i(programs)d(whic)o(h)j(had)f(scores)g(so)h(lo)o(w)g
9884 (that)f(con\014dence)e(in)j(a)g(realistic)e(bias)h(v)n(alue)262
9885 2403 y(is)g(imp)q(ossible)946 2574 y Fp(144)p eop
9887 145 146 bop 262 307 a Fp(to)16 b(2170.)25 b(My)16 b(past)h(exp)q(erience)i
9888 (of)d(c)o(hess)i(programs)d(b)q(eing)h(o)o(v)o(er-rated,)i(leads)e(me)g(to)
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9890 (lie)f(at)h(the)h(lo)o(w)o(er)e(end)i(of)e(this)h(range.)324
9891 442 y(A)o(t)e(the)g(recen)o(t)h(\(1989\))e(W)m(orld)g(Computer)g(Chess)i
9892 (Championship)c(all)i(the)h(strongest)262 492 y(programs)18
9893 b(w)o(ere)i(also)f(tested)j(on)d(these)i(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)g(test)f(p)q
9894 (ositions)g([41)o(].)35 b(I)19 b(will)262 542 y(examine)c(the)j(reasons)h(wh)
9895 o(y)e(HIAR)o(CS)f(could)i(not)f(solv)o(e)g(some)f(of)h(the)h(test)g(p)q
9896 (ositions)262 592 y(and)h(using)g(the)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(pap)q(er,)h(will)d
9897 (compare)h(its)g(successes)k(and)d(failures)f(with)g(the)262
9898 641 y(results)c(pro)q(duced)g(b)o(y)e(the)i(strongest)g(c)o(hess)g(mac)o
9899 (hines)e(in)h(the)g(w)o(orld.)324 727 y(Lo)q(oking)i(at)h(the)g(actual)g(mo)o
9900 (v)o(es)f(selected)j(in)e(the)g(tests,)i(a)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(p)q(oin)o
9901 (ts)h(are)262 777 y(w)o(orth)c(highligh)o(ting.)j(In)d(test)i(1,)e(HIAR)o(CS)
9902 g(found)g(the)h(forced)h(mate)d(in)h(3)h(v)o(ery)g(quic)o(kly)262
9903 826 y(\(2)j(seconds\).)32 b(In)18 b(test)i(5,)e(the)g(correct)i(mo)o(v)o(e)d
9904 (w)o(as)h(iden)o(ti\014ed)g(quic)o(kly)m(,)f(although)g(the)262
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9906 q(ortan)o(t)e(v)n(ariations.)k(After)f(1)e(min)o(ute)f(50)262
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9909 y(to)c(Nd5)g(once)h(ha)o(ving)e(examined)g(the)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(to)h(enough)g
9910 (depth)h(to)f(fully)f('understand')262 1026 y(it.)26 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17
9911 b(this)g(to)q(ok)g(a)f(total)g(of)h(ab)q(out)f(4)h(min)o(utes)f(and)g(could)h
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9916 f(comp)q(ensation)h(whic)o(h)g(HIAR)o(CS)262 1260 y(could)d(not)g(fully)g
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9921 1445 y(disdained)e(the)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(in)h(fa)o(v)o(our)f(of)h(the)h(strong)f
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9927 o(y)o(ed)g(strong)h(p)q(ositional)d(mo)o(v)o(es,)h(although)h(not)262
9928 1680 y(the)f(b)q(est)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)k(This)c(highligh)o(ts)e(one)i(of)e(the)j
9929 (ma)r(jor)c(de\014ciencies)13 b(of)d(the)h(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)262
9930 1730 y(tests:)20 b(no)14 b(merit)f(is)h(giv)o(en)g(for)g(c)o(hosen)h(mo)o(v)o
9931 (es)e(whic)o(h,)h(although)g(not)g(correct,)i(are)e(v)o(ery)262
9932 1779 y(strong)g(alternativ)o(es.)k(After)d(all,)d(p)q(ositional)h(mo)o(v)o
9933 (es)f(are)j(sometimes)d(a)i(matter)f(of)g(st)o(yle)262 1829
9934 y(and)g('p)q(ersonal')h(preference.)324 1915 y(T)m(ests)h(10)f(and)g(22)g(w)o
9935 (ere)h(just)g(to)q(o)f(deep,)h(tactically)f(sp)q(eaking,)g(for)g(HIAR)o(CS)g
9936 (to)g(see)262 1964 y(in)h(the)h(allotted)e(t)o(w)o(o)h(min)o(utes.)22
9937 b(T)m(ests)16 b(20)f(and)h(23)f(are)h(v)o(ery)f(di\016cult)g(p)q(ositional)f
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9939 (strong)f(programs)e(w)o(as)i(unable)g(to)g(solv)o(e.)324 2099
9940 y(I)21 b(w)o(as)f(particularly)g(impressed)h(b)o(y)g(HIAR)o(CS's)f(correct)i
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9942 b(of)f(the)h(strongest)g(programs)e(w)o(ere)j(able)e(to)g(solv)o(e)g(test)h
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9944 (whic)o(h)f(HIAR)o(CS)h(iden)o(ti\014ed)g(the)g(correct)i(mo)o(v)o(e)c(...)20
9945 b(h5)15 b(\(less)262 2249 y(than)e(a)h(min)o(ute\),)e(w)o(as)i(encouraging.)
9946 324 2334 y(HIAR)o(CS)g(did)g(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(a)f(lev)o(er)h(score)h
9947 Fm(e)n(qual)f Fp(to)f(Deep)i(Though)o(t,)d(1)i(p)q(oin)o(t)f
9948 Fm(ahe)n(ad)h Fp(of)262 2384 y(Hitec)o(h)c(and)h(only)e(1)h(p)q(oin)o(t)g
9949 Fm(less)g Fp(than)h(the)g(highly)e(p)q(ositional)g(Mephisto)h(mac)o(hine)g(!)
9950 17 b(This)262 2434 y(result)d(w)o(as)g(v)o(ery)g(pleasing.)946
9953 146 147 bop 262 307 a Fr(7.2)69 b(Computer)22 b(Opp)r(osition)262
9954 434 y Fp(A)10 b(matc)o(h)f(will)g(b)q(e)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i
9955 (HIAR)o(CS)e(5.0)f(and)i(the)g(commercial)c(c)o(hess)12 b(mac)o(hine,)262
9956 483 y(Mephisto)e(Exclusiv)o(e.)17 b(This)9 b(will)g(allo)o(w)f(a)h(further)i
9957 (rating)e(to)h(b)q(e)g(estimated)g(for)f(HIAR)o(CS)262 533
9958 y(and)16 b(will)e(pro)o(vide)j(n)o(umerous)e(examples)h(of)f(its)i(actual)f
9959 (pla)o(ying)e(st)o(yle,)j(strengths)h(and)262 583 y(w)o(eaknesses.)324
9960 668 y(The)i(Mephisto)f(mac)o(hine)f(used)j(w)o(as)e(rated)h(at)f(ELO)h(1733)f
9961 ([24)o(].)34 b(This)19 b(mac)o(hine)262 718 y(is)h(sev)o(eral)h(y)o(ears)g
9962 (old)f(and)h(should)f(not)h(b)q(e)g(confused)h(with)e(the)h(latest)g
9963 (commercial)262 768 y(Mephistos)14 b(whic)o(h)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(signi\014can)o
9964 (tly)e(higher)i(ratings)g(\(ELO)h(2100+\).)324 853 y(I)e(in)o(tend)h(to)f
9965 (pla)o(y)g(a)g(6)g(game)f(matc)o(h)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(the)h(mac)o(hines)d
9966 (using)h(a)h(time)e(con)o(trol)262 903 y(of)f(60)g(mo)o(v)o(es)f(in)i(30)f
9967 (min)o(utes)f(follo)o(w)o(ed)h(b)o(y)g(20)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(in)g(ev)o(ery)h
9968 (subsequen)o(t)i(10)d(min)o(utes.)324 988 y(Belo)o(w)k(is)f(an)h(annotated)g
9969 (game)e(from)g(the)j(matc)o(h.)k(It)15 b(is)f(one)h(of)g(the)g(b)q(etter)i
9970 (games)262 1038 y(and)c(illustrates)h(man)o(y)e(attributes)j(of)e(HIAR)o
9971 (CS's)h(pla)o(y)m(.)i(HIAR)o(CS's)e(scores)h(are)g(sho)o(wn)262
9972 1088 y(p)q(erio)q(dically)d(in)i(brac)o(k)o(ets.)510 1169 y(Game)e(1)510
9973 1219 y(White)159 b(:)18 b Fl(Mephisto)c(Exclusiv)o(e)510 1269
9974 y Fp(Blac)o(k)170 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)e(5.0)510 1319 y Fp(Op)q(ening)118
9975 b(:)18 b(Kings)c(Gam)o(bit)d(Accepted)781 1418 y(1.)62 b(e4)102
9976 b(e5)781 1468 y(2.)62 b(f4)107 b(ef)781 1518 y(3.)62 b(Nf3)76
9977 b(d6)781 1568 y(4.)62 b(Bc4)73 b(Be6)15 b(\(+59\))p 641 1678
9978 673 5 v 641 2343 5 665 v 646 1761 a Fg(rm0lkans)646 1844 y(opo0Zpop)646
9979 1927 y(0Z0obZ0Z)646 2010 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 2094 y(0ZBZPo0Z)646
9980 2177 y(Z0Z0ZNZ0)646 2260 y(POPO0ZPO)646 2343 y(SNAQJ0ZR)p 1310
9981 2343 V 641 2347 673 5 v 762 2449 a Fp(P)o(osition)e(after)h(4.)k(...)f(Be6)
9982 946 2574 y(146)p eop
9984 147 148 bop 262 307 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(w)o(as)i(out)f(of)f(its)i(op)q(ening)
9985 f(b)q(o)q(ok)g(after)g(4.)25 b(Bc4.)g(BCO2)17 b(recommends)e(4.)25
9986 b(...)262 357 y(h6,)16 b(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(HIAR)o(CS's)e(c)o(hoice)h(of)f
9987 (4.)26 b(...)g(Be6)17 b(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)i(b)q(etter.)29 b(Mephisto)17
9988 b(is)f(also)262 407 y(no)o(w)d(out)h(of)f(its)h(op)q(ening)g(b)q(o)q(ok.)781
9989 575 y(5.)62 b(Bxe6)51 b(fe)781 625 y(6.)62 b(d4)97 b(Qf6)14
9990 b(\(+51\))262 743 y(With)d(blac)o(k's)h(pa)o(wn)g(structure)j(in)d(a)g
9991 (heathly)h(state,)g(HIAR)o(CS)f(aims)f(to)h(hang)g(on)g(to)h(its)262
9992 793 y(adv)n(anced)h(f-pa)o(wn.)k(An)c(alternativ)o(e)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(w)o(as)h
9993 (6.)k(...)g(g5,)13 b(although)h(this)g(w)o(ould)f(limit)262
9994 843 y(HIAR)o(CS's)g(castling)g(options.)781 1011 y(7.)62 b(o-o)85
9995 b(Nc6)781 1061 y(8.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Nge7)781 1111 y(9.)62 b(Nb5)k(o-o-o)781
9996 1161 y(10.)41 b(a4)99 b(a6)781 1210 y(11.)41 b(Nc3)71 b(e5!)19
9997 b(\(+148\))p 641 1337 673 5 v 641 2001 5 665 v 646 1420 a Fg(0Zks0a0s)646
9998 1503 y(Zpo0m0op)646 1586 y(pZno0l0Z)646 1669 y(Z0Z0o0Z0)646
9999 1752 y(PZ0OPo0Z)646 1835 y(Z0M0ZNZ0)646 1918 y(0OPZ0ZPO)646
10000 2001 y(S0AQZRJ0)p 1310 2001 V 641 2005 673 5 v 760 2124 a Fp(P)o(osition)13
10001 b(after)i(11.)i(...)g(e5!)262 2242 y(The)c(stage)g(is)g(set.)18
10002 b(With)13 b(the)g(kings)g(castled)g(on)g(opp)q(osite)g(\015anks,)g(blac)o
10003 (k's)f(activit)o(y)g(will)262 2292 y(concen)o(trate)20 b(on)e(the)h(king)f
10004 (side)g(while)g(white)h(will)e(concen)o(trate)j(on)e(the)h(queen)h(side.)262
10005 2342 y(After)15 b(mo)o(v)o(e)e(9,)h(HIAR)o(CS)g(c)o(hose)h(the)g(plan)f(of)g
10006 (king)g(side)h(attac)o(k)f(with)h(pa)o(wns.)20 b(Ha)o(ving)262
10007 2392 y(gained)11 b(a)h(temp)q(o)g(b)o(y)g(whites)g(premature)g(Nb5,)g(HIAR)o
10008 (CS)g(sets)i(out)e(to)g(close)h(the)f(cen)o(tre.)262 2442 y(It)f(is)h(imp)q
10009 (ortan)o(t)e(to)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)f(closed)i(cen)o(tral)f(p)q(osition)f
10010 Fm(b)n(efor)n(e)g Fp(starting)g(an)o(y)h(\015ank)f(attac)o(k.)946
10013 148 149 bop 781 357 a Fp(12.)41 b(d5)97 b(Nb4)262 460 y(12.)22
10014 b(...)g(Nb8)16 b(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)h(13.)23 b(...)f(Nd7)15
10015 b(lo)q(oks)g(a)g(b)q(etter)j(option.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16
10016 b(HIAR)o(CS)262 509 y(considered)e(whites)f(b)q(est)g(plan)f(w)o(as)h(a)f
10017 (queen)i(side)e(pa)o(wn)h(attac)o(k,)f(hence)i(it)e(preferred)j(to)262
10018 559 y(obstruct)g(this)f(b)o(y)f(pla)o(ying)f(Nb4)i(stopping)g(the)g(early)g
10019 (adv)n(ance)g(of)f(the)i(b)f(pa)o(wn)f(to)h(b4.)781 712 y(13.)41
10020 b(Bd2)68 b(Qg6?!)18 b(\(+82\))262 814 y(HIAR)o(CS)13 b(w)o(as)h(in)o(tending)
10021 f(to)h(follo)o(w)e(this)i(up)g(with)g(h5,)f(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er)h(an)g
10022 (immediate)d(g5!)18 b(is)262 864 y(m)o(uc)o(h)12 b(stronger.)781
10023 1016 y(14.)41 b(Nh4)66 b(Qh6)781 1066 y(15.)41 b(Qg4+)35 b(Kb8)781
10024 1116 y(16.)41 b(Rac1)50 b(g5)781 1166 y(17.)41 b(Nf3)76 b(Rg8)781
10025 1216 y(18.)41 b(Nd1)66 b(a5)781 1265 y(19.)41 b(Bxb4)46 b(ab)781
10026 1315 y(20.)41 b(a5)99 b(Qg6)14 b(\(+179\))p 641 1476 673 5
10027 v 641 2140 5 665 v 646 1559 a Fg(0j0s0arZ)646 1642 y(Zpo0m0Zp)646
10028 1725 y(0Z0o0ZqZ)646 1808 y(O0ZPo0o0)646 1891 y(0o0ZPoQZ)646
10029 1974 y(Z0Z0ZNZ0)646 2057 y(0OPZ0ZPO)646 2140 y(Z0SNZRJ0)p 1310
10030 2140 V 641 2144 673 5 v 749 2247 a Fp(P)o(osition)f(after)h(20.)k(...)f(Qg6)
10031 262 2350 y(HIAR)o(CS)f(is)i(no)o(w)f(preparing)g(a)g(full)f(scale)i(pa)o(wn)f
10032 (assault)g(on)g(the)h(enem)o(y)f(king.)27 b(The)262 2399 y(precarious)12
10033 b(p)q(osition)f(of)g(the)h(white)g(queen)h(means)d(blac)o(ks)i(adv)n(ance)g
10034 (is)f(lik)o(ely)g(to)g(pro)q(ceed)262 2449 y(v)o(ery)j(quic)o(kly)m(.)946
10037 149 150 bop 781 357 a Fp(21.)41 b(Nd2)262 475 y(Giving)12 b(the)i(white)g
10038 (queen)h(free)g(space)g(for)e(her)i(imp)q(ending)d(retreat.)781
10039 644 y(21.)41 b(...)105 b(Bg7?!)262 762 y(Unnecessary)m(,)15
10040 b(an)e(immediate)e(21)j(...)j(h5)c(is)h(v)o(ery)g(strong.)781
10041 930 y(22.)41 b(c4?)82 b(h5)781 980 y(23.)41 b(Qf3?)55 b(g4)781
10042 1030 y(24.)41 b(Qe2?!)262 1149 y(White)15 b(seems)g(una)o(w)o(are)h(of)f(the)
10043 h(imp)q(ending)e(danger.)23 b(Blac)o(ks)15 b(adv)n(an)o(tage)g(has)h(quic)o
10044 (kly)262 1198 y(b)q(ecome)d(o)o(v)o(erwhelming.)781 1367 y(24.)41
10045 b(...)105 b(f3!)18 b(\(+287\))p 641 1493 673 5 v 641 2158 5
10046 665 v 646 1576 a Fg(0j0s0ZrZ)646 1659 y(Zpo0m0a0)646 1742 y(0Z0o0ZqZ)646
10047 1825 y(O0ZPo0Zp)646 1908 y(0oPZPZpZ)646 1991 y(Z0Z0ZpZ0)646
10048 2075 y(0O0MQZPO)646 2158 y(Z0SNZRJ0)p 1310 2158 V 641 2162
10049 673 5 v 763 2280 a Fp(P)o(osition)13 b(after)h(24.)k(...)f(f3!)262
10050 2399 y(The)d(f-pa)o(wn)f(is)h(imm)n(une)e(to)h(attac)o(k,)h(if)f(25.)k(gf)d
10051 (gf+)f(wins.)946 2574 y(149)p eop
10053 150 151 bop 781 357 a Fp(25.)41 b(Qf2)75 b(Bh6)781 407 y(26.)41
10054 b(Ne3)71 b(fg)781 457 y(27.)41 b(Kxg2)k(Rdf8)781 506 y(28.)c(Qe2)70
10055 b(Rf3!)17 b(\(+423\))781 556 y(29.)41 b(Nd1)66 b(Bxd2)781 606
10056 y(30.)41 b(Qxd2)i(Qxe4)781 656 y(31.)e(Qc2)70 b(Qf4)781 706
10057 y(32.)41 b(Nf2)76 b(g3)14 b(\(+793\))781 756 y(33.)41 b(Nd3)66
10058 b(gh+)p 641 878 673 5 v 641 1542 5 665 v 646 961 a Fg(0j0Z0ZrZ)646
10059 1044 y(Zpo0m0Z0)646 1127 y(0Z0o0Z0Z)646 1210 y(O0ZPo0Zp)646
10060 1293 y(0oPZ0l0Z)646 1376 y(Z0ZNZrZ0)646 1459 y(0OQZ0ZKo)646
10061 1542 y(Z0S0ZRZ0)p 1310 1542 V 641 1546 673 5 v 748 1660 a Fp(P)o(osition)13
10062 b(after)h(33.)j(...)g(gh+)262 1773 y(With)10 b(this)g(mo)o(v)o(e,)g(HIAR)o
10063 (CS)g(announced)h(mate)f(in)g(5)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(after)h(a)f(2)h(ply)f(searc)o
10064 (h)h(taking)262 1823 y(just)j(1)f(second!)781 1987 y(34.)41
10065 b(Kh1)65 b(Rxf1+)781 2037 y(35.)41 b(Rxf1)54 b(Qxf1+)781 2086
10066 y(36.)41 b(Kxh2)i(Qg1+)781 2136 y(37.)e(Kh3)65 b(Qg3+)14 b(mate)899
10067 2186 y(0)36 b Ff(\000)65 b Fp(1)510 2236 y(Times:)242 b(21:23)45
10068 b(11:25)324 2350 y(Game)20 b(2)h(w)o(as)g(an)h(in)o(teresting)g(game.)39
10069 b(HIAR)o(CS)21 b(had)h(some)e(trouble)i(breaking)262 2399 y(through)15
10070 b(Mephisto's)h(defence.)26 b(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)h(success)i(b)o(y)
10071 e('sacri\014cing')f(the)h(ex-)262 2449 y(c)o(hange)c(of)f(ro)q(ok)h(for)f
10072 (knigh)o(t)g(and)h(pa)o(wn)f(on)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(36.)17 b(Another)c(pa)o(wn)e
10073 (follo)o(w)o(ed)g(shortly)946 2574 y(150)p eop
10075 151 152 bop 262 307 a Fp(afterw)o(ards)15 b(and)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(w)o(as)g(left)h
10076 (with)f(2)g(connected)i(passed)g(pa)o(wns)e(on)h(the)g(queen)262
10077 357 y(side.)324 442 y(The)j(p)q(osition)e(b)q(elo)o(w)h(w)o(as)g(reac)o(hed)i
10078 (after)f(56)e(mo)o(v)o(es)g(of)h(game)f(2.)28 b(HIAR)o(CS)17
10079 b(no)o(w)262 492 y(pla)o(y)o(ed)d(Qxe6+!)22 b(simplifying)12
10080 b(in)o(to)i(an)h(ev)o(en)g(more)f(easily)h(w)o(on)g(endgame.)20
10081 b(HIAR)o(CS's)262 542 y(score)15 b(increased)g(from)d(867)h(to)h(1116)f(p)q
10082 (oin)o(ts)g(after)i(this)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)p 641 635 673 5 v 641
10083 1300 5 665 v 646 718 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 801 y(Z0Z0Z0op)646 884
10084 y(0Z0Zrj0Z)646 968 y(O0Z0Z0Z0)646 1051 y(0O0Z0Z0Z)646 1134
10085 y(Z0Z0O0ZP)646 1217 y(QZ0Z0ZPJ)646 1300 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 1300
10086 V 641 1304 673 5 v 665 1407 a Fp(P)o(osition)f(after)h(56)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(of)
10087 g(game)f(2.)324 1510 y(Game)k(3)h(w)o(as)h(a)f(strange)i(game)d(in)h(whic)o
10088 (h)h(b)q(oth)g(programs)e(made)h(tactical)g(blun-)262 1560
10089 y(ders.)30 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)18 b(HIAR)o(CS)g(consolidated)f(and)h(reco)o
10090 (v)o(ered)h(from)d(its)i(error,)h(where)g(as)262 1610 y(the)14
10091 b(Mephisto)g(mac)o(hine)f(did)g(not.)324 1695 y(Game)d(4)j(pro)q(duced)g(a)f
10092 (nice)h(solid)f(p)q(erformance)g(from)e(HIAR)o(CS,)i(announcing)g(mate)262
10093 1745 y(in)h(3)h(after)g(just)g(37)f(mo)o(v)o(es.)324 1830 y(Game)d(5)i
10094 (illustrated)g(reasonably)g(go)q(o)q(d)f(endgame)g(pla)o(y)m(,)g
10095 (particularly)g(the)i(handling)262 1880 y(of)g(the)h(king)f(and)h(pa)o(wn)g
10096 (ending.)324 1965 y(Game)9 b(6)h(pro)o(v)o(ed)g(di\016cult)g(for)g(HIAR)o
10097 (CS.)g(It)g(tried)h(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f('to)q(o)h(clev)o(er')h
10098 (tactical)262 2015 y(mo)o(v)o(es)k(whic)o(h)i(had)g(longer)f(term)h(adv)o
10099 (erse)h(e\013ects.)29 b(The)17 b(blac)o(k)g(pa)o(wn)f(on)h(b2)g(allo)o(w)o
10100 (ed)262 2065 y(blac)o(k)h(to)h(p)q(ose)g(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)h
10101 (problems.)32 b(HIAR)o(CS)19 b(managed)e(to)i(see)h(through)f(the)262
10102 2115 y(complexit)o(y)d(and)i(had)g(prepared)i(a)e(nice)h(tactical)f(w)o(a)o
10103 (y)f(of)h(sa)o(ving)g(its)g(bishop)g(on)g(d7,)262 2165 y(something)c(whic)o
10104 (h)h(caugh)o(t)h(Mephisto)g(b)o(y)f(surprise.)25 b(By)16 b(the)g(endgame)e
10105 (HIAR)o(CS)i(w)o(as)262 2214 y(a)j(pa)o(wn)g(up,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(b)q
10106 (ecause)g(of)e(opp)q(osite)h(coloured)g(bishops)f(w)o(as)h(only)f(able)g(to)
10107 262 2264 y(dra)o(w.)i(This)15 b(is)g(an)g(example)e(where)k(sp)q(eci\014c)f
10108 (endgame)e(kno)o(wledge)h(could)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(made)262 2314
10109 y(a)e(di\013erence.)324 2399 y(All)h(the)h(game)f(records)i(for)f(this)f
10110 (matc)o(h)g(can)h(b)q(e)h(found)e(in)g(app)q(endix)h(E.)g(The)g(\014nal)262
10111 2449 y(result)f(table)g(for)f(this)h(matc)o(h)f(can)h(b)q(e)h(seen)g(b)q(elo)
10112 o(w:)946 2574 y(151)p eop
10114 152 153 bop 490 267 977 2 v 489 317 2 50 v 514 302 a Fm(Players)p
10115 890 317 V 268 w(1)p 961 317 V 50 w(2)p 1032 317 V 50 w(3)p
10116 1103 317 V 50 w(4)p 1174 317 V 50 w(5)p 1245 317 V 53 w(6)p
10117 1322 317 V 52 w(T)m(otal)p 1465 317 V 490 319 977 2 v 489 369
10118 2 51 v 514 354 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)14 b(5.0)p 890 369 V 174 w(1)p
10119 961 369 V 50 w(1)p 1032 369 V 50 w(1)p 1103 369 V 50 w(1)p
10120 1174 369 V 50 w(1)p 1245 369 V 1276 338 a Fk(1)p 1276 345 17
10121 2 v 1276 368 a(2)p 1322 369 2 51 v 1370 354 a Fp(5)1396 338
10122 y Fk(1)p 1396 345 17 2 v 1396 368 a(2)p 1465 369 2 51 v 490
10123 370 977 2 v 489 420 2 51 v 514 406 a Fp(Mephisto)h(Exclusiv)o(e)p
10124 890 420 V 50 w(0)p 961 420 V 50 w(0)p 1032 420 V 50 w(0)p 1103
10125 420 V 50 w(0)p 1174 420 V 50 w(0)p 1245 420 V 1276 389 a Fk(1)p
10126 1276 396 17 2 v 1276 420 a(2)p 1322 420 2 51 v 1386 389 a(1)p
10127 1386 396 17 2 v 1386 420 a(2)p 1465 420 2 51 v 490 422 977
10128 2 v 324 521 a Fp(Before)j(I)f(calculate)h(HIAR)o(CS's)f(p)q(erformance)g
10129 (rating,)g(it)g(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(to)h(stress)262 571
10130 y(that)11 b(ratings)g(calculated)g(at)g(one)h(time)e(con)o(trol)h(are)g(not)h
10131 (easily)e(transferred)j(in)o(to)e(ratings)262 621 y(at)17 b(other)i(time)e
10132 (con)o(trols.)31 b(Therefore,)20 b(some)d(risk)h(is)g(asso)q(ciated)h(with)e
10133 (p)q(erforming)g(a)262 671 y(matc)o(h)c(at)i(a)g(faster)g(time)f(con)o(trol)g
10134 (in)h(order)h(to)e(extrap)q(olate)i(a)e(rating)h(for)f(HIAR)o(CS)h(at)262
10135 720 y(tournamen)o(t)d(times.)324 806 y(HIAR)o(CS)18 b(w)o(on)g(the)h(matc)o
10136 (h)e(b)o(y)i(the)g(score)g(5)1072 789 y Fk(1)p 1072 796 17
10137 2 v 1072 820 a(2)1112 806 y Fp(-)1149 789 y Fk(1)p 1149 796
10138 V 1149 820 a(2)1171 806 y Fp(.)32 b(Using)18 b(the)h(win)f(probabilit)o(y)262
10139 855 y(tables)13 b(suggested)h(b)o(y)e(Arpad)i(Elo)e(and)h(found)f(in)g([32)o
10140 (],)g(an)h(estimated)f(rating)h(di\013erence)262 905 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)j
10141 (HIAR)o(CS)e(and)h(Mephisto)g(Exclusiv)o(e)g(can)g(b)q(e)g(lo)q(ok)o(ed)g
10142 (up.)21 b(The)15 b(matc)o(h)e(score)262 955 y(represen)o(ts)f(a)e(win)g
10143 (ratio)g(of)g(92\045.)16 b(This)10 b(con)o(v)o(erts)h(in)o(to)f(a)g(rating)f
10144 (di\013erence)k(of)c(401)h(p)q(oin)o(ts)262 1005 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(the)h
10145 (pla)o(y)o(ers.)k(Therefore,)c(giv)o(en)e(Mephisto)h(Exclusiv)o(e's)f(rating)
10146 g(of)g(ELO)h(1733,)262 1055 y(HIAR)o(CS's)h(p)q(erformance)h(rating)f(in)h
10147 (the)g(test)h(matc)o(h)e(is)g(ELO)i(2134)e(\(1733+401\).)324
10148 1140 y(T)m(aking)d(in)o(to)i(accoun)o(t)g(the)h(small)d(sample)h(of)g(the)i
10149 (test)g(matc)o(h)e(and)h(the)h(time)e(con)o(trol)262 1190 y(at)16
10150 b(whic)o(h)h(it)f(w)o(as)g(conducted,)j(this)d(rating)h(only)e(represen)o(ts)
10151 20 b(a)c(v)o(ery)h(rough)g(estimate.)262 1240 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(the)g
10152 (impressiv)o(e)f(score)i(b)o(y)f(whic)o(h)f(HIAR)o(CS)h(w)o(on)f(the)i(matc)o
10153 (h,)d(clearly)i(illus-)262 1289 y(trates)f(its)g(sup)q(eriorit)o(y)h(o)o(v)o
10154 (er)e(the)i(Mephisto)f(mac)o(hine.)262 1460 y Fr(7.3)69 b(Human)23
10155 b(Opp)r(osition)262 1587 y Fp(T)m(o)9 b(determine)i(ho)o(w)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(p)q
10156 (erforms)g(against)g(h)o(uman)f(opp)q(osition,)g(I)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(a)g
10157 (short)262 1636 y(t)o(w)o(o)16 b(game)f(matc)o(h)g(against)h(HIAR)o(CS.)g
10158 (When)h(I)f(last)g(pla)o(y)o(ed)g(activ)o(e)h(c)o(hess)h(\(1981/82\))262
10159 1686 y(m)o(y)10 b(rating)h(w)o(as)h(1920)f(on)h(the)g(ELO)g(scale.)18
10160 b(Since)13 b(I)f(ha)o(v)o(e)f(not)h(pla)o(y)o(ed)g(comp)q(etitiv)o(ely)e(for)
10161 262 1736 y(a)15 b(long)f(time,)g(I)h(am)f(lik)o(ely)g(to)h(b)q(e)h(a)f(bit)g
10162 ('rust)o(y'.)22 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(m)o(y)d(in)o(terest)k(in)e(computer)
10163 262 1786 y(c)o(hess)i(has)f(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(me)g(to)g(pla)o(y)g('friendly')g
10164 (games)g(regularly)m(,)g(so)h(I)g(w)o(ould)f(exp)q(ect)i(m)o(y)262
10165 1836 y(rating)h(to)h(b)q(e)h(in)f(the)h(1900-2000)d(ELO)j(range.)34
10166 b(The)20 b(particular)f(adv)n(an)o(tage)g(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)262
10167 1885 y(against)12 b(computer)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(is)f(a)h(go)q(o)q(d)e
10168 (understanding)i(of)f(their)h(relativ)o(e)f(strengths)262 1935
10169 y(and)g(w)o(eaknesses.)324 2020 y(The)f(matc)o(h)f(games)h(w)o(ere)h(pla)o(y)
10170 o(ed)e(at)h(a)g(full)f(tournamen)o(t)h(time)f(con)o(trol)h(of)f(40)h(mo)o(v)o
10171 (es)262 2070 y(in)i(2)h(hours,)g(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o(y)h(20)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g
10172 (in)h(eac)o(h)g(subsequen)o(t)i(hour.)22 b(Both)15 b(game)f(records)262
10173 2120 y(can)g(b)q(e)g(found)g(in)f(app)q(endix)h(E.)g(The)g(\014nal)f(matc)o
10174 (h)g(score)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(seen)g(b)q(elo)o(w:)p 683 2200 589
10175 2 v 682 2250 2 50 v 708 2235 a Fm(Players)p 986 2250 V 170
10176 w(1)p 1057 2250 V 50 w(2)p 1128 2250 V 50 w(T)m(otal)p 1271
10177 2250 V 683 2251 589 2 v 682 2301 2 50 v 708 2286 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0)p
10178 986 2301 V 76 w(1)p 1057 2301 V 50 w(0)p 1128 2301 V 86 w(1)p
10179 1271 2301 V 683 2303 589 2 v 682 2353 2 50 v 708 2338 a(Mark)g(Uniac)o(k)o(e)
10180 p 986 2353 V 50 w(0)p 1057 2353 V 50 w(1)p 1128 2353 V 86 w(1)p
10181 1271 2353 V 683 2354 589 2 v 324 2449 a(The)f(follo)o(wing)d(game)h(is)i(the)
10182 g(\014rst)h(from)d(the)i(matc)o(h.)k(HIAR)o(CS's)12 b(scores)i(are)g(sho)o
10183 (wn)946 2574 y(152)p eop
10185 153 154 bop 262 307 a Fp(p)q(erio)q(dically)12 b(in)i(brac)o(k)o(ets.)510
10186 471 y(Game)e(1)510 521 y(White)159 b(:)18 b Fl(Mark)e(Uniac)o(k)o(e)510
10187 570 y Fp(Blac)o(k)170 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)e(5.0)510 620 y
10188 Fp(Op)q(ening)118 b(:)18 b(Queens)e(Gam)o(bit)11 b(Declined)781
10189 720 y(1.)62 b(d4)97 b(d5)781 770 y(2.)62 b(c4)102 b(e6)781
10190 819 y(3.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Nf6)781 869 y(4.)62 b(Bg5)70 b(Be7)781
10191 919 y(5.)62 b(e3)102 b(o-o)781 969 y(6.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Nb)q(d7)781
10192 1019 y(7.)62 b(Bd3)p 641 1141 673 5 v 641 1805 5 665 v 646
10193 1224 a Fg(rZbl0skZ)646 1307 y(oponapop)646 1390 y(0Z0Zpm0Z)646
10194 1473 y(Z0ZpZ0A0)646 1556 y(0ZPO0Z0Z)646 1639 y(Z0MBONZ0)646
10195 1722 y(PO0Z0OPO)646 1805 y(S0ZQJ0ZR)p 1310 1805 V 641 1809
10196 673 5 v 780 1923 a Fp(P)o(osition)13 b(after)h(7.)k(Bd3.)324
10197 2037 y(This)d(mo)o(v)o(e)e(to)q(ok)h(HIAR)o(CS)h(out)g(of)f(its)h(op)q(ening)
10198 f(b)q(o)q(ok.)21 b(7.)g(Rc1)14 b(w)o(ould)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(k)o(ept)262
10199 2086 y(HIAR)o(CS)f(in)g(b)q(o)q(ok.)781 2250 y(7.)62 b(...)105
10200 b(dc)15 b(\()p Ff(\000)p Fp(69\))781 2300 y(8.)62 b(Bxc4)51
10201 b(b6)14 b(\(!\))781 2350 y(9.)62 b(o-o)85 b(Bb7)781 2399 y(10.)41
10202 b(Rc1)71 b(c5)781 2449 y(11.)41 b(Re1)71 b(Rc8)14 b(\()p Ff(\000)p
10203 Fp(9\))946 2574 y(153)p eop
10205 154 155 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0Zrl0skZ)646
10206 482 y(obZnapop)646 565 y(0o0Zpm0Z)646 648 y(Z0o0Z0A0)646 731
10207 y(0ZBO0Z0Z)646 814 y(Z0M0ONZ0)646 897 y(PO0Z0OPO)646 980 y(Z0SQS0J0)p
10208 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 745 1090 a Fp(P)o(osition)13 b(after)h(11.)k(...)f
10209 (Rc8.)262 1197 y(HIAR)o(CS's)e(last)h(5)f(mo)o(v)o(es)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)
10210 i(excellen)o(t)g(p)q(ositional)d(mo)o(v)o(es.)23 b(I)16 b(w)o(as)g(deligh)o
10211 (ted)262 1246 y(that)h(it)g(decided)i(to)e(\014anc)o(hetto)i(blac)o(k's)e
10212 (normally)d(bad)k(queens)h(bishop)e(on)g(the)i(long)262 1296
10213 y(diagonal.)c(HIAR)o(CS)d(seems)h(to)f(b)q(e)i(follo)o(wing)9
10214 b(the)14 b(correct)g(concepts)g(for)e(the)h(blac)o(k)f(side)262
10215 1346 y(of)h(a)g(queens)j(gam)o(bit.)781 1396 y(12.)41 b(Bd3)68
10216 b(cd)781 1446 y(13.)41 b(Nxd4)j(Ne5)781 1496 y(14.)d(Bb1)68
10217 b(Nfg4)781 1545 y(15.)41 b(Bxe7)51 b(Qxe7)781 1595 y(16.)41
10218 b(h3)97 b(Nf6)14 b(\(+64\))p 641 1674 V 641 2339 5 665 v 646
10219 1757 a Fg(0ZrZ0skZ)646 1840 y(obZ0lpop)646 1924 y(0o0Zpm0Z)646
10220 2007 y(Z0Z0m0Z0)646 2090 y(0Z0M0Z0Z)646 2173 y(Z0M0O0ZP)646
10221 2256 y(PO0Z0OPZ)646 2339 y(ZBSQS0J0)p 1310 2339 V 641 2343
10222 673 5 v 748 2449 a Fp(P)o(osition)f(after)h(16.)j(...)g(Nf6.)946
10225 155 156 bop 262 345 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)12 b(has)i(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)f(at)g(least)h
10226 (equalit)o(y)e(from)g(the)h(op)q(ening.)18 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13
10227 b(I)g(w)o(as)h(more)262 395 y(afraid)g(of)h(16.)22 b(...)g(Qh4!)h(to)16
10228 b(whic)o(h)f(I)h(w)o(ould)e(ha)o(v)o(e)i(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(17.)22
10229 b(Qe2;)16 b(not)g(17)f(hg)g(Nxg4)262 445 y(whic)o(h)e(lo)q(oks)h(v)o(ery)g
10230 (promising)e(e.g.)17 b(18.)h(Nf3)13 b(Qxf2+)h(19.)j(Kh1)d(Qg3!)781
10231 542 y(17.)41 b(Qe2)70 b(Rfd8)781 592 y(18.)41 b(Red1)48 b(Rc5!?)781
10232 642 y(19.)41 b(e4)102 b(a6)781 692 y(20.)41 b(f4)107 b(Ng6)781
10233 741 y(21.)41 b(Qf2)75 b(Qc7)781 791 y(22.)41 b(Nde2)48 b(Rc4!)18
10234 b(\(+48\))p 641 918 673 5 v 641 1582 5 665 v 646 1001 a Fg(0Z0s0ZkZ)646
10235 1084 y(Zbl0Zpop)646 1167 y(po0ZpmnZ)646 1250 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
10236 1333 y(0ZrZPO0Z)646 1416 y(Z0M0Z0ZP)646 1499 y(PO0ZNLPZ)646
10237 1582 y(ZBSRZ0J0)p 1310 1582 V 641 1586 673 5 v 745 1705 a Fp(P)o(osition)13
10238 b(after)h(22.)k(...)f(Rc4!)324 1823 y(I)e(w)o(an)o(ted)g(to)h(form)d(a)i
10239 (strong)h(pa)o(wn)f(cen)o(ter,)i(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(in)g(hindsigh)o(t)g(I)g
10240 (feel)g(I)h(o)o(v)o(er-)262 1873 y(stretc)o(hed)g(m)o(yself.)g(The)e(pa)o
10241 (wns)g(on)g(e4)g(and)g(f4)f(are)h(under)h(extreme)f(pressure.)781
10242 2050 y(23.)41 b(Rxd8+)12 b(Qxd8)781 2099 y(24.)41 b(Rd1)66
10243 b(Qc7)781 2149 y(25.)41 b(Rd4?)946 2574 y(155)p eop
10245 156 157 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0Z0Z0ZkZ)646
10246 482 y(Zbl0Zpop)646 565 y(po0ZpmnZ)646 648 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 731
10247 y(0ZrSPO0Z)646 814 y(Z0M0Z0ZP)646 897 y(PO0ZNLPZ)646 980 y(ZBZ0Z0J0)p
10248 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 765 1163 a Fp(P)o(osition)13 b(after)h(25.)k(Rd4?)
10249 324 1257 y(I)c(though)o(t)h(Rd4)f(w)o(ould)g(reliev)o(e)h(the)g(pressure)i
10250 (on)d(the)i(white)e(cen)o(ter)j(pa)o(wns.)j(After)262 1307
10251 y(25.)k(...)g(Rxd4)15 b(26.)24 b(Qxd4,)17 b(I)f(though)o(t)g(m)o(y)e(f-pa)o
10252 (wn)h(w)o(as)h(secure)j(b)q(ecause)e(of)f(the)h(mate)262 1357
10253 y(threat)g(on)g(d8,)g(e.g.)26 b(26.)g(...)g(Nxf4)16 b(27.)27
10254 b(Nxf4)16 b(Qxf4??)26 b(28.)g(Qd8+)18 b(Ne8)f(29.)26 b(Qxe8+)262
10255 1407 y(mate.)16 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(I)g(missed)f(27.)18 b(...)f(e5)d(whic)o
10256 (h)g(wins)f(the)i(pa)o(wn.)781 1491 y(25.)41 b(...)105 b(Rxd4)781
10257 1541 y(26.)41 b(Qxd4)i(Nxf4!)781 1591 y(27.)e(Nxf4)54 b(e5)781
10258 1641 y(28.)41 b(Qd2)65 b(ef)781 1691 y(29.)41 b(a3)99 b(Kf8)14
10259 b(\(+133\))p 641 1781 V 641 2445 5 665 v 646 1864 a Fg(0Z0Z0j0Z)646
10260 1947 y(Zbl0Zpop)646 2030 y(po0Z0m0Z)646 2113 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
10261 2196 y(0Z0ZPo0Z)646 2279 y(O0M0Z0ZP)646 2362 y(0O0L0ZPZ)646
10262 2445 y(ZBZ0Z0J0)p 1310 2445 V 641 2449 673 5 v 946 2574 a Fp(156)p
10265 157 158 bop 747 307 a Fp(P)o(osition)13 b(after)h(29.)k(...)f(Kf8.)324
10266 422 y(HIAR)o(CS)10 b(is)h(preparing)g(to)f(bring)h(its)g(king)f(in)o(to)g
10267 (pla)o(y)m(.)15 b(I)c(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(29.)17 b(a3)10 b(to)h(allo)o(w)e(Ba2)262
10268 472 y(at)15 b(an)g(opp)q(ortune)h(momen)o(t.)j(In)d(fact,)f(I)g(w)o(as)g
10269 (hoping)g(to)g(pla)o(y)f(Nd5;)i(sw)o(ap)f(o\013)g(knigh)o(ts)262
10270 522 y(and)g(obtain)g(a)g(supp)q(orted)i(passed)f(d)g(pa)o(wn.)23
10271 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(I)f(missed)g(31.)22 b(Qc5+)17 b(and)e(the)262
10272 572 y(mate)d(threat)j(on)f(g2)f(sa)o(ving)g(blac)o(ks)h(b)g(and)f(f)h(pa)o
10273 (wns.)k(After)c(whic)o(h)g(the)h(game)d(is)i(lost.)781 736
10274 y(30.)41 b(Nd5?)46 b(Nxd5)781 786 y(31.)41 b(ed)100 b(Qc5+)781
10275 836 y(32.)41 b(Kh2?)k(Qxd5)14 b(\(+201\))781 886 y(33.)41 b(Qxd5)i(Bxd5)14
10276 b(\(+248\))262 1001 y(Blac)o(ks)g(h-pa)o(wn)g(is)g(safe)g(as)h(Bxh7)f(is)g
10277 (met)f(b)o(y)h(g6!)19 b(The)14 b(mo)o(v)o(e)f(33.)18 b(Qxd5)d(w)o(as)f(bad,)f
10278 (but)262 1050 y(I)f(did)g(not)h(feel)g(lik)o(e)f(a)g(long)g(hard)h(queen)g
10279 (and)g(bishop)f(ending)h(whic)o(h)g(w)o(as)f(lost)h(an)o(yw)o(a)o(y)m(.)781
10280 1144 y(34.)41 b(Bd3)68 b(b5)781 1194 y(35.)41 b(Kg1)67 b(h5)781
10281 1244 y(36.)41 b(Be2)73 b(g6)781 1294 y(37.)41 b(a4)99 b(ba)781
10282 1343 y(38.)41 b(Bxa6)48 b(Bc6)781 1393 y(39.)41 b(Kf2)75 b(Ke7)781
10283 1443 y(40.)41 b(Be2)73 b(Kf6)781 1493 y(41.)41 b(Bc4)73 b(h4)781
10284 1543 y(42.)41 b(Be2)73 b(Ke5)15 b(\(+292\))p 641 1666 673 5
10285 v 641 2330 5 665 v 646 1749 a Fg(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1832 y(Z0Z0ZpZ0)646
10286 1915 y(0ZbZ0ZpZ)646 1998 y(Z0Z0j0Z0)646 2081 y(pZ0Z0o0o)646
10287 2164 y(Z0Z0Z0ZP)646 2247 y(0O0ZBJPZ)646 2330 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310
10288 2330 V 641 2334 673 5 v 744 2449 a Fp(P)o(osition)e(after)h(42.)k(...)f(Ke5.)
10289 946 2574 y(157)p eop
10291 158 159 bop 324 307 a Fp(I)14 b(cannot)h(defend)h(the)f(b-pa)o(wn,)f(g-pa)o
10292 (wn)g(and)h(hold)f(bac)o(k)h(the)g(ev)o(en)o(tual)g(f5,)f(g5)g(and)262
10293 357 y(g4,)19 b(therefore,)i(I)e(decided)i(to)d(simplify)f(and)i(attempt)f(to)
10294 h(pic)o(k)g(o\013)g(blac)o(ks)g(king)f(side)262 407 y(pa)o(wns)c(while)g
10295 (HIAR)o(CS)g(attempts)g(to)g(promote)f(its)i(a-pa)o(wn.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)
10296 14 b(HIAR)o(CS)g(did)262 457 y(not)f(allo)o(w)g(me)f(an)i(inkling)e(of)i
10297 (coun)o(ter)g(pla)o(y)m(.)781 625 y(43.)41 b(Bf3)78 b(Bxf3)14
10298 b(\(+315\))781 675 y(44.)41 b(Kxf3)53 b(Kf5)781 725 y(45.)41
10299 b(Kf2)75 b(Ke4)781 774 y(46.)41 b(Ke2)70 b(f5)14 b(\(+401\))781
10300 824 y(47.)41 b(Kf2)75 b(Kd3)14 b(\(+670\))781 874 y(48.)41
10301 b(Kf3)75 b(g5)14 b(\(+973\))876 924 y(resigns)899 974 y(0)47
10302 b Ff(\000)42 b Fp(1)510 1023 y(Times:)242 b(1:46:33)12 b(1:59:47)262
10303 1142 y(HIAR)o(CS)19 b(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(this)i(game)e(v)o(ery)h(solidly)m(,)g
10304 (punishing)g(m)o(y)e(mistak)o(es)i(e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)34 b(I)262
10305 1192 y(think)14 b(it)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)i(hard)f(to)g(tell)g(whether)h(a)f
10306 (computer)g(of)f(h)o(uman)f(w)o(as)i(blac)o(k)g(in)g(this)262
10307 1241 y(game.)324 1327 y(In)h(game)f(2,)h(I)g(w)o(as)g(also)g(under)h(some)e
10308 (pressure,)k(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(I)f(slo)o(wly)f(mano)q(euvred)262
10309 1377 y(m)o(y)e(2)h(knigh)o(ts)g(in)o(to)g(activ)o(e)h(p)q(ositions)g(on)f
10310 (the)i(queen)f(side.)21 b(I)15 b(w)o(as)g(then)g(able)g(to)f(break)262
10311 1426 y(the)i(p)q(osition)g(op)q(en)h(to)f(m)o(y)f(adv)n(an)o(tage.)24
10312 b(I)17 b(ev)o(en)o(tually)f(reac)o(hed)h(the)g(ending,)g(a)f(queen)262
10313 1476 y(for)g(ro)q(ok)g(and)g(bishop)g(up.)26 b(I)17 b(pla)o(y)o(ed)f(w)o(ell)
10314 f(and)i(w)o(as)f(able)g(to)g(simplify)e(in)o(to)i(an)g(easily)262
10315 1526 y(w)o(on)d(king)g(and)h(pa)o(wn)f(ending.)324 1611 y(Although)k(HIAR)o
10316 (CS)g(c)o(hose)h(a)f(king)g(side)h(attac)o(k)f(plan)g(during)g(this)h(game,)e
10317 (it)h(did)262 1661 y(not)h(execute)j(it)d(e\016cien)o(tly)m(.)32
10318 b(By)19 b(the)h(time)d(HIAR)o(CS)h(had)h(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g(an)g(op)q(en)g
10319 (h-\014le)262 1711 y(for)e(its)h(ro)q(oks,)h(m)o(y)d(o)o(wn)i(plan)f(w)o(as)h
10320 (already)f(w)o(ell)h(dev)o(elop)q(ed.)31 b(This)17 b(illustrates)i(that)262
10321 1761 y(the)i(planning)e(mec)o(hanism)f(used)k(in)e(HIAR)o(CS)g(still)g
10322 (requires)h(a)g(lot)f(of)g(tuning)g(and)262 1810 y(enhancemen)o(t.)324
10323 1896 y(I)e(will)e(not)i(use)h(this)f(matc)o(h)f(to)h(calculate)g(a)g(c)o
10324 (hess)i(rating)d(as)h(the)h(sample)e(is)h(to)q(o)262 1946 y(small.)24
10325 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17 b(it)g(w)o(as)f(clear)h(from)e(pla)o(ying)h(HIAR)o
10326 (CS,)g(that)g(it)h(has)g(a)f(distinctiv)o(e,)262 1995 y(uncomputer)9
10327 b(lik)o(e,)h(pla)o(ying)e(st)o(yle)i(and)g(w)o(ould)f(mak)o(e)f(a)i(w)o(orth)
10328 o(y)g(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(for)g(an)o(y)f(pla)o(y)o(er)262 2045
10329 y(rated)14 b(at)g(around)g(2000)e(ELO.)262 2218 y Fr(7.4)69
10330 b(Kno)n(wledge)22 b(v)n(ersus)h(Searc)n(h)262 2344 y Fp(HIAR)o(CS)15
10331 b(5.0)g(con)o(tains)i(a)e(signi\014can)o(t)h(amoun)o(t)e(of)i(c)o(hess)i(kno)
10332 o(wledge)d(compared)h(with)262 2394 y(the)c(t)o(ypical)e(Shannon)h(t)o(yp)q
10333 (e)h(A)g(program.)j(Muc)o(h)d(of)f(the)h(c)o(hess)h(kno)o(wledge)e(is)g
10334 (applied)g(at)262 2444 y(the)g(horizon)f(no)q(des)h(of)f(the)h(main)d(searc)o
10335 (h.)18 b(Although)10 b(this)g(approac)o(h)h(allo)o(ws)e(application)946
10338 159 160 bop 262 307 a Fp(of)16 b(up)h(to)g(date)g(p)q(ositional)f(kno)o
10339 (wledge,)h(it)f(is)h(quite)g(time)f(consuming,)f(and)i(therefore)262
10340 357 y(results)e(in)e(sligh)o(tly)f(shallo)o(w)o(er)i(searc)o(hes)i(b)q(eing)d
10341 (p)q(erformed.)324 442 y(It)j(w)o(ould)g(therefore)i(b)q(e)f(in)o(teresting)g
10342 (to)f(classify)g(what)h(the)g(kno)o(wledge)f(is)h('w)o(orth')262
10343 492 y(in)f(terms)g(of)g(searc)o(h)h(depth.)27 b(This)17 b('w)o(orth')e(could)
10344 h(then)i(b)q(e)f(compared)f(to)g(its)h(cost)g(to)262 542 y(determine)c
10345 (whether)j(the)e(kno)o(wledge)g(is)f(cost)i(e\013ectiv)o(e.)324
10346 627 y(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(compared)g(kno)o(wledge)g(and)h(searc)o(h)g(b)o(y)g(p)
10347 q(erforming)e(a)h(4)g(game)f(matc)o(h)g(b)q(e-)262 677 y(t)o(w)o(een)j(HIAR)o
10348 (CS)g(5.0)f(and)g(a)h(v)o(ersion)g(of)f(itself)h(con)o(taining)f(only)g
10349 (piece)i(square)f(tables)262 727 y(for)11 b(its)h(horizon)g(no)q(de)h(ev)n
10350 (aluations)e(and)h(no)g(searc)o(h)h(extension)g(heuristics.)18
10351 b(This)12 b(sp)q(ecial)262 777 y(v)o(ersion)i(of)f(HIAR)o(CS)g(will)g(b)q(e)h
10352 (referred)i(to)e(as)g Fm(NOKNO)o(W)p Fp(.)324 862 y(In)h(the)h(matc)o(h,)e
10353 (NOKNO)o(W)i(w)o(as)f(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(to)h(p)q(erform)f(a)h(full)f(width)h(6)
10354 g(ply)f(searc)o(h)262 912 y(and)f(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0)f(w)o(as)h(restricted)i(to)
10355 d(a)h(\014xed)g(depth)h(3)f(ply)f(searc)o(h.)19 b(NOKNO)o(W)c(to)q(ok)262
10356 961 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)20 b(30)f(seconds)i(and)e(20)g(min)o(utes)f(o)o(v)o
10357 (er)i(eac)o(h)g(mo)o(v)o(e,)e(whereas)j(HIAR)o(CS)e(to)q(ok)262
10358 1011 y(around)e(1)g(to)g(10)f(seconds)j(p)q(er)f(mo)o(v)o(e.)27
10359 b(Thinking)16 b(on)h(opp)q(onen)o(ts)h(time)e(w)o(as)h(disabled)262
10360 1061 y(during)12 b(the)i(matc)o(h.)i(In)d(the)g(\014rst)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(games)g
10361 (b)q(oth)h(program)e(w)o(ere)j(allo)o(w)o(ed)e(to)g(consult)262
10362 1111 y(their)k(op)q(ening)f(b)q(o)q(ok;)i(in)e(last)h(t)o(w)o(o)f(games,)g
10363 (NOKNO)o(W)h(w)o(as)g(not)g(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(to)g(consult)262
10364 1161 y(its)e(op)q(ening)g(b)q(o)q(ok.)18 b(All)12 b(game)g(records)j(for)e
10365 (this)g(matc)o(h)f(can)i(b)q(e)g(found)f(in)g(app)q(endix)g(E.)262
10366 1210 y(The)h(\014nal)f(matc)o(h)g(score)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(seen)g(b)q(elo)o(w:)p
10367 565 1286 826 2 v 564 1336 2 50 v 590 1321 a Fm(Players)p 957
10368 1336 V 261 w(1)p 1033 1336 V 53 w(2)p 1104 1336 V 50 w(3)p
10369 1175 1336 V 50 w(4)p 1246 1336 V 50 w(T)m(otal)p 1389 1336
10370 V 565 1338 826 2 v 564 1388 2 51 v 590 1373 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)e(5.0,)g(3)g(ply)p
10371 957 1388 V 988 1357 a Fk(1)p 988 1364 17 2 v 988 1387 a(2)p
10372 1033 1388 2 51 v 1059 1373 a Fp(0)p 1104 1388 V 50 w(0)p 1175
10373 1388 V 50 w(1)p 1246 1388 V 73 w(1)1321 1357 y Fk(1)p 1321
10374 1364 17 2 v 1321 1387 a(2)p 1389 1388 2 51 v 565 1389 826 2
10375 v 564 1439 2 51 v 590 1425 a Fp(NOKNO)o(W,)h(6)f(ply)p 957
10376 1439 V 988 1408 a Fk(1)p 988 1415 17 2 v 988 1439 a(2)p 1033
10377 1439 2 51 v 1059 1425 a Fp(1)p 1104 1439 V 50 w(1)p 1175 1439
10378 V 50 w(0)p 1246 1439 V 73 w(2)1321 1408 y Fk(1)p 1321 1415
10379 17 2 v 1321 1439 a(2)p 1389 1439 2 51 v 565 1441 826 2 v 324
10380 1544 a Fp(When)20 b(considering)h(these)g(results,)i(a)c(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h
10381 (of)g(factors)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(tak)o(en)f(in)o(to)262 1594
10382 y(accoun)o(t:)324 1707 y Ff(\017)g Fp(NOKNO)o(W)d(is)e(not)h(a)f(tuned)h
10383 (brute)h(force)f(searc)o(her,)i(hence)f(its)e(sp)q(eed)j(could)d(b)q(e)365
10384 1757 y(signi\014can)o(tly)e(impro)o(v)o(ed.)324 1837 y Ff(\017)20
10385 b Fp(NOKNO)o(W)13 b(did)g(mak)o(e)e(use)i(of)f(HIAR)o(CS's)g(extensiv)o(e)i
10386 (mo)o(v)o(e)d(ordering)h(algorithm)365 1887 y(and)j(incremen)o(tal)e(ev)n
10387 (aluation)g(table.)20 b(This,)13 b(to)i(some)e(exten)o(t,)i(comp)q(ensated)g
10388 (for)365 1937 y(its)f(lac)o(k)g(of)f(tuning.)324 2017 y Ff(\017)20
10389 b Fp(HIAR)o(CS)f(w)o(as)g(unable)g(to)f(use)i(its)f(sup)q(erior)h(time)d(con)
10390 o(trol)i(algorithm)d(for)j(the)365 2067 y(matc)o(h)c(since)i(it)f(w)o(as)g
10391 (limited)e(to)i(a)g(\014xed)g(depth)h(searc)o(h.)26 b(Hence,)18
10392 b(HIAR)o(CS)e(5.0)365 2116 y(w)o(as)g(unable)f(to)h(exp)q(end)g(extra)g(time)
10393 e(and)i(depth)g(searc)o(hing)g(mo)o(v)o(es)e(it)h(felt)h(w)o(ere)365
10394 2166 y(critical.)262 2279 y(The)10 b(matc)o(h)f(score)j(seems)f(to)f
10395 (indicate)g(that)h(HIAR)o(CS's)e(p)q(ositional)g(and)i(tactical)f(kno)o(wl-)
10396 262 2329 y(edge)h(is)g(almost)e(w)o(orth)j(3)e(extra)i(plies)f(of)f(searc)o
10397 (h.)19 b(Eac)o(h)11 b(additional)e(ply)i(w)o(ould)f(normally)262
10398 2379 y(require)k(a)g(6)f(fold)g(increase)i(in)f(time)840 2364
10399 y Fk(2)857 2379 y Fp(,)g(therefore,)h(this)e(result)i(is)f(v)o(ery)g
10400 (signi\014can)o(t.)p 262 2411 573 2 v 308 2437 a Fj(2)325 2449
10401 y Fi(o)q(dd)d(ply's)f(usually)g(require)g(more)g(searc)o(h)g(e\013ort)g(than)
10402 g(ev)o(en)h(ply's)946 2574 y Fp(159)p eop
10404 160 161 bop 324 307 a Fp(The)15 b(c)o(hess)i(kno)o(wledge)e(con)o(tained)h
10405 (in)e(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0)g(seems)g(to)g(cost)h(around)f(a)g(2-3)262
10406 357 y(fold)10 b(increase)j(in)e(time.)16 b(This)11 b(additional)f(time)g(w)o
10407 (ould)h(not)g(b)q(e)h(enough)g(for)f(ev)o(en)h(1)f(extra)262
10408 407 y(ply)16 b(of)g(full)g(width)h(searc)o(h.)29 b(Therefore,)18
10409 b(HIAR)o(CS's)f(kno)o(wledge)g(app)q(ears)h(to)f(b)q(e)g(v)o(ery)262
10410 457 y(cost)d(e\013ectiv)o(e)h(when)g(compared)e(with)h(simply)d(in)o(v)o
10411 (esting)j(more)f(searc)o(h)i(e\013ort.)262 628 y Fr(7.5)69
10412 b(In)n(ternal)23 b(Statistics)262 755 y Fp(V)m(arious)12 b(statistics)i(ab)q
10413 (out)e(ho)o(w)h(the)h(program)d(sp)q(ends)j(its)f(time)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)q
10414 (een)h(calculated.)324 840 y(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0)f(searc)o(hes)j(b)q(et)o(w)o
10415 (een)f(300)f(and)g(1200)f(no)q(des)i(p)q(er)g(second.)23 b(The)16
10416 b(higher)262 890 y(sp)q(eeds)j(are)f(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)f(in)g(the)h(endgame.)28
10417 b(Unlik)o(e)17 b(most)f(other)i(programs,)f(only)g(legal)262
10418 940 y(no)q(des)d(are)h(coun)o(ted)f(in)g(this)g(no)q(de)g(coun)o(t.)324
10419 1025 y(When)19 b(pla)o(ying)e(at)h(tournamen)o(t)g(rates,)i(HIAR)o(CS)f(t)o
10420 (ypically)e(searc)o(hes)j(to)f(5)f(or)h(6)262 1075 y(plies)12
10421 b(in)h(the)g(op)q(ening,)g(5)f(plies)h(in)g(the)g(middle)e(game)h(and)g(an)o
10422 (ything)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)j(6)d(and)h(13)262 1125 y(plies)g(in)h(the)g
10423 (endgame.)p 641 1218 673 5 v 641 1882 5 665 v 646 1301 a Fg(rZbl0skZ)646
10424 1384 y(opopZpop)646 1467 y(0ZnZ0m0Z)646 1550 y(Z0a0o0Z0)646
10425 1633 y(0ZBZPZ0Z)646 1716 y(Z0M0ZNZ0)646 1799 y(POPO0OPO)646
10426 1882 y(S0AQZRJ0)p 1310 1882 V 641 1886 673 5 v 673 2001 a Fp(ABF)h
10427 (calculation:)i(White)c(to)h(mo)o(v)o(e.)324 2115 y(The)h(Av)o(erage)h(Branc)
10428 o(hing)f(F)m(actor)f Fl(\(ABF\))h Fp(is)f(an)h(extremely)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e
10429 (measure)262 2165 y(as)c(it)h(de\014nes)h(ho)o(w)e(e\016cien)o(t)h(the)h
10430 (tree)g(searc)o(h)g(is)e(and)h(hence)h(what)f(depths)g(are)h(ac)o(hiev)n
10431 (able.)262 2214 y(It)17 b(can)g(b)q(e)h(estimated)f(b)o(y)g(coun)o(ting)g
10432 (the)h(total)f(no)q(des,)h Fm(tn)p Fp(,)g(explored)g(in)f(a)g(full)f(width)
10433 262 2264 y(searc)o(h)f(at)e(depths)i Ff(\024)p Fm(n)p Fp(,)f(and)g(using)g
10434 (ABF)g(=)g Fh(tn)1030 2249 y Fk(1)p Fe(=n)1086 2264 y Fp(.)324
10435 2350 y(In)d(the)g(test)h(p)q(osition)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)h(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0)g
10436 (explored)h(168992)e(no)q(des)j(within)e(a)h(6)f(ply)262 2399
10437 y(full)g(width)h(searc)o(h.)18 b(This)12 b(equates)g(to)g(an)f(ABF)h(of)f
10438 (7.43.)16 b(F)m(or)11 b(a)h(selectiv)o(e)g(searc)o(h)h(to)e(visit)262
10439 2449 y(few)o(er)f(no)q(des,)i(it)e(w)o(ould)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)f(expand)g
10440 (less)h(than)g(7.43)e(no)q(des)i(from)e(eac)o(h)i(p)q(osition.)16
10441 b(Of)946 2574 y(160)p eop
10443 161 162 bop 262 307 a Fp(course,)12 b(suc)o(h)f(a)f(selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h)
10444 g(could)e(still)g(miss)g(man)o(y)e(critical)j(v)n(ariations)e(within)h(the)
10445 262 357 y(6)k(plies;)i(a)f(problem)f(HIAR)o(CS's)g(full)g(width)h(searc)o(h)i
10446 (cannot)e(su\013er)i(from.)j(This)15 b(is)g(the)262 407 y(ma)r(jor)e(adv)n
10447 (an)o(tage)g(of)h(a)h(bac)o(kw)o(ard)f(pruning)h(algorithm)d(suc)o(h)j(as)g
10448 Fh(\013\014)i Fp(when)e(compared)262 457 y(with)e(forw)o(ard)h(pruning.)324
10449 542 y(This)20 b(ABF)g(includes)h(the)f(totals)g(for)g(eac)o(h)g(iteration.)36
10450 b(The)20 b(ABF)h(for)f(the)g(\014nal)262 592 y(iteration,)c(whic)o(h)h
10451 Fm(only)g Fp(explored)g(125102)f(no)q(des,)h(is)g(7.07.)26
10452 b(The)17 b(minim)o(al)c Fh(\013\014)19 b Fp(searc)o(h)262 641
10453 y(tree)14 b(for)e(the)i(p)q(osition)e(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)i(of)e(the)i(order)f
10454 (2)7 b Ff(\001)g Fp(38)1123 626 y Fk(6)p Fe(=)p Fk(2)1182 641
10455 y Ff(\000)h Fp(1)j(=)h(109743.)k(The)e(fact)f(that)262 691
10456 y(HIAR)o(CS's)f(\014nal)h(iteration)g(searc)o(h)i(w)o(as)e(within)f(14\045)h
10457 (of)g(this)g(minim)o(al)d(tree)k(illustrates)262 741 y(the)h(e\013ectiv)o
10458 (eness)j(of)c(using)h(the)h(com)o(bination)d(of)h(iterativ)o(e)h(deep)q
10459 (ening,)h(searc)o(h)g(tables)262 791 y(and)d(in)o(terior)h(no)q(de)g(mo)o(v)o
10460 (e)e(ordering.)324 876 y(Occasionally)m(,)e(searc)o(hes)j(ha)o(v)o(e)e(b)q
10461 (een)i(found)e(to)g(explore)h(as)f(few)g(or)h(few)o(er)g(no)q(des)g(than)262
10462 926 y(the)i(minim)o(al)d Fh(\013\014)16 b Fp(tree)f(w)o(ould)e(suggest.)19
10463 b(This)14 b(is)g(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g(b)q(ecause)i(the)f(transp)q(osition)262
10464 976 y(table)k(allo)o(ws)e(n)o(umerous,)j(sometimes)d(large,)j(subtrees)h(to)e
10465 (b)q(e)g(pruned)h(whic)o(h)f(w)o(ould)262 1026 y(otherwise)14
10466 b(require)h(searc)o(hing.)324 1111 y(It)f(has)h(also)f(b)q(een)i(found)e
10467 (that)g(it)g(is)h(not)f(uncommon)e(for)i(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0)g(to)g(explore)262
10468 1161 y(v)n(ariations)h(to)h(a)g(depth)h(of)f(15)g(to)g(20)g(ply)m(.)25
10469 b(V)m(ery)17 b(o)q(ccasionally)m(,)e(the)i(searc)o(h)g(ma)o(y)e(ev)o(en)262
10470 1210 y(reac)o(h)h(the)f(maxim)o(um)c(depth)16 b(of)e(32)h(ply)m(.)21
10471 b(These)c(extremely)e(deep)h(searc)o(hes)h(are)f(infre-)262
10472 1260 y(quen)o(t)g(and)g(therefore)i(do)e(not)g(usually)f(cause)i(a)f(large)g
10473 (searc)o(h)h('explosion'.)24 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)262 1310 y(they)19
10474 b(o)q(ccasionally)e(allo)o(w)g(HIAR)o(CS)h(to)h(disco)o(v)o(er)g(deep)g(com)o
10475 (binations)e(whic)o(h)h(w)o(ould)262 1360 y(otherwise)c(b)q(e)h(imp)q
10476 (ossible)d(with)i(a)f(more)g(depth)i(restricted)h(searc)o(h.)324
10477 1445 y(Belo)o(w)e(is)f(giv)o(en)h(a)f(breakdo)o(wn)h(of)g(ho)o(w)f(HIAR)o(CS)
10478 h(sp)q(ends)h(its)f(time:)p 556 1528 843 2 v 555 1578 2 50
10479 v 581 1563 a Fm(A)n(ctivity)p 1076 1578 V 380 w(\045)g(of)h(total)g(time)p
10480 1398 1578 V 556 1579 843 2 v 555 1629 2 50 v 581 1614 a Fp(P)o(ositional)d
10481 (Analysis)p 1076 1629 V 250 w(44.4)g(\045)p 1398 1629 V 556
10482 1631 843 2 v 555 1680 2 50 v 581 1666 a(Making/Unmaking)e(Mo)o(v)o(es)p
10483 1076 1680 V 126 w(19.4)i(\045)p 1398 1680 V 556 1682 843 2
10484 v 555 1732 2 50 v 581 1717 a(Up)q(dating)i(A)o(ttac)o(k)g(T)m(ables)p
10485 1076 1732 V 158 w(14.9)e(\045)p 1398 1732 V 556 1734 843 2
10486 v 555 1783 2 50 v 581 1768 a(Mo)o(v)o(e)i(Generation)p 1076
10487 1783 V 294 w(9.3)f(\045)p 1398 1783 V 556 1785 843 2 v 555
10488 1835 2 50 v 581 1820 a(T)m(ree)i(Searc)o(h)f(Con)o(trol)p 1076
10489 1835 V 242 w(6.5)f(\045)p 1398 1835 V 556 1837 843 2 v 555
10490 1886 2 50 v 581 1871 a(Ev)o(erything)h(else)p 1076 1886 V 328
10491 w(5.5)f(\045)p 1398 1886 V 556 1888 843 2 v 262 1990 a(As)k(can)g(b)q(e)h
10492 (seen)g(from)e(these)i(\014gures,)g(HIAR)o(CS)f(sp)q(ends)i(an)d
10493 (extraordinary)h(amoun)o(t)262 2039 y(of)c(time)g(ev)n(aluating)g(p)q
10494 (ositions.)20 b(Compared)13 b(to)h(more)g(con)o(v)o(en)o(tional)f(programs,)g
10495 (whic)o(h)262 2089 y(sp)q(end)h(most)e(of)g(their)i(time)d(generating)j(and)e
10496 (searc)o(hing)i(mo)o(v)o(es,)d(the)j(di\013erence)h(in)e(pro-)262
10497 2139 y(gram)f(philosoph)o(y)h(is)g(ob)o(vious.)946 2574 y(161)p
10500 162 163 bop 262 307 a Fr(7.6)69 b(Summary)23 b(of)g(P)n(erformance)262
10501 434 y Fp(HIAR)o(CS)17 b(5.0)f(p)q(erforms)h(at)g(or)h(near)g(the)g(exp)q(ert)
10502 h(lev)o(el)e(of)g(2000)f(ELO.)h(It)h(displa)o(ys)f(a)262 483
10503 y(go)q(o)q(d)10 b(balance)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(p)q(ositional)e(and)g
10504 (tactical)h(pla)o(y)f(whic)o(h)h(mak)o(es)e(it)i(an)g(in)o(teresting,)262
10505 533 y(more)f(h)o(uman)h(lik)o(e,)g(opp)q(onen)o(t.)17 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12
10506 b(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0)f(has)h(a)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)h(w)o(eaknesses)262
10507 583 y(b)q(oth)i(p)q(ositionally)e(and)i(tactically)m(.)j(Some)c(of)g(these)j
10508 (w)o(eaknesses)g(can)e(b)q(e)h(corrected)h(b)o(y)262 633 y(extensiv)o(e)c
10509 (tuning)e(of)h(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(and)f(searc)o(h)j
10510 (extensions,)f(others)g(require)262 683 y(complex)g(higher)i(lev)o(el)g(kno)o
10511 (wledge)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(included)h(in)e(the)h(program.)324 768
10512 y(HIAR)o(CS)h(pla)o(ys)g(a)g(comp)q(eten)o(t)h(tactical)f(game)g(and)g
10513 (excels)i(in)e(iden)o(tifying)f(critical)262 818 y(v)n(ariations)e(in)o(v)o
10514 (olving)f(c)o(hec)o(ks)j(and)g(captures.)19 b(This)13 b(is)g(not)h
10515 (surprising)f(considering)h(the)262 867 y(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)f(searc)o(h)i
10516 (extensions)g(included.)324 953 y(Unlik)o(e)10 b(most)g(other)h(c)o(hess)i
10517 (programs,)d(HIAR)o(CS's)g(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t)e(as)j(time)f(increases)262
10518 1003 y(is)j(more)g(pronounced)h(than)g(w)o(ould)e(normally)f(b)q(e)j(exp)q
10519 (ected.)20 b(I)14 b(b)q(eliev)o(e)g(this)f(is)h(b)q(ecause)262
10520 1052 y(its)f(searc)o(h)i(extensions)g(ha)o(v)o(e)e(more)g(scop)q(e)i(to)f
10521 (expand)g(lines)f(and)h(its)f(p)q(ositional)g(kno)o(wl-)262
10522 1102 y(edge)e(has)g(more)g(e\013ect)h(as)f(the)h(searc)o(h)g(depth)g
10523 (increases.)19 b(F)m(or)10 b(example,)g(a)h(1)g(ply)f(increase)262
10524 1152 y(in)g(full)g(width)h(depth)h(ma)o(y)d(allo)o(w)h(HIAR)o(CS)h(to)g
10525 (extend)h(a)f(critical)g(v)n(ariation)e(2)i(or)g(3)g(plies.)324
10526 1237 y(The)i(use)g(of)f(general)h(plans)f(to)h(guide)f(the)i(searc)o(h)f(b)o
10527 (y)g(increasing)f(the)i(desirabilit)o(y)d(of)262 1287 y(certain)j(asp)q(ects)
10528 h(of)d(a)h(p)q(osition)g(has)h(on)f(the)h(whole)f(impro)o(v)o(ed)f(p)q
10529 (erformance)h(and)g(giv)o(en)262 1337 y(some)i(direction)i(to)f(the)i(pla)o
10530 (y)m(.)24 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17 b(there)h(is)f(m)o(uc)o(h)e(ro)q(om)g(for)h
10531 (impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t)e(in)262 1387 y(this)f(area.)324 1472
10532 y(I)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(found)h(that)f(the)h(time)e(con)o(trol)h(algorithm)e(has)j
10533 (pla)o(y)o(ed)f(an)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(role)262 1522 y(in)f(helping)h(HIAR)o
10534 (CS)g(iden)o(tify)f(di\016cult)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(and)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(extra)i
10535 (time)e(to)h(b)q(e)h(sp)q(en)o(t)262 1572 y(where)20 b(it)e(is)h(most)f
10536 (needed.)35 b(On)20 b(sev)o(eral)f(o)q(ccasions)h(this)f(has)g(allo)o(w)o(ed)
10537 f(HIAR)o(CS)h(to)262 1621 y(impro)o(v)o(e)12 b(its)h(mo)o(v)o(e)g(selection.)
10538 324 1707 y(The)f(com)o(bination)c(of)j(the)h(transp)q(osition)f(table)g(and)g
10539 (searc)o(h)i(extensions)f(has)f(caused)262 1756 y(serious)h(problems.)k
10540 (Occasionally)m(,)11 b(the)h(transp)q(osition)f(table)h(causes)h(early)e
10541 (termination)262 1806 y(of)g(in)o(teresting)i(v)n(ariations.)j(The)d(reason)g
10542 (for)f(this)g(lies)h(in)e(the)i(fact)g(that)f(at)g(eac)o(h)h(lev)o(el)f(in)
10543 262 1856 y(the)i(tree,)g(eac)o(h)h(no)q(de)f(has)g(no)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(of)g(kno)
10544 o(wing)g(whether)i(v)n(ariations)d(will)h(b)q(e)h(extended)262
10545 1906 y(at)i(no)q(des)h(in)f(their)g(subtree.)27 b(Hence,)18
10546 b(when)f(the)g(transp)q(osition)f(table)h(is)f(prob)q(ed,)h(the)262
10547 1956 y(required)j(searc)o(h)g(depth)h(ma)o(y)c(b)q(e)j(incorrect)h(b)q
10548 (ecause)g(it)e(do)q(es)h(not)g(tak)o(e)f(accoun)o(t)h(of)262
10549 2005 y(p)q(ossible)15 b(extensions)h(n)f(ply)f(do)o(wn)h(the)h(subtree.)23
10550 b(Therefore,)16 b(the)g(transp)q(osition)f(table)262 2055 y(ma)o(y)f(retriev)
10551 o(e)j(an)f(en)o(try)h(whic)o(h)f(satis\014es)h(the)g(depth)g(requiremen)o(t)f
10552 (at)g(this)h(no)q(de,)f(but)262 2105 y(w)o(ould)10 b(not)h(satisfy)g(the)h
10553 ('true')f(depth)h(requiremen)o(t)f(if)g(searc)o(h)h(extensions)g(w)o(ere)g
10554 (to)g(o)q(ccur)262 2155 y(in)h(the)h(subtree.)324 2240 y(In)d(tactical)h(p)q
10555 (ositions,)f(this)h(often)f(causes)i(HIAR)o(CS)f(to)f(require)i(1)e(or)h(2)f
10556 (more)f(searc)o(h)262 2290 y(iterations)20 b(than)h(w)o(ould)e(normally)f(b)q
10557 (e)k(exp)q(ected.)40 b(This)20 b(is)h(most)e(noticeable)i(when)262
10558 2340 y(HIAR)o(CS's)13 b(searc)o(h)i(fails)e(high,)g(indicating)g(it)h(has)g
10559 (found)f(a)h(clearly)g(b)q(etter)h(mo)o(v)o(e,)d(only)262 2390
10560 y(for)h(the)i(re-searc)o(h)g(to)f(terminate)f(early)h(b)q(ecause)h(of)f(a)f
10561 (premature)h(en)o(try)h(matc)o(h.)946 2574 y(162)p eop
10563 163 164 bop 324 307 a Fp(The)14 b(solution)f(to)h(this)g(problem)f(lies)h(in)
10564 f(dramatically)e(expanding)j(eac)o(h)g(transp)q(osi-)262 357
10565 y(tion)f(table)g(en)o(try)h(to)g(store)h(information)10 b(ab)q(out)k
10566 (extensions)h(in)e(the)h(subtree)i(b)q(elo)o(w)d(the)262 407
10567 y(no)q(de)d(resp)q(onsible)i(for)e(storing)g(the)h(en)o(try)m(.)17
10568 b(On)10 b(retriev)n(al,)h(this)f(information)d(can)k(then)g(b)q(e)262
10569 457 y(used)j(to)g(determine)f(more)g(accurately)h(whether)h(an)e(en)o(try)i
10570 (should)e(cause)i(termination.)324 542 y(The)d(cost)g(e\013ectiv)o(eness)i
10571 (of)d(eac)o(h)h(ev)n(aluation)e(de\014nition)i(is)f(y)o(et)h(to)f(b)q(e)h
10572 (determined.)18 b(I)262 592 y(susp)q(ect,)13 b(most)c(criteria)i(will)f(need)
10573 i(mo)q(di\014cation)c(of)i(some)g(sort,)i(while)e(others)i(ma)o(y)d(ev)o(en)
10574 262 641 y(b)q(e)16 b(unrequired.)25 b(Certainly)15 b(new)i(criteria)f(are)g
10575 (required)h(for)e(signi\014can)o(t)h(p)q(erformance)262 691
10576 y(impro)o(v)o(em)o(en)o(t.)946 2574 y(163)p eop
10578 164 165 bop 262 654 a Fn(Chapter)34 b(8)262 897 y Fo(Conclusion)262
10579 1148 y Fp(This)19 b(c)o(hapter)i(concludes)f(the)h(rep)q(ort)f(b)o(y)g
10580 (reviewing)f(what)h(has)g(b)q(een)g(in)o(v)o(estigated,)262
10581 1198 y(discussing)14 b(the)h(ma)r(jor)d(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(ts)i(and)f
10582 (exploring)h(the)g(future)h(implications)c(of)i(m)o(y)262 1248
10583 y(\014ndings.)36 b(Before)21 b(I)f(review)g(the)h(pro)r(ject)g(and)f(examine)
10584 f(its)h(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(ts,)h(let)f(me)262 1298 y(re-iterate)15
10585 b(the)f(pro)r(ject)h(aims:)312 1374 y(1.)20 b(Ov)o(erview)15
10586 b(the)f(tec)o(hniques)h(used)g(in)f(curren)o(t)h(c)o(hess)g(programs.)312
10587 1454 y(2.)20 b(Dev)o(elop)13 b(an)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(whic)o(h)g
10588 (exhibits)g(the)h(p)q(ositional)e(abilit)o(y)f(of)i(an)365
10589 1504 y(exp)q(ert)j(lev)o(el)d(c)o(hess)j(pla)o(y)o(er)d(\(2000)g(ELO\).)312
10590 1584 y(3.)20 b(Explore)14 b(fresh)h(w)o(a)o(ys)f(of)f(impro)o(ving)e(the)j
10591 (tactical)g(abilit)o(y)e(of)h(a)h(c)o(hess)h(program.)312 1664
10592 y(4.)20 b(Implemen)o(t)12 b(the)i(\014ndings)g(in)g(a)f(c)o(hess)j(program)c
10593 (\(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0\).)312 1744 y(5.)20 b(Apply)15 b(the)h(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)
10594 g(exp)q(erimen)o(t)f(to)g(test)h(the)g(relativ)o(e)f(tactical)g(and)g(p)q(o-)
10595 365 1794 y(sitional)e(abilit)o(y)f(of)h(the)i(program.)312
10596 1874 y(6.)20 b(Ev)n(aluate)14 b(the)g(program)e(against)i(b)q(oth)g(h)o(uman)
10597 e(and)i(computer)f(opp)q(osition.)262 2010 y Fr(8.1)69 b(Review)262
10598 2100 y Fp(Before)14 b(the)g(pro)r(ject)h(b)q(egan,)f(the)g(aims)e(of)h(the)h
10599 (pro)r(ject)h(w)o(ere)g(set)f(out)g(and)f(an)h(o)o(v)o(erview)262
10600 2150 y(of)d(the)i(required)g(tasks)f(necessary)j(to)d(meet)f(the)i(o)o(v)o
10601 (erall)e(aims)f(w)o(as)i(devised.)19 b(An)12 b(o)o(v)o(erall)262
10602 2200 y(time)18 b(scale)i(plan)f(w)o(as)g(pro)q(duced)i(whic)o(h)e(set)i(time)
10603 d(scales)i(for)f(eac)o(h)i(ma)r(jor)c(activit)o(y)m(.)262 2250
10604 y(Regularly)m(,)12 b(during)i(the)h(pro)r(ject,)h(progress)f(w)o(as)g
10605 (measured)f(and)g(review)o(ed)i(against)e(set)262 2300 y(ob)r(jectiv)o(es)h
10606 (and)g(time)f(scales.)23 b(This)15 b(allo)o(w)o(ed)e(me)h(to)h(iden)o(tify)g
10607 (and)f(set)i(sub-goals,)f(and)262 2350 y(k)o(ept)g(me)f(a)o(w)o(are)h(of)g
10608 (the)g(implications)e(an)o(y)h(problems)h(w)o(ould)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(on)g(the)g
10609 (rest)i(of)d(m)o(y)262 2399 y(pro)r(ject.)38 b(This)21 b(in)f(turn)g(enabled)
10610 h(me)f(to)g(rep)q(ort)h(progress)h(at)e(m)o(y)f(regular)i(pro)r(ject)262
10611 2449 y(meetings)13 b(and)g(allo)o(w)o(ed)g(the)i(pro)r(ject)f(to)g(dev)o
10612 (elop)g(smo)q(othly)m(.)946 2574 y(164)p eop
10614 165 166 bop 324 307 a Fp(In)13 b(c)o(hapters)h(1)f(and)g(2)f(I)h(in)o(tro)q
10615 (duced)h(the)g(sub)r(ject)g(of)f(computer)f(c)o(hess.)19 b(This)13
10616 b(ga)o(v)o(e)g(a)262 357 y(go)q(o)q(d)g(foundation)g(for)g(the)i(more)e
10617 (complex)f(issues)j(explored)g(in)e(future)h(c)o(hapters.)324
10618 442 y(Chapter)j(3)g(explored)g(v)n(arious)f(tec)o(hniques)i(in)e(detail.)27
10619 b(I)16 b(in)o(tro)q(duced)i(the)f Fh(\013\014)i Fp(tree)262
10620 492 y(pruning)d(algorithm)e(and)i(a)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(its)g(ma)r(jor)f
10621 (deriv)n(ativ)o(es.)26 b(V)m(arious)16 b(tec)o(hniques)262
10622 542 y(w)o(ere)i(discussed)g(for)f(impro)o(ving)d(tree)19 b(searc)o(h)f
10623 (e\016ciency)m(,)g(e.g.)27 b(mo)o(v)o(e)15 b(ordering,)j(itera-)262
10624 592 y(tiv)o(e)c(deep)q(ening)j(etc.)22 b(Tw)o(o)15 b(forw)o(ard)g(pruning)g
10625 (tec)o(hniques)h(w)o(ere)g(also)f(examined.)20 b(The)262 641
10626 y(sub)r(ject)13 b(of)e(p)q(ositional)g(ev)n(aluation)f(w)o(as)i(explored)g
10627 (and)g(v)n(arious)f(metho)q(ds)h(of)f(ev)n(aluation)262 691
10628 y(w)o(ere)j(examined)f(including)g(piece)i(square)f(tables,)g(static)g(ev)n
10629 (aluation)f(and)h(incremen)o(tal)262 741 y(ev)n(aluation.)h(The)e(imp)q
10630 (ortance)d(of)i(planning)e(and)i(the)g(game)e(phase)j(w)o(as)e(also)g
10631 (discussed.)262 791 y(The)18 b(sub)r(ject)i(of)e(learning)f(in)h(c)o(hess)i
10632 (w)o(as)e(in)o(v)o(estigated)g(and)h(some)e(conclusions)i(w)o(ere)262
10633 841 y(dra)o(wn.)e(The)e(neglected)g(area)f(of)f(time)g(con)o(trol)h(w)o(as)f
10634 (also)h(explored.)324 926 y(In)f(c)o(hapter)i(4,)d(man)o(y)g(asp)q(ects)j(of)
10635 e(m)o(y)f(in)o(v)o(estigation)g(w)o(ere)i(put)g(to)f(use)h(in)f(designing)262
10636 976 y(an)i(ev)n(aluation)e(function.)22 b(I)15 b(drew)h(extensiv)o(ely)g
10637 (from)e(m)o(y)f(o)o(wn)i(exp)q(erience)j(of)c(pla)o(ying)262
10638 1026 y(c)o(hess)h(to)f(capture)h(some)f(of)f(the)i(heuristics)g(I)f(felt)g(w)
10639 o(ere)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(in)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(selection.)262
10640 1075 y(This)19 b(w)o(as)g(v)o(ery)h(di\016cult)e(b)q(ecause)j(m)o(uc)o(h)d
10641 (of)h(a)g(c)o(hess)i(pla)o(y)o(er's)e(abilit)o(y)e(seems)j(to)f(b)q(e)262
10642 1125 y(sub)q(conscious.)g(The)13 b(writings)f(of)h(man)o(y)e(great)i(pla)o(y)
10643 o(ers)g(and)g(in)f(particular,)g(Aron)i(Nim-)262 1175 y(zo)o(witsc)o(h,)g
10644 (help)q(ed)h(enormously)e(at)h(this)h(di\016cult)e(stage.)20
10645 b(I)14 b(also)g(felt)g(it)g(w)o(as)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)262 1225
10646 y(to)f(dev)o(elop)h(a)g(set)h(of)e(pseudo)h(co)q(de)h(functions)f(for)g(use)g
10647 (in)g(de\014ning)g(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(cri-)262 1275 y(teria.)23
10648 b(These)17 b(functions)f(w)o(ere)g(broad)g(enough)g(to)f(allo)o(w)f(me)h(to)g
10649 (express)j(a)d(signi\014can)o(t)262 1324 y(amoun)o(t)d(of)h(c)o(hess)i(kno)o
10650 (wledge,)e(while)h(b)q(eing)g(precise)h(enough)f(to)g(b)q(e)g(implemen)o
10651 (ted.)324 1410 y(In)g(c)o(hapter)g(5,)g(I)f(attempted)h(to)g(de\014ne)g(a)g
10652 (metho)q(d)f(of)g(tree)i(searc)o(hing)g(whic)o(h)e(w)o(ould)262
10653 1460 y(enable)g(most)g(searc)o(h)h(e\013ort)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(exp)q(ended)i(in)d
10654 (pursuit)h(of)f(go)q(o)q(d)g(or)h(in)o(teresting)g(v)n(ari-)262
10655 1509 y(ations.)k(My)d(hop)q(e)g(w)o(as)f(to)g(sim)o(ulate)f(the)h(greatly)h
10656 (v)n(ariable)e(depth)i(of)f(a)g(strong)g(h)o(uman)262 1559
10657 y(pla)o(y)o(er's)e(searc)o(h)j(tree,)f(while)f(comp)q(ensating)f(for)h(w)o
10658 (eak)g(selectivit)o(y)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(exploration)262 1609
10659 y(of)c(man)o(y)g(more)g(v)n(ariations.)15 b(The)c(searc)o(h)h(extensions)f
10660 (pro)q(duced,)h(concen)o(trate)g(on)e(forced)262 1659 y(or)15
10661 b(highly)g(tactical)g(elemen)o(ts)g(of)h(pla)o(y)e(whic)o(h)i(ha)o(v)o(e)f
10662 (some)g(lik)o(eliho)q(o)q(d)f(of)h(a\013ecting)h(the)262 1709
10663 y(searc)o(h)d(result.)18 b(Suc)o(h)13 b(extra)g(searc)o(h)h(in)o(telligence)e
10664 (w)o(as)g(required)i(to)e(comp)q(ensate)h(for)f(the)262 1758
10665 y(inevitably)e(shallo)o(w)o(er)i(searc)o(hes)i(resulting)e(from)f(more)g
10666 (time)f(b)q(eing)i(sp)q(en)o(t)i(applying)c(m)o(y)262 1808
10667 y(ev)n(aluation)i(function.)324 1893 y(Chapter)j(6)g(explains)f(some)g(of)g
10668 (the)h(implemen)o(tation)c(issues)16 b(whic)o(h)f(arose.)21
10669 b(In)15 b(par-)262 1943 y(ticular)g(it)h(describ)q(es)i(the)e(imp)q(ortan)o
10670 (t)f(data)g(structures)k(and)c(algorithms)f(necessary)k(in)262
10671 1993 y(the)d(program.)21 b(The)16 b(imp)q(ortance)f(of)f(program)g
10672 (e\016ciency)i(w)o(as)f(also)g(made)f(clear.)23 b(The)262 2043
10673 y(results)13 b(of)f(an)g(extensiv)o(e)i(analysis)e(of)f(time)h(allo)q(cation)
10674 f(and)h(con)o(trol)g(are)h(also)f(explained)262 2093 y(in)h(this)h(c)o
10675 (hapter.)324 2178 y(Chapter)19 b(7)g(describ)q(es)i(ho)o(w)e(the)g(p)q
10676 (erformance)g(of)g(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0)g(w)o(as)h(measured.)262
10677 2228 y(Both)14 b(tactical)g(and)h(p)q(ositional)e(abilit)o(y)f(w)o(as)j(quan)
10678 o(ti\014ed)f(and)g(an)g(estimate)g(of)g(its)g(c)o(hess)262
10679 2278 y(rating)f(w)o(as)h(made)e(after)i(the)h(application)d(of)i(man)o(y)e
10680 (tests.)946 2574 y(165)p eop
10682 166 167 bop 262 307 a Fr(8.2)69 b(Ac)n(hiev)n(emen)n(ts)262
10683 434 y Fp(Ha)o(ving)14 b(in)o(v)o(estigated)i(b)q(oth)f(tactical)h(and)f(p)q
10684 (ositional)f(ev)n(aluation;)h(together)i(with)e(the)262 483
10685 y(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)e(and)h(implemen)o(tatio)o(n)e(of)h(ideas)i(in)f(a)f
10686 (program,)g(it)h(is)g(time)f(to)h(re\015ect)i(on)262 533 y(what)d(has)h(b)q
10687 (een)h(ac)o(hiev)o(ed.)324 618 y(The)i(ideas)g(in)o(v)o(estigated)f(ha)o(v)o
10688 (e)g(b)q(een)i(implemen)o(ted)c(successfully)k(in)e(a)h(c)o(hess)h(pro-)262
10689 668 y(gram)12 b(called)h(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0.)324 753 y(It)f(has)h(b)q(een)g
10690 (clearly)f(sho)o(wn)h(that)f(tree)i(searc)o(hing)e(signi\014can)o(tly)g
10691 (impro)o(v)o(es)f(the)h(tac-)262 803 y(tical)d(abilit)o(y)f(of)h(a)h
10692 (program.)k(F)m(or)c(example,)f(a)g(2)h(ply)f(searc)o(h)i(with)f(rudimen)o
10693 (tary)e(capture)262 853 y(searc)o(h)14 b(is)f(able)g(to)f('see')i(tactical)f
10694 (concepts,)h(suc)o(h)g(as)f(a)g(knigh)o(t)f(fork,)h(whic)o(h)g(w)o(ould)f
10695 (oth-)262 903 y(erwise)17 b(go)f(unseen)i(b)o(y)f(a)f(mere)h(1)f(ply)g(searc)
10696 o(h.)28 b(There)18 b(app)q(ears)f(no)f(viable)g(substitute)262
10697 953 y(for)c(tree)i(searc)o(hing)f(of)f(some)g(kind.)17 b(Static)c(tactical)g
10698 (ev)n(aluation)e(can)i(b)q(e)g(useful)g(in)f(some)262 1003
10699 y(p)q(ositions,)h(but)h(cannot)g(b)q(e)g(though)o(t)g(of)f(as)h(a)g(searc)o
10700 (h)h(replacemen)o(t.)324 1088 y(More)d(surprisingly)m(,)e(tree)j(searc)o
10701 (hing)f(w)o(as)f(seen)i(to)e(signi\014can)o(tly)f(impro)o(v)o(e)g(p)q
10702 (ositional)262 1138 y(abilit)o(y)m(.)15 b(This)c(w)o(as)h(clearly)f
10703 (illustrated)g(when)i(I)e(dev)o(elop)q(ed)h(an)g(almost)d('kno)o(wledge)i
10704 (less')262 1187 y(v)o(ersion)20 b(of)f(HIAR)o(CS,)h(whic)o(h)g(con)o(tained)g
10705 (only)f(Pc/Sq)i(tables.)37 b(When)20 b(this)g(sp)q(ecial)262
10706 1237 y(v)o(ersion)c(w)o(as)f(searc)o(hing)i(6)f(plies)f(in)h(the)g(matc)o(h)f
10707 (against)g(HIAR)o(CS)h(5.0,)f(its)h(p)q(ositional)262 1287
10708 y(pla)o(y)h(w)o(as)h(found)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(of)g(a)g(higher)g(calibre)g(than)g
10709 (could)g(b)q(e)h(exp)q(ected)h(considering)262 1337 y(its)f(rudimen)o(tary)f
10710 (c)o(hess)j(kno)o(wledge.)33 b(The)20 b(searc)o(h)g(w)o(as)f(actually)g
10711 (bridging)f(some)g(of)262 1387 y(the)c(program's)d(kno)o(wledge)i
10712 (de\014ciency)i(gap)e(b)o(y)g(allo)o(wing)f(higher)h(lev)o(el)g(concepts,)i
10713 (suc)o(h)262 1436 y(as)20 b(m)o(ultim)o(o)o(v)o(e)d(piece)22
10714 b(path)o(w)o(a)o(ys,)f(to)f(b)q(e)h(considered.)39 b(This)20
10715 b(in)g(part)h(explains)f(wh)o(y)262 1486 y(Deep)d(Though)o(t)f(is)g(able)h
10716 (to)f(displa)o(y)f(a)i(p)q(ositional)e(kno)o(wledge)h(m)o(uc)o(h)f(higher)i
10717 (than)g(its)262 1536 y(ev)n(aluation)12 b(function)i(w)o(ould)f(suggest.)324
10718 1621 y(The)j(amoun)o(t)d(of)i(kno)o(wledge)g(whic)o(h)g(can)g(b)q(e)h
10719 (bridged)g(b)o(y)f(tree)h(searc)o(hing)g(dep)q(ends)262 1671
10720 y(on)h(the)h(depth)h(of)e(searc)o(h.)30 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19
10721 b(some)e(c)o(hess)i(concepts)g(are)f(so)g(deep,)h(40)e(or)h(50)262
10722 1721 y(plies,)12 b(that)h(it)g(will)e(b)q(e)j(almost)d(imp)q(ossible)g(for)i
10723 (searc)o(hing)h(alone)e(to)h(bridge)g(suc)o(h)h(a)f(gap.)262
10724 1771 y(This)h(explains)h(wh)o(y)f(b)q(oth)i(the)f(Hitec)o(h)h(and)e(Deep)i
10725 (Though)o(t)e(teams)g(are)i(encoun)o(tering)262 1821 y(diminishing)8
10726 b(returns)13 b(from)d(eac)o(h)i(additional)e(ply)h(of)g(searc)o(h.)18
10727 b(In)12 b(order)g(to)g(a)o(v)o(oid)e(similar)262 1870 y(problems)k(and)h
10728 (reduce)i(HIAR)o(CS's)d(dep)q(endency)k(on)c(tree)j(searc)o(hing,)e(I)g(ha)o
10729 (v)o(e)g(instilled)262 1920 y(a)h(signi\014can)o(t)h(amoun)o(t)e(of)h(static)
10730 h(kno)o(wledge)g(in)f(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)e(of)g(p)q(ositional)g(criteria)h(and)
10731 262 1970 y(dynamic)12 b(tactical)h(kno)o(wledge)h(in)f(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)e(of)g
10732 (selectiv)o(e)i(searc)o(h)g(extensions.)324 2055 y(HIAR)o(CS's)9
10733 b(p)q(erformance)g(has)h(clearly)f(illustrated)h(that)f(extra)h(kno)o(wledge)
10734 g(can)g(more)262 2105 y(than)k(comp)q(ensate)h(for)g(reduced)i(searc)o(h)f
10735 (capacit)o(y)m(.)k(A)15 b(pa)o(wn)f(outside)i(the)f(quadrate)g(of)262
10736 2155 y(the)i(opp)q(osing)f(king)f(is)i(a)f(clear)h(example)e(of)h(this:)24
10737 b(without)16 b(direct)h(kno)o(wledge)g(ab)q(out)262 2205 y(king-pa)o(wn)12
10738 b(quadrates,)j(a)e(full)g(width)h(searc)o(h)h(program)e(ma)o(y)f(require)j
10739 (up)f(to)g(an)g(11)f(ply)262 2255 y(searc)o(h)j(to)g(realise)g(the)g(pa)o(wn)
10740 f(can)h(queen.)24 b(HIAR)o(CS)15 b(5.0)g(is)g(capable)h(of)f(realising)g
10741 (this)262 2304 y(after)f(a)f(mere)h(1)f(ply)h(searc)o(h)h(b)q(ecause)g(of)f
10742 (its)g(c)o(hess)h(kno)o(wledge.)324 2390 y(Ho)o(w)d(far)g(c)o(hess)h(kno)o
10743 (wledge)g(can)f(b)q(e)h(increased)h(at)e(the)h(exp)q(ense)h(of)d(searc)o
10744 (hing,)i(with-)262 2439 y(out)h(degrading)g(o)o(v)o(erall)g(p)q(erformance)g
10745 (is)h(still)f(op)q(en)h(to)f(question.)21 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)15
10746 b(I)f(b)q(eliev)o(e)946 2574 y(166)p eop
10748 167 168 bop 262 307 a Fp(full)10 b(width)i(searc)o(hing)g(can)g(b)q(e)g
10749 (reduced)i(in)d(fa)o(v)o(our)g(of)h(sophisticated)g(searc)o(h)h(extensions.)
10750 262 357 y(The)i(lev)o(el)g(to)g(whic)o(h)g(the)g(full)f(width)h(p)q(ortion)g
10751 (of)f(the)i(searc)o(h)g(can)f(b)q(e)h(reduced)h(greatly)262
10752 407 y(dep)q(ends)i(on)e(ho)o(w)g(comprehensiv)o(e)h(and)f(e\013ectiv)o(e)i
10753 (the)f(searc)o(h)h(extensions)f(are.)30 b(T)m(ak-)262 457 y(ing)15
10754 b(this)g(approac)o(h)h(to)g(its)f(extreme)h(w)o(ould)f(result)i(in)e(a)h
10755 (totally)e(selectiv)o(e)j(searc)o(h)g(of)e(a)262 506 y(narro)o(w,)e(deep)i
10756 (game)d(tree.)324 592 y(When)18 b(long)g(term)f(c)o(hess)j(kno)o(wledge)e(is)
10757 g(con)o(tained)h(in)f(the)g(ev)n(aluation)f(function,)262 641
10758 y(suc)o(h)f(as)g(pa)o(wn)g(structure)i(information)13 b(for)j(example,)f(eac)
10759 o(h)h(additional)e(ply)i(do)q(es)h(not)262 691 y(seem)d(to)h(su\013er)g(suc)o
10760 (h)h(diminishing)c(returns)k(as)f(seen)h(when)f(the)g(kno)o(wledge)f(con)o
10761 (ten)o(t)i(is)262 741 y(lo)o(w)o(er.)22 b(This)15 b(w)o(as)g(made)g(clear)g
10762 (b)o(y)h(the)g(un)o(usually)e(large)h(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t)e(in)i(HIAR)o
10763 (CS's)262 791 y(pla)o(y)d(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)k(30)d(seconds)i(and)f(3)g(min)o
10764 (utes)f(a)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)324 876 y(The)19 b(ac)o(hiev)o(emen)o(t)f(of)f(iden)o
10765 (tifying)g(and)i(com)o(bining)d(tactical)i(uncertain)o(t)o(y)h(in)f(the)262
10766 926 y(ev)n(aluation)12 b(function)h(has)h(b)q(een)h(b)q(ene\014cial.)j(Allo)o
10767 (wing)12 b(the)i(searc)o(h)h(heuristics)g(to)e(mak)o(e)262
10768 976 y(use)19 b(of)f(this)h(information)d(has)j(help)q(ed)h(reduce)g(the)g
10769 (programs)d(susceptibilit)o(y)i(to)g(the)262 1026 y(horizon)13
10770 b(e\013ect.)324 1111 y(Not)d(only)g(is)h(HIAR)o(CS's)f(p)q(ositional)f(pla)o
10771 (y)h(signi\014can)o(tly)g(impro)o(v)o(ed,)f(but)i(the)g(tactical)262
10772 1161 y(standard)h(pro)q(duced)i(from)c(ev)o(en)j(shallo)o(w)e(searc)o(h)i
10773 (depths)h(is)e(impressiv)o(e.)17 b(F)m(or)11 b(example,)262
10774 1210 y(on)j(one)g(o)q(ccasion,)g(HIAR)o(CS)g(solv)o(ed)g(a)g("mate)f(in)h(5)g
10775 (problem")f(while)g(only)h(at)g(the)h(\014rst)262 1260 y(ply)e(of)h(full)f
10776 (width)h(searc)o(h.)20 b(The)15 b(tactical)f(impro)o(v)o(em)o(en)o(t)e(is)i
10777 (only)g(eviden)o(t,)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)g(in)262 1310 y(v)n(ariations)g(con)o
10778 (taining)g(mo)o(v)o(es)h(that)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(iden)o(ti\014ed)g(b)o(y)f(the)i
10779 (extension)f(heuristics.)262 1360 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)d(as)h(the)h(tactical)e
10780 (co)o(v)o(erage)i(is)e(quite)h(large,)g(the)g(o)o(v)o(erall)f(a\013ect)i(is)e
10781 (b)q(ene\014cial.)324 1445 y(A)d(lot)f(of)h(progress)h(has)f(b)q(een)i(made)d
10782 (on)g(the)i(sub)r(ject)h(of)d(time)g(allo)q(cation)f(and)i(con)o(trol.)262
10783 1495 y(The)16 b(resulting)g(algorithm)d(has)j(certainly)g(impro)o(v)o(ed)f
10784 (HIAR)o(CS's)g(o)o(v)o(erall)g(standard)h(of)262 1545 y(pla)o(y)c(b)o(y)i
10785 (allo)q(cating)e(and)i(adjusting)f(time)g(relativ)o(e)h(to)f(the)i(needs)g
10786 (of)e(the)i(p)q(osition.)324 1630 y(The)i(results)h(pro)q(duced)g(on)f(the)g
10787 (Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)h(test)g(p)q(ositions)e(clearly)h(illustrate)262
10788 1680 y(that)c(HIAR)o(CS)h(do)q(es)h(displa)o(y)d(the)j(tactical)f(and)f(p)q
10789 (ositional)g(abilit)o(y)f(of)h(an)h(exp)q(ert)h(lev)o(el)262
10790 1730 y(pla)o(y)o(er,)9 b(hence)i(meeting)e(the)i(aims)d(set)i(out)g(at)g(the)
10791 g(b)q(eginning)f(of)g(the)i(pro)r(ject.)17 b(What)10 b(w)o(as)262
10792 1779 y(most)j(surprising)h(ab)q(out)g(HIAR)o(CS's)g(results)i(on)e(the)h
10793 (test)g(p)q(ositions)f(w)o(as)g(its)h(balanced)262 1829 y(p)q(ositional)g
10794 (and)h(tactical)g(abilit)o(y)m(.)24 b(These)18 b(results)g(are)e
10795 (particularly)g(impressiv)o(e)g(when)262 1879 y(compared)f(to)g(the)i
10796 (results)g(obtained)e(from)f(other)j(c)o(hess)g(programs)e(on)g(the)i(same)e
10797 (test)262 1929 y(p)q(ositions.)324 2014 y(The)d(results)h(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)g
10798 (in)e(the)i(matc)o(hes)e(pla)o(y)o(ed)h(b)o(y)f(HIAR)o(CS)h(against)f(b)q
10799 (oth)h(h)o(uman)262 2064 y(and)17 b(computer)g(opp)q(osition)f(re-enforce)j
10800 (the)f(results)h(ac)o(hiev)o(ed)f(in)f(the)h(Bratk)o(o-Kop)q(ec)262
10801 2114 y(exp)q(erimen)o(t.)946 2574 y(167)p eop
10803 168 169 bop 262 307 a Fr(8.3)69 b(Implications)20 b(and)k(F)-6
10804 b(uture)23 b(Prosp)r(ects)262 434 y Fp(Ov)o(er)16 b(the)h(last)e(10)h(y)o
10805 (ears,)g(full)f(width)g(Shannon)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(A)g(programs)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h
10806 (made)e(great)262 483 y(adv)n(ances,)c(partly)g(due)h(to)f(adv)n(anced)g(sp)q
10807 (ecial)h(purp)q(ose)g(hardw)o(are)g(and)f(partly)g(to)g(sophis-)262
10808 533 y(ticated)17 b(searc)o(h)i(algorithms)c(suc)o(h)j(as)f(PVS)g(with)g
10809 (singular)g(extensions,)h(for)f(example.)262 583 y(V)m(ery)g(little)g(or)h
10810 (no)f(progress)i(has)f(b)q(een)g(made)f(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)h(same)f(p)q(erio)q
10811 (d)h(in)f(dev)o(eloping)262 633 y(purely)i(kno)o(wledge)h(based)g(programs)e
10812 (capable)i(of)f(high)g(lev)o(el)g(pla)o(y)f(throughout)i(the)262
10813 683 y(game.)c(It)e(seems)g(that)f(the)i(problems)e(of)g(kno)o(wledge)g
10814 (acquisition,)f(represen)o(tation)k(and)262 732 y(\014nally)d(implemen)o
10815 (tation)f(are)j(at)g(presen)o(t)h(to)q(o)f(great)g(to)g(mak)o(e)f(suc)o(h)h
10816 (kno)o(wledge)g(based)262 782 y(programs)g(successful.)28 b(Certainly)m(,)16
10817 b(the)h(k)o(ey)g(to)g(these)h(t)o(yp)q(es)f(of)f(program)f(remains)h(in)262
10818 832 y(the)e(b)q(etter)i(understanding)e(of)f(ho)o(w)h(strong)g(pla)o(y)o(ers)
10819 g(think.)324 917 y(There)e(seems)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(main)g(approac)o
10820 (hes)i(to)f(dev)o(eloping)f(an)h(in)o(telligen)o(t)g(selectiv)o(e)262
10821 967 y(searc)o(h)k(program.)312 1081 y(1.)20 b(Creating)14 b(an)g(in)o
10822 (telligen)o(t,)e(kno)o(wledge)i(based)g(program)e(from)h(scratc)o(h.)312
10823 1162 y(2.)20 b(Gradual)13 b(c)o(hange)h(to)g(a)g(full)e(width)i(Shannon)g(t)o
10824 (yp)q(e)g(A)g(program.)262 1276 y(An)9 b(approac)o(h)h(of)f(gradual)f(c)o
10825 (hange)i(to)g(existing)f(programs)f(seems)i(to)g(me)e(to)i(o\013er)g(a)f(b)q
10826 (etter)262 1326 y(hop)q(e)k(of)g(ev)o(en)o(tual)g(success.)21
10827 b(I)13 b(feel)g(a)h(program)d(lik)o(e)i(HIAR)o(CS)g(5.0)f(could)h(represen)o
10828 (t)j(the)262 1376 y(\014rst)e(step)g(in)f(a)g(gradual)f(transition)h(from)e
10829 (a)i(sophisticated)h(Shannon)f(t)o(yp)q(e)h(A)f(program)262
10830 1426 y(to)18 b(an)g(in)o(telligen)o(t)f(Shannon)i(t)o(yp)q(e)g(B/C)f
10831 (program.)31 b(The)19 b(ma)r(jor)d(adv)n(an)o(tage)i(of)g(suc)o(h)262
10832 1476 y(an)c(approac)o(h)g(is)h(that)f(the)i(program)d(can)h(serv)o(e)i(as)f
10833 (a)f(v)o(ehicle)h(for)f(exp)q(erimen)o(ting)g(with)262 1525
10834 y(ideas.)34 b(Hop)q(efully)m(,)20 b(this)f(will)f(in)h(turn)h(enable)g(the)g
10835 (researc)o(her)i(to)d(acquire)h(a)f(b)q(etter)262 1575 y(understanding)14
10836 b(of)f(the)i(problems)e(and)g(issues)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed.)324
10837 1660 y(The)d(3)f(ma)r(jor)g(di\016culties)g(a\013ecting)h(the)g(dev)o
10838 (elopmen)o(t)f(of)g(a)h(go)q(o)q(d)f(ev)n(aluation)g(func-)262
10839 1710 y(tion)i(remain)f(kno)o(wing:)324 1824 y Ff(\017)20 b
10840 Fl(whic)o(h)13 b Fp(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria)j(are)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t.)324
10841 1905 y Ff(\017)20 b Fl(when)14 b Fp(ev)n(aluation)e(criteria)i(are)h(imp)q
10842 (ortan)o(t.)324 1986 y Ff(\017)20 b Fl(what)14 b Fp(the)g(relativ)o(e)g
10843 (merits)f(of)h(eac)o(h)g(ev)n(aluation)e(criterion)j(should)e(b)q(e.)262
10844 2100 y(The)i(solution)f(to)g(these)j(problems)d(lie)g(in)g(a)h(signi\014can)o
10845 (t)f(con)o(tribution)h(from)e(high)h(lev)o(el)262 2150 y(pla)o(y)o(ers)h(and)
10846 h(the)g(con)o(tin)o(ual)f(ev)o(olution)g(of)g(ev)n(aluation)f(criteria.)24
10847 b(The)17 b(problems)e(asso-)262 2200 y(ciated)g(with)g(assigning)f(discrete)j
10848 (v)n(alues)e(to)g(c)o(hess)i(concepts)g(is)e(a)g(ma)r(jor)f(di\016cult)o(y)g
10849 (for)262 2250 y(the)e(exp)q(ert)h(c)o(hess)g(pla)o(y)o(er.)k(Applying)11
10850 b(v)n(alue)g(ranges)h(instead)g(of)f(single)g(v)n(alues)h(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)i(a)
10851 262 2300 y(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)m(.)j(This)e(com)o(bined)f(with)g(a)g(range)h
10852 (and)g(probabilit)o(y)e(based)i(searc)o(h)h(algorithm)262 2350
10853 y(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)i(an)f(in)o(teresting)h(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)m(.)j(Learning)c
10854 (ma)o(y)e(pla)o(y)i(an)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(role)h(here,)262
10855 2399 y(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(man)o(y)e(of)h(the)h(problems)f(outlined)g(in)h(c)
10856 o(hapter)h(3)e(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h(solv)o(ed)g(if)f(this)h(is)262
10857 2449 y(to)d(b)q(e)i(the)f(case.)946 2574 y(168)p eop
10859 169 170 bop 324 307 a Fp(The)11 b(com)o(bination)e(of)i(the)g(transp)q
10860 (osition)h(table)f(and)g(searc)o(h)h(extensions)g(has)f(pro)o(v)o(ed)262
10861 357 y(problematical.)j(The)e(expansion)e(of)g(eac)o(h)i(table)e(en)o(try)i
10862 (to)e(include)h(mo)o(v)o(e)e(sequences)14 b(and)262 407 y(extension)j
10863 (information)d(is)i(required.)27 b(As)18 b(w)o(ell)e(as)g(easing)h(the)g
10864 (problems)f(outlined)g(in)262 457 y(section)i(7.6,)e(this)i(impro)o(v)o(em)o
10865 (en)o(t)d(could)i(allo)o(w)f(a)h(h)o(uman)f(pla)o(y)o(er)g(to)i(ask)f("what)g
10866 (if)f(?")262 506 y(questions.)31 b(The)18 b(transp)q(osition)g(table)g(could)
10867 g(b)q(e)h(prob)q(ed)g(after)f(a)g(searc)o(h)h(to)f(answ)o(er)262
10868 556 y(suc)o(h)c(questions)h(with)f(mo)o(v)o(e)e(sequences)17
10869 b(and)d(scores.)20 b(The)14 b Fh(\013\014)j Fp(algorithm)11
10870 b(w)o(ould)i(limit)262 606 y(suc)o(h)j(a)g(metho)q(d)f(b)q(ecause)j(of)d(p)q
10871 (ossible)h(cut)h(o\013s,)f(but)g(still)f(a)h(step)h(in)e(the)i(direction)f
10872 (of)262 656 y(understanding)i(mo)o(v)o(e)e(selection)j(w)o(ould)e(b)q(e)h
10873 (made.)29 b(Another)19 b(p)q(ossibilit)o(y)e(is)g(the)i(use)262
10874 706 y(of)c(the)h(ev)n(aluation)f(function)h(to)f(answ)o(er)i(questions)f(ab)q
10875 (out)g(the)h(p)q(osition)e(e.g.)24 b("whic)o(h)262 756 y(squares)13
10876 b(are)h(w)o(eak)e(around)h(the)g(white)g(king)f(?".)17 b(Suc)o(h)c(approac)o
10877 (hes)h(w)o(ould)e(help)g(strong)262 805 y(c)o(hess)h(pla)o(y)o(ers)f(to)g
10878 (iden)o(tify)g(program)e(w)o(eaknesses)15 b(and)d(allo)o(w)e(the)j(program)e
10879 (designer)i(to)262 855 y(w)o(ork)g(more)g(closely)h(with)f(c)o(hess)j(pla)o
10880 (y)o(ers)e(ha)o(ving)e(little)i(programmi)o(ng)d(kno)o(wledge.)324
10881 940 y(HIAR)o(CS)16 b(5.0)f(con)o(tains)h(man)o(y)e(searc)o(h)j(extension)g
10882 (heuristics)g(whic)o(h)f(mak)o(e)f(a)g(p)q(os-)262 990 y(itiv)o(e)i(con)o
10883 (tribution)g(to)h(its)g(tactical)f(abilit)o(y)m(.)28 b(The)18
10884 b(next)h(step)f(w)o(ould)f(not)h(only)f(b)q(e)i(to)262 1040
10885 y(enhance)c(and)f(tune)h(these)h(existing)e(heuristics,)h(but)f(to)g(in)o
10886 (tro)q(duce)h(new)g(heuristics.)21 b(In)262 1090 y(particular,)13
10887 b(there)h(seems)g(no)g(reason)g(wh)o(y)f(p)q(ositional)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h(searc)o
10888 (h)h(extensions)f(cannot)262 1140 y(b)q(e)i(in)o(tro)q(duced.)27
10889 b(Although)15 b(the)i(asso)q(ciated)g(di\016culties)f(are)h(man)o(y)m(,)d
10890 (the)j(rew)o(ards)g(are)262 1189 y(great.)324 1275 y(Ov)o(er)d(the)f(coming)e
10891 (mon)o(ths,)h(I)h(will)f(endev)o(our)i(to)e(correct)j(man)o(y)c(of)i(the)h(w)
10892 o(eaknesses)262 1324 y(iden)o(ti\014ed)20 b(in)h(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0's)g(pla)o(y)
10893 m(.)37 b(HIAR)o(CS)20 b(5.n)g(will)g(b)q(e)h(en)o(tered)h(in)f(the)g(c)o
10894 (hess)262 1374 y(tournamen)o(t)10 b(of)h(the)h(2nd)f(Computer)g(Olympiad)e
10895 (later)j(this)f(y)o(ear.)18 b(Hop)q(efully)m(,)10 b(HIAR)o(CS)262
10896 1424 y(will)16 b(b)q(e)j(using)f(a)g(25Mhz)h(68030)e(for)h(this)g(ev)o(en)o
10897 (t.)32 b(The)19 b(result)g(this)g(summer)d(will)h(b)q(e)262
10898 1474 y(in)o(teresting.)324 1559 y(Man)o(y)e(of)f(the)i(tec)o(hniques)g(used)g
10899 (in)f(computer)g(c)o(hess)i(programs)d(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j(useful)f(in)262
10900 1609 y(other)f(problem)e(domains.)k(I)e(con)o(tacted)h(Hans)f(Berliner)g(at)g
10901 (CMU)g(ab)q(out)f(the)h(p)q(ossibil-)262 1659 y(ities)i(of)f(applying)g(some)
10902 g(of)g(the)i(latest)f(searc)o(h)h(tec)o(hniques)h(to)d(Theorem)h(Pro)o(ving)f
10903 ([8].)262 1709 y(Although)i(no)i(one)f(has)h(built)f(sp)q(ecial)g(purp)q(ose)
10904 i(hardw)o(are,)f(the)g('c)o(hess)h(approac)o(h')e(is)262 1758
10905 y(apparen)o(tly)13 b(b)q(eing)h(lo)q(ok)o(ed)f(up)q(on)h(fa)o(v)o(ourably)m
10906 (.)324 1844 y(I)g(hop)q(e)g(this)g(pro)r(ject)h(has)f(sho)o(wn)g(that)f(b)q
10907 (oth)h(c)o(hess)i(kno)o(wledge)d(and)h(searc)o(hing)g(can)262
10908 1893 y(complemen)o(t)f(eac)o(h)k(other)g(and)e(that)h(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)g
10909 (balance)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(the)g(t)o(w)o(o)e(can)h(ac)o(hiev)o(e)262
10910 1943 y(results.)946 2574 y(169)p eop
10912 170 171 bop 262 675 a Fo(Bibliog)q(raph)m(y)324 913 y Fp([1])19
10913 b(G.)e(M.)g(Adelson-V)m(elskiy)h(and)f(M.)g(V.)h(Donsk)o(o)o(y)e(\(1975\))h
10914 (:)26 b Fm(Some)19 b(Metho)n(ds)g(of)388 963 y(Contr)n(ol)r(ling)g(the)g(T)m
10915 (r)n(e)n(e)g(Se)n(ar)n(ch)g(in)h(Chess)f(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(ams.)f
10916 Fp(Arti\014cial)g(In)o(telligence,)388 1012 y(V)m(ol)13 b(6)h(No)f(4,)h(pp)g
10917 (361-371.)324 1095 y([2])19 b(G.)g(M.)f(Adelson-V)m(elskiy)m(,)i(V.)f(L.)f
10918 (Arlazaro)o(v,)i(A.)f(R.)f(Bitman,)h(A.)f(A.)h(Zhiv)o(o-)388
10919 1145 y(to)o(vskiy)h(and)f(A.)h(V.)f(Usk)o(o)o(v)h(\(1970\))f(:)30
10920 b Fm(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(amming)20 b(a)g(Computer)g(to)h(Play)388
10921 1195 y(Chess.)14 b Fp(Russian)f(Math.)h(Surv)o(eys,)g(pp)g(221-262)324
10922 1278 y([3])19 b(T.)14 b(Anan)o(tharaman,)f(M.)g(Campb)q(ell,)g(F.)h(Hsu)h
10923 (\(1988\))e(:)19 b Fm(Singular)d(Extensions)g(:)388 1328 y(A)n(dding)i(Sele)n
10924 (ctivity)e(to)h(Brute{F)m(or)n(c)n(e)g(Se)n(ar)n(ching.)f Fp(ICCA)h(Journal,)
10925 f(V)m(ol)f(11)h(No)388 1378 y(4,)d(pp)h(135-143.)324 1461 y([4])19
10926 b(L.)f(R.)f(A)o(tkin)h(and)g(D.)f(J.)h(Slate)g(\(1977\))f(:)26
10927 b Fm(CHESS)20 b(4.5)e(-)h(The)g(Northwestern)388 1510 y(University)14
10928 b(Chess)g(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)f Fp(Chess)h(Skill)e(in)h(Man)g(and)g(Mac)o
10929 (hine,)g(P)m(.)g(W.)f(F)m(rey)388 1560 y(\(ed\),)j(pp)e(82-118,)f(Springer{V)
10930 m(erlag,)h(New)i(Y)m(ork.)324 1643 y([5])k(D.)13 b(F.)h(Beal)g(\(1989\))f(:)
10931 18 b Fm(Exp)n(eriments)c(with)g(the)h(Nul)r(l)f(Move.)h Fp(Adv)n(ances)f(in)f
10932 (Com-)388 1693 y(puter)20 b(Chess)g(5,)f(D.)f(F.)g(Beal)g(\(ed\),)j(pp)d
10933 (65-79,)g(Elsevier)i(Science)g(Publishers)388 1743 y(B.V.,)13
10934 b(North)i(Holland.)324 1826 y([6])k(H.)f(J.)f(Berliner)i(\(1979\))e(:)26
10935 b Fm(The)18 b(B*)h(T)m(r)n(e)n(e)e(Se)n(ar)n(ch)i(A)o(lgorithm)e(:)26
10936 b(A)18 b(Best)h(First)388 1876 y(Pr)n(o)n(of)c(Pr)n(o)n(c)n(e)n(dur)n(e.)e
10937 Fp(Arti\014cial)g(In)o(telligence,)h(V)m(ol)f(12,)f(No)i(1,)f(pp)h(23-40.)324
10938 1959 y([7])19 b(H.)11 b(J.)h(Berliner)g(\(1989\))f(:)16 b Fm(Some)e
10939 (Innovations)f(Intr)n(o)n(duc)n(e)n(d)g(by)g(Hite)n(ch.)e Fp(Adv)n(ances)388
10940 2009 y(in)h(Computer)f(Chess)j(5,)d(D.)h(F.)g(Beal)g(\(ed\),)h(pp)f(283-293,)
10941 e(Elsevier)j(Science)g(Pub-)388 2058 y(lishers)i(B.V.,)e(North)h(Holland.)324
10942 2141 y([8])19 b(H.)14 b(J.)g(Berliner)g(:)k Fm(Personal)d(Communic)n(ation,)g
10943 (F)m(eb)g(1990.)324 2224 y Fp([9])k(A.)14 b(Bernstein)h(and)f(M.)f(de)h(V.)f
10944 (Rob)q(erts)i(\(1958\))e(:)k Fm(Computer)e(vs)g(Chess)f(Player.)388
10945 2274 y Fp(Scien)o(ti\014c)h(American,)d(198,)h(pp)h(96-105.)303
10946 2357 y([10])19 b(P)m(.)14 b(Bettadapur)h(\(1986\))f(:)19 b
10947 Fm(In\015uenc)n(e)e(of)e(Or)n(dering)f(on)i(Captur)n(e)f(Se)n(ar)n(ch.)g
10948 Fp(ICCA)388 2407 y(Journal,)e(V)m(ol)g(9,)g(No)h(4,)f(pp)h(180-188.)946
10951 171 172 bop 303 307 a Fp([11])19 b(J.)12 b(A.)g(Birmingham)d(and)j(P)m(.)f
10952 (Ken)o(t)i(\(1977\))e(:)17 b Fm(T)m(r)n(e)n(e-se)n(ar)n(ching)12
10953 b(and)i(T)m(r)n(e)n(e-pruning)388 357 y(T)m(e)n(chniques.)h
10954 Fp(Adv)n(ances)g(in)f(Computer)f(Chess)j(1,)e(M.)f(Clark)o(e)h(\(ed\),)h(pp)g
10955 (89-107.)388 407 y(Edin)o(burgh)f(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)g(Press.)303
10956 487 y([12])19 b(I.)g(Bratk)o(o)h(and)f(D.)f(Kop)q(ec)j(\(1982\))e(:)29
10957 b Fm(The)20 b(Br)n(atko{Kop)n(e)n(c)g(Exp)n(eriment)g(:)29
10958 b(A)388 536 y(Comp)n(arison)16 b(of)f(Human)i(and)f(Computer)f(Performanc)n
10959 (e)h(in)f(Chess.)g Fp(Adv)n(ances)388 586 y(in)10 b(Computer)g(Chess)i(3,)e
10960 (Clark)o(e)h(M.)f(\(ed\),)h(pp)g(51-72.)e(P)o(ergamon)g(Press,)j(Oxford.)303
10961 666 y([13])19 b(M.)12 b(S.)g(Campb)q(ell)f(and)h(T.)g(A.)g(Marsland)g
10962 (\(1983\))g(:)17 b Fm(A)c(Comp)n(arison)h(of)f(Minimax)388
10963 716 y(T)m(r)n(e)n(e)h(Se)n(ar)n(ch)h(A)o(lgorithms.)e Fp(Arti\014cial)g(In)o
10964 (telligence,)h(V)m(ol)e(20)i(No)f(4,)h(pp)g(347-367.)303 795
10965 y([14])19 b(J.)g(H.)f(Condon)g(and)g(K.)g(Thompson)f(\(1982\))h(:)27
10966 b Fm(Bel)r(le)19 b(Chess)g(Har)n(dwar)n(e.)e Fp(Ad-)388 845
10967 y(v)n(ances)d(in)e(Computer)g(Chess)h(3,)g(M.)f(Clark)o(e)g(\(ed\),)h(pp)g
10968 (45-54,)e(P)o(ergamon)g(Press,)388 895 y(Oxford.)303 975 y([15])19
10969 b(S.)14 b(M.)f(Cracraft)h(\(1984\))f(:)18 b Fm(Bitmap)c(Move)i(Gener)n(ation)
10970 f(in)f(Chess.)g Fp(ICCA)f(Jour-)388 1024 y(nal,)g(V)m(ol)g(7,)g(No)h(3,)f(pp)
10971 h(146-153.)303 1104 y([16])19 b(A.)26 b(D.)f(de)h(Gro)q(ot)f(\(1978\))g(:)42
10972 b Fm(Thought)26 b(and)h(Choic)n(e)f(in)g(Chess.)f Fp(Mouton-)388
10973 1154 y(DeGruyter,)15 b(2nd)e(edition.)303 1234 y([17])19 b(A.)e(D.)g(de)h
10974 (Gro)q(ot)f(and)h(R.)e(W.)h(Jongman)e(\(1966\))i(:)25 b Fm(Heuristics)18
10975 b(in)g(p)n(er)n(c)n(eptual)388 1284 y(pr)n(o)n(c)n(esses.)c
10976 Fp(In)o(ternational)f(Congress)i(of)e(Psyc)o(hology)m(,)g(Mosco)o(w,)g
10977 (August)h(1966.)303 1363 y([18])19 b(C.)10 b(Eb)q(eling)f(\(1986\))h(:)16
10978 b Fm(A)o(l)r(l)10 b(the)h(R)o(ight)h(Moves)f({)h(A)f(VLSI)g(A)o(r)n(chite)n
10979 (ctur)n(e)f(for)h(Chess.)388 1413 y Fp(PhD)j(thesis,)h(Carnegie{Mellon)e
10980 (Univ)o(ersit)o(y)m(.)303 1493 y([19])19 b(A.)i(E.)f(Elo)h(\(1978\))f(:)32
10981 b Fm(The)21 b(R)n(atings)g(of)h(Chess)f(Players)g(Past)g(and)h(Pr)n(esent.)
10982 388 1543 y Fp(Batsford)15 b(Bo)q(oks,)e(London.)303 1622 y([20])19
10983 b(M.)d(Eu)o(w)o(e)h(\(1970\))f(:)23 b Fm(Computers)17 b(and)h(Chess.)e
10984 Fp(The)h(Encyclopaedia)f(of)g(Chess,)388 1672 y(A.)e(Sunn)o(uc)o(ks)g
10985 (\(ed\),)h(St)f(Martin's)f(Press,)i(New)g(Y)m(ork.)303 1752
10986 y([21])k Fm(Discussion)d(with)e(T)m(om)h(F)m(urstembur)n(g,)e(Fidelity)i(Ele)
10987 n(ctr)n(onics,)f(A)o(ugust)h(1989.)303 1831 y Fp([22])k(J.)c(J.)f(Gillogly)e
10988 (\(1972\))i(:)19 b Fm(The)d(T)m(e)n(chnolo)n(gy)g(Chess)f(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)f
10989 Fp(Arti\014cial)g(In)o(telli-)388 1881 y(gence,)h(V)m(ol)e(3,)g(pp)h
10990 (145-163.)303 1961 y([23])19 b(R.)f(D.)f(Green)o(blatt,)i(D.)f(E.)g(Eastlak)o
10991 (e)g(I)q(I)q(I)h(and)f(S.)g(D.)f(Cro)q(c)o(k)o(er)i(\(1967\))f(:)27
10992 b Fm(The)388 2011 y(Gr)n(e)n(enblatt)15 b(Chess)f(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)f
10993 Fp(Pro)q(c.)i(FJCC,V)m(ol)d(31,)h(pp)h(801-810)303 2090 y([24])19
10994 b(G.)14 b(Grottling)g(\(1986\))g(:)19 b Fm(The)d(Swe)n(dish)f(r)n(ating)h
10995 (list.)d Fp(ICCA)i(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(9,)g(No)388 2140 y(1,)f(pp)h(56.)303
10996 2220 y([25])19 b(J.)i(Hamlen)e(\(1989\))g(:)32 b Fm(T)m(r)n(e)n(e)19
10997 b(Se)n(ar)n(ching)j(A)o(lgorithms)e(and)h(Computer)g(Chess.)388
10998 2270 y Fp(M.Sc.)14 b(Thesis,)g(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)g(of)f(London.)303
10999 2350 y([26])19 b(L.)12 b(R.)f(Harris)i(\(1977\))e(:)17 b Fm(The)d(Heuristic)e
11000 (Se)n(ar)n(ch)h(:)18 b(A)o(n)c(alternative)f(to)g(the)g(alpha-)388
11001 2399 y(b)n(eta)19 b(minimax)f(pr)n(o)n(c)n(e)n(dur)n(e.)f Fp(Chess)i(Skill)d
11002 (in)h(Man)h(and)f(Mac)o(hine.)h(P)m(.)f(W.)f(F)m(rey)388 2449
11003 y(\(ed\),)f(pp)e(157-166,)f(Springer{V)m(erlag,)h(New)i(Y)m(ork.)946
11006 172 173 bop 303 307 a Fp([27])19 b(D.)d(Hartmann)g(\(1989\))g(:)24
11007 b Fm(Notions)17 b(of)h(Evaluation)g(F)m(unctions)g(T)m(este)n(d)f(against)388
11008 357 y(Gr)n(andmaster)g(Games.)f Fp(Adv)n(ances)h(in)f(Computer)f(Chess)i(5,)f
11009 (D.)f(F.)h(Beal)g(\(ed\),)388 407 y(pp)e(91-141,)e(Elsevier)j(Science)g
11010 (Publishers)g(B.V.,)e(North)h(Holland.)303 487 y([28])19 b(E.)c(Hearst)i
11011 (\(1977\))d(:)21 b Fm(Man)c(and)g(Machine)g(:)k(Chess)16 b(A)n(chievements)h
11012 (and)g(Chess)388 536 y(Thinking.)f Fp(Chess)h(Skill)d(in)h(Man)g(and)h(Mac)o
11013 (hine.)f(P)m(.)g(W.)f(F)m(rey)i(\(ed\),)g(Springer{)388 586
11014 y(V)m(erlag,)d(New)i(Y)m(ork.)303 666 y([29])k(R.)14 b(M.)g(Hy)o(att)g
11015 (\(1983\))f(:)19 b Fm(Cr)n(ay)c(Blitz)g(-)g(A)g(Computer)g(Chess)g(Playing)h
11016 (Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)388 716 y Fp(M.Sc.)e(Thesis.)303 795 y([30])19
11017 b(R.)12 b(M.)g(Hy)o(att)h(\(1984\))f(:)17 b Fm(Using)d(Time)f(Wisely.)f
11018 Fp(ICCA)h(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(7)g(No)g(1,)h(pp)388 845 y(4-9.)303
11019 925 y([31])19 b(R.)10 b(M.)f(Hy)o(att,)i(A.)e(E.)h(Go)o(w)o(er)g(and)g(H.)g
11020 (L.)g(Nelson)g(\(1984\))g(:)16 b Fm(Cr)n(ay)11 b(Blitz.)e Fp(Adv)n(ances)388
11021 975 y(in)j(Computer)f(Chess)i(4,)e(D.)g(F.)h(Beal)g(\(ed\),)g(pp)g(8-18,)f(P)
11022 o(ergamon)g(Press,)i(Oxford.)303 1054 y([32])19 b(B.)11 b(M.)f(Kazic)i
11023 (\(1980\))e(:)16 b Fm(The)c(Chess)g(Comp)n(etitor's)f(Handb)n(o)n(ok.)h
11024 Fp(Batsford)f(Bo)q(oks,)388 1104 y(London.)303 1184 y([33])19
11025 b(D.)9 b(E.)h(Kn)o(uth)g(and)f(R.)g(W.)f(Mo)q(ore)i(\(1975\))f(:)16
11026 b Fm(A)o(n)11 b(analysis)g(of)g(alpha-b)n(eta)g(pruning.)388
11027 1234 y Fp(Arti\014cial)j(In)o(telligence,)f(V)m(ol)g(6)h(No)f(4,)g(pp)h
11028 (293-326.)303 1313 y([34])19 b(D.)11 b(Kop)q(ec,)h(M.)e(Newb)q(orn)i(and)f
11029 (W.)f(Y)m(u)h(\(1986\))f(:)17 b Fm(Exp)n(eriments)12 b(in)h(Chess)f(Co)n
11030 (gni-)388 1363 y(tion.)d Fp(Adv)n(ances)i(in)e(Computer)f(Chess)j(4,)e(D.)g
11031 (F.)g(Beal)g(\(ed\),)i(pp)e(59-79.)f(P)o(ergamon)388 1413 y(Press,)15
11032 b(Oxford.)303 1493 y([35])k(A.)e(Kotok)h(\(1962\))e(:)25 b
11033 Fm(A)18 b(Chess)h(Playing)f(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)f(for)h(the)g(IBM)h(7090.)f
11034 Fp(B.Sc.)388 1543 y(Thesis,)c(MIT.)303 1622 y([36])19 b(D.)13
11035 b(Levy)h(\(1976\))g(:)k Fm(Chess)c(and)i(Computers.)d Fp(Batsford)i(Bo)q
11036 (oks,)e(London.)303 1702 y([37])19 b(D.)c(Levy)h(\(1979\))g(:)22
11037 b Fm(Chess)16 b(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(amming.)f Fp(P)o(ersonal)h(Computer)f(W)m
11038 (orld,)g(Ma)o(y)388 1752 y(1979,)e(pp)h(25-27.)303 1831 y([38])19
11039 b(D.)12 b(Levy)m(,)g(D.)f(Brough)o(ton,)h(M.)g(T)m(a)o(ylor)f(\(1989\))h(:)17
11040 b Fm(The)c(SEX)h(A)o(lgorithm)e(in)i(Com-)388 1881 y(puter)h(Chess.)f
11041 Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)f(12)i(No)g(1,)f(pp)h(10-21.)303
11042 1961 y([39])19 b(T.)f(A.)f(Marsland)h(\(1985\))f(:)26 b Fm(Evaluation)19
11043 b(F)m(unction)g(F)m(actors.)e Fp(ICCA)h(Journal,)388 2011 y(V)m(ol)13
11044 b(8)h(No)f(2,)h(pp)g(47-57.)303 2090 y([40])19 b(T.)10 b(A.)f(Marsland)h
11045 (\(1986\))f(:)16 b Fm(A)c(R)n(eview)f(of)g(Game-T)m(r)n(e)n(e)f(Pruning.)g
11046 Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)388 2140 y(V)m(ol)j(9)h(No)f(1,)h(pp)g(3-19.)303
11047 2220 y([41])19 b(T.)10 b(A.)f(Marsland)g(\(1990\))g(:)16 b
11048 Fm(The)11 b(Br)n(atko-Kop)n(e)n(c)g(T)m(est)g(R)n(evisite)n(d.)e
11049 Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)388 2270 y(V)m(ol)k(13,)g(No)h(1,)f(pp)h(15-19.)303
11050 2350 y([42])19 b(A.)12 b(New)o(ell,)f(J.)h(C.)f(Sha)o(w)g(and)h(H.)f(A.)h
11051 (Simon)d(\(1958\))i(:)17 b Fm(Chess)c(Playing)g(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(ams)388
11052 2399 y(and)k(the)e(Pr)n(oblem)h(of)f(Complexity.)f Fp(IBM)h(Journal)g(of)f
11053 (Researc)o(h)i(and)e(Dev)o(elop-)388 2449 y(men)o(t,)f(Oct)i(1958,)d(pp)i
11054 (320-335.)946 2574 y(172)p eop
11056 173 174 bop 303 307 a Fp([43])19 b(A.)13 b(Nimzo)o(witsc)o(h)f(\(1929\))g(:)
11057 18 b Fm(My)c(System.)f Fp(Mo)q(dern)h(Chess)g(Masterpieces,)h(Bats-)388
11058 357 y(ford)f(Bo)q(oks,)g(London.)303 440 y([44])19 b(A.)11
11059 b(Nimzo)o(witsc)o(h)f(\(1936\))g(:)17 b Fm(Chess)12 b(Pr)n(axis.)f
11060 Fp(Batsford)g(Chess)i(Classics,)e(Batsford)388 490 y(Bo)q(oks,)j(London.)303
11061 573 y([45])19 b(T.)c(Nitsc)o(he)h(\(1982\))e(:)20 b Fm(A)c(L)n(e)n(arning)f
11062 (Chess)h(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)e Fp(Adv)n(ances)i(in)e(Computer)388
11063 623 y(Chess)h(3,)f(M.)f(Clark)o(e)h(\(ed\),)g(pp)g(113-120.)d(P)o(ergamon)i
11064 (Press,)i(Oxford.)303 706 y([46])k(A.)f(Reinefeld)f(\(1983\))g(:)25
11065 b Fm(A)o(n)18 b(Impr)n(ovement)h(of)f(the)g(Sc)n(out)h(T)m(r)n(e)n(e-Se)n(ar)
11066 n(ch)e(A)o(lgo-)388 756 y(rithm.)c Fp(ICCA)h(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(6)h(No)f(4,)
11067 g(pp)h(4-14.)303 839 y([47])19 b(F.)14 b(Rein\014eld)f(\(1945\))h(:)j
11068 Fm(Win)f(A)o(t)e(Chess.)g Fp(Do)o(v)o(er)f(Bo)q(oks.)303 922
11069 y([48])19 b(A.)h(L.)e(Sam)o(uels)h(\(1959\))f(:)30 b Fm(Some)20
11070 b(Studies)h(in)f(Machine)h(L)n(e)n(arning)f(using)h(the)388
11071 971 y(Game)f(of)f(Che)n(ckers.)e Fp(IBM)i(Journal)f(of)g(Researc)o(h)h(and)f
11072 (Dev)o(elopmen)o(t,)g(3,)h(pp)388 1021 y(211-229.)303 1104
11073 y([49])g(A.)h(L.)e(Sam)o(uels)h(\(1967\))f(:)30 b Fm(Some)20
11074 b(Studies)h(in)f(Machine)h(L)n(e)n(arning)f(using)h(the)388
11075 1154 y(Game)d(of)f(Che)n(ckers,)g(II)g(-)g(R)n(e)n(c)n(ent)g(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n
11076 (ess.)e Fp(IBM)i(Journal)f(of)f(Researc)o(h)j(and)388 1204
11077 y(Dev)o(elopmen)o(t,)13 b(V)m(ol)f(2)i(No)g(6,)f(pp)h(601-617.)303
11078 1287 y([50])19 b(J.)14 b(Sc)o(hae\013er)h(\(1983\))e(:)18 b
11079 Fm(The)d(History)f(Heuristic.)f Fp(ICCA)h(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(6,)g(No)g(3,)
11080 388 1337 y(pp)h(16-19.)303 1420 y([51])19 b(J.)12 b(Sc)o(hae\013er)h
11081 (\(1984\))e(:)17 b Fm(The)c(R)n(elative)f(Imp)n(ortanc)n(e)h(of)g(Know)r(le)n
11082 (dge.)f Fp(ICCA)f(Jour-)388 1469 y(nal,)i(V)m(ol)g(7)g(No)h(3,)f(pp)h
11083 (138-145.)303 1553 y([52])19 b(G.)14 b(Sc)o(hrufer)i(\(1989\))e(:)20
11084 b Fm(A)15 b(Str)n(ate)n(gic)g(Quiesc)n(enc)n(e)h(Se)n(ar)n(ch.)f
11085 Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)388 1602 y(12)g(No)f(1,)h(pp)g(3-9.)303
11086 1685 y([53])19 b(C.)f(E.)g(Shannon)g(\(1950\))g(:)27 b Fm(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n
11087 (amming)18 b(a)i(Computer)e(for)h(Playing)g(Chess.)388 1735
11088 y Fp(Philosophical)13 b(Mag,)g(V)m(ol)g(41,)f(pp)i(256-275.)303
11089 1818 y([54])19 b(A.)12 b(Shapiro)f(and)g(T.)g(Niblett)h(\(1982\))f(:)17
11090 b Fm(A)o(utomatic)12 b(Induction)i(of)f(Classi\014c)n(ation)388
11091 1868 y(R)o(ules)j(for)e(a)i(Chess)f(Endgame.)g Fp(Adv)n(ances)g(in)f
11092 (Computer)f(Chess)j(3,)d(M.)h(Clark)o(e)388 1918 y(\(ed\),)h(pp)e(73-91.)g(P)
11093 o(ergamon)f(Press,)j(Oxford.)303 2001 y([55])k(H.)14 b(A.)f(Simon)f(and)i(K.)
11094 f(A.)h(Gilmartin)d(\(1973\))i(:)18 b Fm(A)c(Simulation)h(of)g(Memory)g(for)
11095 388 2051 y(Chess)g(Positions.)f Fp(Cognitiv)o(e)f(Psyc)o(hology)m(,)f(5,)h
11096 (pp)h(29-46.)303 2134 y([56])19 b(H.)10 b(A.)f(Simon)f(and)h(W.)g(G.)g(Chase)
11097 i(\(1973\))e(:)15 b Fm(Skil)r(l)c(in)g(Chess.)f Fp(American)f(Scien)o(tist,)
11098 388 2183 y(61,)k(pp)h(394-403.)303 2267 y([57])19 b(S.)f(S.)f(Skiena)h
11099 (\(1986\))g(:)26 b Fm(A)o(n)19 b(Overview)e(of)i(Machine)g(L)n(e)n(arning)g
11100 (in)g(Computer)388 2316 y(Chess.)14 b Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(9)g(No)h
11101 (1,)f(pp)h(20-27.)303 2399 y([58])19 b(D.)c(J.)g(Slate)g(\(1987\))g(:)21
11102 b Fm(A)16 b(Chess)g(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)f(that)h(uses)h(its)e(T)m(r)n(ansp)n
11103 (osition)h(T)m(able)388 2449 y(to)f(L)n(e)n(arn)g(fr)n(om)f(Exp)n(erienc)n
11104 (e.)g Fp(ICCA)g(Journal,)f(V)m(ol)g(10)g(No)h(2,)f(pp)h(59-71.)946
11107 174 175 bop 303 307 a Fp([59])19 b(E.)i(Slater)g(\(1950\))f(:)32
11108 b Fm(Statistics)20 b(for)h(the)g(Chess)h(Computer)f(and)h(the)f(F)m(actor)388
11109 357 y(of)e(Mobility.)d Fp(Symp)q(osium)f(on)i(Information)e(Theory)m(,)j
11110 (London)f(:)26 b(Ministry)17 b(of)388 407 y(Supply)m(,)c(pp)h(150-152.)303
11111 490 y([60])19 b(A.)11 b(M.)h(T)m(uring)e(\(1950\))h(:)17 b
11112 Fm(Computing)c(Machinery)g(and)g(Intel)r(ligenc)n(e.)f Fp(Mind,)f(V)m(ol)388
11113 540 y(59,)i(pp)h(433-460.)303 623 y([61])19 b(D.)g(E.)f(Wilkins)g(\(1980\))g
11114 (:)28 b Fm(Using)20 b(Patterns)f(and)h(Plans)g(in)g(Chess.)e
11115 Fp(Arti\014cial)388 672 y(In)o(telligence,)c(V)m(ol)f(14,)g(No)g(1,)h(pp)f
11116 (165-203.)303 756 y([62])19 b(B.)14 b(H.)g(W)m(o)q(o)q(d)e(\(1986\))i(:)k
11117 Fm(The)c(World)h(Chess)g(Championship.)f Fp(Chess)h(Magazine,)388
11118 805 y(B.)f(H.)g(W)m(o)q(o)q(d)f(\(ed\),)h(August)g(-)g(No)o(v)o(em)o(b)q(er)f
11119 (86,)g(V)m(ol)g(51,)f(Nos)j(987-994.)303 888 y([63])k(A.)f(L.)e(Zobrist)i
11120 (\(1970\))f(:)25 b Fm(A)19 b(Hashing)f(Metho)n(d)h(with)f(Applic)n(ations)g
11121 (for)f(Game)388 938 y(Playing.)d Fp(T)m(ec)o(hnical)f(rep)q(ort)i(88,)e
11122 (Computer)g(Sciences)i(Dept,)f(Univ)f(of)g(Wiscon-)388 988
11123 y(sin,)h(Madison)f(WI,)g(April)g(1970.)303 1071 y([64])19 b(A.L.)f(Zobrist)h
11124 (and)f(F.)h(R.)e(Carlson,)i(Jr)g(\(1973\))f(:)27 b Fm(A)o(n)19
11125 b(A)n(dvic)n(e{T)m(aking)h(Chess)388 1121 y(Computer.)14 b
11126 Fp(Scien)o(ti\014c)g(American,)f(228,)f(pp)i(92-105.)946 2574
11129 175 176 bop 262 654 a Fn(App)s(endix)33 b(A)262 897 y Fo(Glossary)321
11130 1120 y Fl(ABF)254 b(A)p Fp(v)o(erage)14 b Fl(B)p Fp(ranc)o(hing)g
11131 Fl(F)p Fp(actor.)321 1220 y Fl(AI)300 b Fp(Arti\014cial)13
11132 b(In)o(telligence.)321 1320 y Fl(ELO)258 b Fp(A)14 b(c)o(hess)h(rating)f
11133 (system)f(used)i(b)o(y)f(the)g(w)o(orld)f(c)o(hess)j(federation.)321
11134 1419 y Fl(en-prise)187 b Fp(A)14 b(piece)h(is)e Fm(en-prise)h
11135 Fp(if)f(it)h(can)g(b)q(e)g(pro\014tably)g(captured.)321 1519
11136 y Fl(HIAR)o(CS)167 b(H)p Fp(igher)14 b Fl(I)p Fp(n)o(telligence)g
11137 Fl(A)p Fp(uto)g Fl(R)p Fp(esp)q(onse)i Fl(C)p Fp(hess)f Fl(S)p
11138 Fp(ystem.)321 1619 y Fl(ply)288 b Fp(One)15 b(half)d(mo)o(v)o(e)h(e.g.)k(a)d
11139 (mo)o(v)o(e)e(for)i(white.)321 1718 y Fl(P)o(osition)o(al)e(Pla)o(y)39
11140 b Fp(The)14 b(mano)q(euv)o(ering)f(of)g(pieces)i(to)f(b)q(etter)h(squares.)
11141 321 1818 y Fl(Pc/Sq)g(table)104 b Fp(Piece)15 b(Square)f(T)m(able.)321
11142 1918 y Fl(PVS)258 b(P)p Fp(rinciple)13 b Fl(V)p Fp(ariation)g
11143 Fl(S)p Fp(earc)o(h.)321 2017 y Fl(T)l(actical)i(Pla)o(y)81
11144 b Fp(Sequence)16 b(of)d(threat)i(and)e(capture)i(t)o(yp)q(e)g(mo)o(v)o(es.)
11145 321 2117 y Fl(T)l(emp)q(o)211 b Fp(A)14 b(single)f(mo)o(v)o(e)g(as)h(a)f
11146 (unit)h(of)f(time)g(in)g(c)o(hess,)i(e.g.)j(the)c(loss)g(of)f(a)h(temp)q(o)
11147 675 2167 y(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(caused)h(b)o(y)f(taking)f(t)o(w)o(o)h(mo)o(v)o
11148 (es)e(to)i(accomplish)e(something)675 2216 y(whic)o(h)i(could)f(b)q(e)i(ac)o
11149 (hiev)o(ed)f(in)f(one)i(mo)o(v)o(e.)321 2316 y Fl(USCF)226
11150 b(U)p Fp(nited)14 b Fl(S)p Fp(tates)g Fl(C)p Fp(hess)i Fl(F)p
11151 Fp(ederation)e(rating)f(system.)18 b(Ratings)675 2366 y(on)c(this)g(scale)g
11152 (are)g(t)o(ypically)f(100-150)f(p)q(oin)o(ts)i(higher)g(than)f(the)675
11153 2416 y(equiv)n(alen)o(t)g(ELO)h(rating,)f(e.g.)18 b(2100)13
11154 b(USCF)h Ff(\031)g Fp(2000)f(ELO.)946 2574 y(175)p eop
11156 176 177 bop 262 654 a Fn(App)s(endix)33 b(B)262 897 y Fo(Pseudo)40
11157 b(F)-10 b(unctions)262 1148 y Fp(This)15 b(app)q(endix)g(con)o(tains)h(a)f
11158 (description)h(of)e(the)i(pseudo)h(functions)e(used)h(in)f(the)h(de\014-)262
11159 1198 y(nition)11 b(of)h(m)o(y)f(ev)n(aluation)g(function.)18
11160 b(The)13 b(functions)f(are)h(giv)o(en)f(in)h(alphab)q(etical)e(order.)946
11163 177 178 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11164 a(A)n(ttac)n(k)n(ed)19 b(:)24 b(PieceList)17 b(x)h(Colour)h(x)f(Square)h
11165 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262
11166 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\(pl,c)o(ol,sq\))262
11167 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11168 (if)f(square)i Fm(sq)f Fp(is)f(attac)o(k)o(ed)h(b)o(y)g(an)o(y)g(of)f(the)h
11169 (pieces)h(in)f(piecelist)g Fm(pl)g Fp(of)321 910 y(colour)f
11170 Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)321 960 y(Otherwise)i(F)-5 b(ALSE.)262 1309
11171 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1316 309 2 v 262 1408 a(A)n(ttac)n(king)18
11172 b(:)25 b(Piece)17 b(x)i(Colour)g(x)f(Square)g(x)g(Square)g
11173 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))19 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1508 y Fl(Example)p
11174 262 1523 182 2 v 262 1612 a Ft(A)o(ttac)o(king\(p)q(c,col,sq1,sq2\))262
11175 1711 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1726 241 2 v 321 1812 a Fp(Returns)14
11176 b(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(piece)i Fm(p)n(c)f Fp(of)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)f
11177 Fp(on)h(square)h Fm(sq1)f Fp(is)f(attac)o(king)h(square)g Fm(sq2)p
11178 Fp(.)321 1862 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(177)p eop
11180 178 179 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11181 a Fs(])p Fu(A)n(ttac)n(ks)19 b(:)24 b(PieceList)17 b(x)h(Colour)h(x)f(Square)
11182 g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))19 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 556 y Fl(Example)p
11183 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Fs(])p Ft(A)o(ttac)o(ks\(pl,col,sq\))262
11184 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)14
11185 b(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(attac)o(ks)h(on)g(square)h Fm(sq)f
11186 Fp(b)o(y)f(an)o(y)h(of)f(the)i(pieces)g(in)e(piecelist)h Fm(pl)321
11187 910 y Fp(of)f(colour)g Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p
11188 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(Bishop)18 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b(x)g(Colour)f
11189 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1458 y Fl(Example)p
11190 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(Bishop\(col1,col2\))262 1661
11191 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f
11192 (colour)h Fm(c)n(ol1)f Fp(still)g(has)h(a)g(bishop)g(whic)o(h)f(op)q(erates)j
11193 (on)d(squares)i(of)321 1812 y(colour)e Fm(c)n(ol2)p Fp(.)946
11196 179 180 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11197 a(Castled)18 b(:)25 b(Colour)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262
11198 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Castled\(col\))262
11199 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11200 (if)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)f Fp(has)h(castled.)19 b(Otherwise)c(F)-5
11201 b(ALSE.)262 1060 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1067 309 2 v 262 1159
11202 a(Cen)n(tralP)n(oin)n(t)19 b(:)24 b(Square)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18
11203 b Fu(Square)262 1259 y Fl(Example)p 262 1274 182 2 v 262 1363
11204 a Ft(Cen)o(tralP)o(oin)o(t\(sq\))262 1462 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11205 262 1477 241 2 v 321 1563 a Fp(Returns)c(an)g(o\013set)h(square,)f
11206 Fm(csq)g Fp(whic)o(h)g(represen)o(ts)i(the)f(cen)o(tral)f(p)q(oin)o(t)f(of)h
11207 (the)g(defensiv)o(e)321 1613 y(kings)f(p)q(osition.)k(Returns)e
11208 Fm(csq)f Fp(where)380 1713 y(csq)g(=)g(sq)380 1762 y Fl(if)e
11209 Fp(\(OnRank\(sq\))i(=)h(1\))439 1812 y(csq)f(=)g(csq)h(+)f(8)380
11210 1862 y Fl(else)439 1912 y(if)e Fp(\(OnRank\(sq\))j(=)f(8\))498
11211 1962 y(csq)g(=)g(csq)h(-)f(8)439 2012 y Fl(endif)380 2061 y(endif)380
11212 2111 y(if)e Fp(\(OnFile\(sq\))j(=)f(1\))439 2161 y(csq)g(=)g(csq)h(+)f(1)380
11213 2211 y Fl(else)439 2261 y(if)e Fp(\(OnFile\(sq\))j(=)f(8\))498
11214 2310 y(csq)g(=)g(csq)h(-)f(1)439 2360 y Fl(endif)380 2410 y(endif)946
11215 2574 y Fp(179)p eop
11217 180 181 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11218 a(Con)n(trol)19 b(:)24 b(Square)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Con)n(troller)
11219 262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Con)o(trol\(sq\))262
11220 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(con)o
11221 (troller)f(of)f(square)i Fm(sq)p Fp(.)j(The)c(con)o(troller)g(is)g(de\014ned)
11222 h(to)e(b)q(e)i(the)321 910 y(colour)e(who)h(attac)o(ks)g(the)h(square)f
11223 Fm(sq)g Fp(with)g(more)f(pieces)i(of)e(a)h(sp)q(eci\014c)h(t)o(yp)q(e)f(than)
11224 321 960 y(the)g(opp)q(onen)o(t)g(and)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(all)g
11225 (other)h(attac)o(ks)g(b)o(y)g(lo)o(w)o(er)f(v)n(alued)h(pieces)321
11226 1010 y(are)g(equal.)321 1060 y(A)o(ttac)o(ks)g(are)g(compared)g(in)f(the)h
11227 (order)h(:)j(P)m(,N,B,R,Q,K.)12 b(If)h(all)g(attac)o(ks)h(b)o(y)g(eac)o(h)321
11228 1110 y(piece)g(are)h(equal)e(in)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(then)h(the)h(con)o
11229 (troller)f(is)f('None'.)262 1408 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1415 309
11230 2 v 262 1508 a Fs(])p Fu(Di\013A)n(ttac)n(ks)18 b(:)24 b(Colour)19
11231 b(x)g(Square)f Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1608
11232 y Fl(Example)p 262 1622 182 2 v 262 1711 a Fs(])p Ft(Di\013A)o(ttac)o
11233 (ks\(col,sq\))262 1811 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1826 241 2
11234 v 321 1912 a Fp(Returns)c(:)k Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([An)o(y],col,sq\))13
11235 b Ff(\000)p Fh(])p Fp(A)o(ttac)o(ks\([An)o(y],Opp\(col\),sq\))946
11238 181 182 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11239 a(Distance)17 b(:)25 b(Square)18 b(x)g(Square)h Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18
11240 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262
11241 660 a Ft(Distance\(sq1,sq2\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11242 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(:)380 910 y(max\()p
11243 Ff(j)d Fp(OnRank\(white,)p Fm(sq1)p Fp(\))j(-)g(OnRank\(white,)p
11244 Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))g Ff(j)f Fp(,)g Ff(j)h Fp(OnFile\()p Fm(sq1)p
11245 Fp(\))g(-)g(OnFile\()p Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))g Ff(j)f Fp(\))262 1259
11246 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(Doubled)18 b(:)24
11247 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(File)g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262
11248 1458 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(Doubled\(col,f)s(\))262
11249 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11250 (if)f(more)g(than)h(one)g(pa)o(wn)f(of)h(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h
11251 Fp(is)g(on)f(\014le)h Fm(f)p Fp(.)321 1812 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5
11252 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(181)p eop
11254 182 183 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11255 a(Escap)r(e)17 b(:)25 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(Square)g(x)g(Square)h
11256 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262
11257 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Escap)q(e\(col,sq1,sq2\))262 759 y
11258 Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f
11259 (the)h(king)g(of)f(colour)g Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(can)g(escap)q(e)i(a)d(c)o(hec)o(k)
11260 i(from)d(square)j Fm(sq2)321 910 y Fp(b)o(y)e(a)h(piece)h(mo)o(v)o(ed)d(from)
11261 g(square)j Fm(sq1)p Fp(.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1266
11262 309 2 v 262 1359 a(Has)j(:)25 b(PieceList)17 b(x)h(Colour)h
11263 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1458 y Fl(Example)p
11264 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(Has\(pl,col\))262 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11265 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(pieces)
11266 i(in)f(piecelist)g Fm(pl)g Fp(of)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)f Fp(whic)o(h)h(are)g
11267 (still)321 1812 y(on)f(the)i(b)q(oard.)946 2574 y(182)p eop
11269 183 184 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11270 a(InsideQuadrate)18 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(Square)g Ft(=)-8
11271 b Fa(\))19 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182
11272 2 v 262 660 a Ft(InsideQuadrate\(col,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11273 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)14 b(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(the)h(king)g(of)f
11274 (colour)g Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(is)g(inside)g(the)g("queening)g(square")g(or)321
11275 910 y("quadrate")f(with)h(resp)q(ect)i(to)e(square)g Fm(sq)p
11276 Fp(,)g(taking)f(in)o(to)g(accoun)o(t)h(who)g(has)g(the)321
11277 960 y(\014rst)g(mo)o(v)o(e.)262 1309 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1316
11278 309 2 v 262 1408 a(Isolated)j(:)25 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(File)g
11279 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1508 y Fl(Example)p
11280 262 1523 182 2 v 262 1612 a Ft(Isolated\(col,f)s(\))262 1711
11281 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1726 241 2 v 321 1812 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f
11282 (there)i(do)q(es)g(not)f(exist)g(a)f(pa)o(wn)h(of)f(colour)h
11283 Fm(c)n(ol)g Fp(on)f(either)i(\014le)321 1862 y(adjacen)o(t)f(to)f(\014le)h
11284 Fm(f)p Fp(.)321 1912 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(183)p
11287 184 185 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11288 a(K)n(CRigh)n(ts)19 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18
11289 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262
11290 660 a Ft(K)o(CRigh)o(ts\(col\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11291 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(king)g(side)h(castling)
11292 g(righ)o(ts)g(for)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)f Fp(are)i(in)o(tact.)321
11293 910 y(Otherwise)g(F)-5 b(ALSE.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262
11294 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(KingDistance)17 b(:)25 b(Square)18
11295 b(x)g(Square)g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1458
11296 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(KingDistance\(sq1,sq2\))262
11297 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(:)380
11298 1812 y(min\()p Ff(j)d Fp(OnRank\(white,)p Fm(sq1)p Fp(\))j(-)g
11299 (OnRank\(white,)p Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))f Ff(j)h Fp(,)f Ff(j)h Fp(OnFile\()p
11300 Fm(sq1)p Fp(\))g(-)g(OnFile\()p Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))g Ff(j)f Fp(\))946
11303 185 186 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11304 a(KingSq)18 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(square)262
11305 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(KingSq\(col\))262
11306 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11307 (square)f(the)h(king)e(of)g(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)g Fp(is)f(curren)o(tly)i(on.)
11308 262 1209 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1216 309 2 v 262 1309 a(Lev)n(erSq)i(:)24
11309 b(File)18 b(x)g(Colour)h Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Square)262
11310 1408 y Fl(Example)p 262 1423 182 2 v 262 1512 a Ft(Lev)o(erSq\(f,col\))262
11311 1612 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1626 241 2 v 321 1713 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11312 (\014rst)f(square)h(where)g(a)f(pa)o(wn)f(of)h(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h
11313 Fp(on)g(\014le)f Fm(f)h Fp(w)o(ould)f(lev)o(er)h(an)g(enem)o(y)321
11314 1762 y(pa)o(wn)f(on)h(an)f(adjacen)o(t)h(\014le.)946 2574 y(185)p
11317 186 187 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11318 a Fs(])p Fu(Mo)n(v)n(es)18 b(:)25 b(Piece)18 b(x)g(Colour)h(x)f(Square)g
11319 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262
11320 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Fs(])p Ft(Mo)o(v)o(es\(p)q(c,col,sq\))262
11321 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(n)o
11322 (um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g(p)q(ossible)h(b)o(y)g(piece)g
11323 Fm(p)n(c)g Fp(of)g(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(from)e(square)j
11324 Fm(sq)p Fp(.)262 1209 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1216 309 2 v 262
11325 1309 a(Occupied)j(:)24 b(Square)18 b(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8 b
11326 Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1408 y Fl(Example)p 262 1423 182
11327 2 v 262 1512 a Ft(Occupied\(sq1,sq2\))262 1612 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11328 262 1626 241 2 v 321 1713 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g
11329 (squares)i(whic)o(h)f(are)g(o)q(ccupied)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(square)g
11330 Fm(sq1)f Fp(and)321 1762 y Fm(sq2)g Fp(inclusiv)o(e)f(in)h(one)g(linear)f
11331 (direction.)946 2574 y(186)p eop
11333 187 188 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11334 a(Occup)n(y)18 b(:)25 b(PieceList)17 b(x)h(Colour)h(x)f(Square)g
11335 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262
11336 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Occup)o(y\(pl,col,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11337 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(one)h(of)f(the)i
11338 (pieces)g(in)e(piecelist)i Fm(pl)e Fp(of)h(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h
11339 Fp(is)g(on)f(square)i Fm(sq)p Fp(.)321 910 y(Otherwise)g(F)-5
11340 b(ALSE.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359
11341 a(On)18 b(:)25 b(Square)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Piece)262
11342 1458 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(On\(sq\))262
11343 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11344 (piece)g(t)o(yp)q(e)f(o)q(ccup)o(ying)g(square)h Fm(sq)e Fp(regardless)j(of)d
11345 (colour.)946 2574 y(187)p eop
11347 188 189 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11348 a(OnFile)17 b(:)25 b(Square)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(File)262
11349 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(OnFile\(sq\))262
11350 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11351 (\014le)f(of)f(square)i Fm(sq)p Fp(.)262 1209 y Fu(FUNCTION)p
11352 262 1216 309 2 v 262 1309 a(OnRank)j(:)25 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f
11353 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Rank)262 1408 y Fl(Example)p 262 1423
11354 182 2 v 262 1512 a Ft(OnRank\(col,sq\))262 1612 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11355 262 1626 241 2 v 321 1713 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(rank)f(of)f(square)i
11356 Fm(sq)e Fp(with)h(resp)q(ect)i(to)e(colour)g Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)946
11359 189 190 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11360 a(OnWing)18 b(:)24 b(Flank)19 b(x)f(Square)g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))19
11361 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262
11362 660 a Ft(OnWing\(\015k,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262
11363 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)14 b(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(square)i
11364 Fm(sq)f Fp(is)f(on)h(\015ank)g Fm(\015k)p Fp(.)321 910 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5
11365 b(ALSE.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359
11366 a(Op)r(en)18 b(:)24 b(File)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262
11367 1458 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(Op)q(en\(f)s(\))262
11368 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11369 (if)f(\014le)h Fm(f)f Fp(has)h(no)g(pa)o(wns)g(of)f(an)o(y)h(colour)f(on)h
11370 (it.)321 1812 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(189)p eop
11372 190 191 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11373 a(Opp)19 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Colour)262
11374 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Opp\(col\))262
11375 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(opp)q
11376 (osite)f(colour)g(of)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)262 1209 y
11377 Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1216 309 2 v 262 1309 a(Opp)r(ositeFlanks)j(:)24
11378 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))19 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1408 y Fl(Example)p
11379 262 1423 182 2 v 262 1509 a Ft(Opp)q(ositeFlanks)262 1609 y
11380 Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1624 241 2 v 321 1710 a Fp(Returns)14
11381 b(:)380 1760 y(\(\(OnFile\(KingSq\(White\)\))g Ff(\024)g Fp(3)f
11382 Fl(and)h Fp(OnFile\(KingSq\(Blac)o(k\)\))f Ff(\025)i Fp(5\))e
11383 Fl(or)380 1810 y Fp(\(OnFile\(KingSq\(Blac)o(k\)\))h Ff(\024)g
11384 Fp(3)f Fl(and)g Fp(OnFile\(KingSq\(White\)\))h Ff(\025)g Fp(5\)\))946
11387 191 192 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11388 a(PSq)18 b(:)25 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18
11389 b Fu(Square)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660
11390 a Ft(PSq\(col,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241
11391 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(promotion)d(square)i(for)g(a)f(pa)o(wn)h(on)
11392 g(square)g Fm(sq)g Fp(of)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)262 1209
11393 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1216 309 2 v 262 1309 a(P)n(assed)19 b(:)25
11394 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262
11395 1408 y Fl(Example)p 262 1423 182 2 v 262 1512 a Ft(P)o(assed\(col,sq\))262
11396 1612 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1626 241 2 v 321 1713 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11397 (if)f(there)i(do)q(es)g(not)f(exist)g(an)f(enem)o(y)h(pa)o(wn)f(on)h(the)g
11398 (same)f(or)h(adjacen)o(t)321 1762 y(\014le,)f(whic)o(h)h(can)g(hinder)g(the)h
11399 (pa)o(wns)f(adv)n(ance)f(to)h(the)h(promotion)c(square.)946
11402 192 193 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11403 a(P)n(a)n(wnHole)19 b(:)25 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8
11404 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182
11405 2 v 262 660 a Ft(P)o(a)o(wnHole\(col,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11406 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(square)i
11407 Fm(sq)f Fp(cannot)g(ev)o(er)g(b)q(e)h(attac)o(k)o(ed)f(b)o(y)g(pa)o(wns)g(of)
11408 f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)p Fp(.)321 910 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)262
11409 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(P)n(a)n(wnLev)n(er)19
11410 b(:)24 b(File)18 b(x)g(Colour)h Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262
11411 1458 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(P)o(a)o(wnLev)o
11412 (er\(f,col\))262 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2
11413 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(a)h(pa)o(wn)f(of)g(colour)h
11414 Fm(c)n(ol)g Fp(can)g(b)q(e)g(a)g(pa)o(wn)f(lev)o(er)i(on)e(\014le)h
11415 Fm(f)g Fp(and)321 1812 y(incur)g(no)f(enem)o(y)h(pa)o(wn)f(blo)q(c)o(k)n(ade)
11416 h(b)q(efore)g(the)h(pa)o(wn)e(lev)o(erage)i(square.)321 1862
11417 y(Otherwise)g(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(192)p eop
11419 193 194 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11420 a Fs(])p Fu(P)n(a)n(wns)20 b(:)25 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262
11421 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 657 a Fs(])p Ft(P)o(a)o(wns)262
11422 757 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 772 241 2 v 321 858 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(n)o
11423 (um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(pa)o(wns)h(curren)o(tly)h(on)f(the)g(b)q(oard.)262
11424 1207 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1214 309 2 v 262 1306 a(Pin)k(:)25
11425 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f(x)g(Square)g(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8
11426 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1406 y Fl(Example)p 262 1421
11427 182 2 v 262 1509 a Ft(Pin\(col,sq1,sq2,sq3\))262 1609 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11428 262 1624 241 2 v 321 1710 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(a)h(piece)g(of)g
11429 (colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(on)g(square)g Fm(sq1)g Fp(pins)g(a)g(piece)h(of)321
11430 1760 y(colour)e(OPP\(col\))i(on)f(square)g Fm(sq2)g Fp(against)g(a)f(piece)i
11431 (also)e(of)g(colour)h(Opp\(col\))321 1810 y(on)f(square)i Fm(sq3)p
11432 Fp(.)380 1860 y(where)131 b(On\(sq1\))14 b Ff(2)g Fp([Bishop,Ro)q(ok,Queen])e
11433 Fl(and)616 1909 y Fp(On\(sq2\))i Ff(2)g Fp([Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q(ok,Queen])e
11434 Fl(and)616 1959 y Fp(On\(sq3\))i Ff(2)g Fp([Knigh)o(t,Bishop,Ro)q
11435 (ok,Queen,King].)946 2574 y(193)p eop
11437 194 195 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11438 a(P)n(oten)n(tialChec)n(k)18 b(:)25 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f(x)g(Square)g
11439 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262
11440 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(P)o(oten)o(tialChec)o(k\(col,sq1,sq2\))262
11441 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11442 (if)f(a)h(piece)g(of)g(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(on)g(square)g
11443 Fm(sq1)g Fp(can)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(to)g(square)i Fm(sq2)321 910
11444 y Fp(and)e(giv)o(e)h(c)o(hec)o(k.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p
11445 262 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(QCRigh)n(ts)19 b(:)24 b(Colour)19
11446 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1458 y Fl(Example)p
11447 262 1473 182 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(QCRigh)o(ts\(col\))262 1661
11448 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f
11449 (queen)i(side)f(castling)f(righ)o(ts)h(for)g(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h
11450 Fp(are)g(in)o(tact.)321 1812 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946
11453 195 196 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11454 a Fs(])p Fu(SafeBlo)r(c)n(ks)17 b(:)25 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(Square)g(x)g(Square)
11455 g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))19 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 556 y Fl(Example)p
11456 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Fs(])p Ft(SafeBlo)q(c)o(ks\(col,sq1,sq2\))262
11457 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)14
11458 b(the)h(sum)e(of)g(:)380 910 y Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(col,)p
11459 Fh(sq)719 916 y Fe(n)741 910 y Fp(\))321 960 y(if)g(and)g(only)g(if)g(\()p
11460 Fh(])p Fp(Di\013A)o(ttac)o(ks\(col,)p Fh(sq)923 966 y Fe(n)946
11461 960 y Fp(\))h Fh(>)g Fp(1\))g(and)f(where)i Fh(sq)1311 966
11462 y Fe(n)1348 960 y Fp(is)f(ev)o(ery)g(square)321 1010 y(on)f(a)h(piece)h(mo)o
11463 (v)o(emen)o(t)c(direction)j(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h Fm(sq1)f Fp(and)g
11464 Fm(sq2)g Fp(inclusiv)o(e.)262 1359 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1366
11465 309 2 v 262 1458 a(SameDiagonal)j(:)24 b(Square)18 b(x)h(Square)f
11466 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1558 y Fl(Example)p
11467 262 1573 182 2 v 262 1661 a Ft(SameDiagonal\(sq1,sq2\))262
11468 1761 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1776 241 2 v 321 1862 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g
11469 (if)f(squares)i Fm(sq1)f Fp(and)g Fm(sq2)g Fp(are)g(on)g(the)g(same)f
11470 (diagonal.)321 1912 y(Otherwise)i(F)-5 b(ALSE.)946 2574 y(195)p
11473 196 197 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11474 a(SemiOp)r(en)16 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(File)g Ft(=)-8 b
11475 Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182
11476 2 v 262 660 a Ft(SemiOp)q(en\(col,f)s(\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11477 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(there)i(are)f(no)g(pa)o
11478 (wns)g(of)f(colour)h Fm(c)n(ol)g Fp(on)f(\014le)h Fm(f)p Fp(.)321
11479 910 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5 b(ALSE.)262 1259 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262
11480 1266 309 2 v 262 1359 a(Side)18 b(:)24 b(Square)18 b Ft(=)-8
11481 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Colour)262 1458 y Fl(Example)p 262 1473 182
11482 2 v 262 1562 a Ft(Side\(sq\))262 1661 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11483 262 1676 241 2 v 321 1762 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(colour)e(whose)i(territory)f
11484 (square)h Fm(sq)f Fp(is)g(in.)321 1812 y(Where)g(eac)o(h)h(colour's)e
11485 (territory)i(is)f(de\014ned)h(to)e(b)q(e)i(within)e(its)h(\014rst)g(4)g
11486 (ranks.)946 2574 y(196)p eop
11488 197 198 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11489 a(SqColour)18 b(:)24 b(Square)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Colour)262
11490 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(SqColour\(sq\))262
11491 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11492 (colour)e(of)h(the)g(square)h Fm(sq)p Fp(.)262 1209 y Fu(FUNCTION)p
11493 262 1216 309 2 v 262 1309 a(T)-5 b(axicab)18 b(:)25 b(Square)18
11494 b(x)g(Square)g Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1408
11495 y Fl(Example)p 262 1423 182 2 v 262 1512 a Ft(T)l(axicab\(sq1,sq2\))262
11496 1612 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1626 241 2 v 321 1713 a Fp(Returns)c(:)321
11497 1762 y(\()p Ff(j)f Fp(OnRank\(white,)p Fm(sq1)p Fp(\))h(-)f(OnRank\(white,)p
11498 Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))h Ff(j)g Fp(+)g Ff(j)f Fp(OnFile\()p Fm(sq1)p
11499 Fp(\))h(-)g(OnFile\()p Fm(sq2)p Fp(\))g Ff(j)p Fp(\))946 2574
11502 198 199 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11503 a(T)-5 b(rapp)r(ed)18 b(:)25 b(Colour)18 b(x)h(Square)f Ft(=)-8
11504 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182
11505 2 v 262 660 a Ft(T)l(rapp)q(ed\(col,sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11506 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(TR)o(UE)g(if)f(ev)o(ery)i(square,)f
11507 Fm(sq2)p Fp(,)f(a)h(piece)h(on)e(square)i Fm(sq)f Fp(can)g(mo)o(v)o(e)e(to,)i
11508 (meets)f(the)321 910 y(follo)o(wing)e(condition)i(:)380 960
11509 y(Con)o(trol\(sq2\))g(=)h(Opp\(col\))321 1010 y(Otherwise)h(F)-5
11510 b(ALSE.)262 1359 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1366 309 2 v 262 1458
11511 a Fs(])p Fu(UnMo)n(v)n(ed)19 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(Piece)g
11512 Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(In)n(teger)262 1558 y Fl(Example)p
11513 262 1573 182 2 v 262 1661 a Fs(])p Ft(UnMo)o(v)o(ed\(col,p)q(c\))262
11514 1761 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 1776 241 2 v 321 1862 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h(n)o
11515 (um)o(b)q(er)e(of)g(pieces)i(of)f(colour)f Fm(c)n(ol)h Fp(and)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g
11516 Fm(p)n(c)g Fp(whic)o(h)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(nev)o(er)g(mo)o(v)o(ed.)946
11519 199 200 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11520 a(V)-5 b(alue)18 b(:)25 b(Square)18 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b
11521 Fu(In)n(teger)262 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660
11522 a Ft(V)l(alue\(sq\))262 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241
11523 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(a)g(v)n(alue)f(for)h(the)g(piece)h(on)f(square)g
11524 Fm(sq)g Fp(regardless)h(of)f(colour.)321 910 y(De\014ned)g(b)o(y)g(:)380
11525 960 y(P)o(a)o(wn)77 b(=)14 b(1)380 1010 y(Knigh)o(t)51 b(=)14
11526 b(3)380 1060 y(Bishop)53 b(=)14 b(3)380 1110 y(Ro)q(ok)81 b(=)14
11527 b(5)380 1159 y(Queen)63 b(=)14 b(9)380 1209 y(King)89 b(=)14
11528 b(14)262 1508 y Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 1515 309 2 v 262 1608 a(W)-5
11529 b(eak)18 b(:)24 b(Colour)19 b(x)f(Square)h Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18
11530 b Fu(Bo)r(olean)262 1707 y Fl(Example)p 262 1722 182 2 v 262
11531 1811 a Ft(W)l(eak\(col,sq\))262 1910 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p
11532 262 1925 241 2 v 321 2012 a Fp(Returns)c(:)380 2061 y Fl(not)e
11533 Fp(\()79 b(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,sq\))12 b Fl(or)557
11534 2111 y Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,)p Fh(sq)972
11535 2117 y Fe(inf)s(r)q(ont)1090 2111 y Fp(\))i Fl(or)557 2161
11536 y Fp(A)o(ttac)o(k)o(ed\([P)o(a)o(wn],col,)p Fh(sq)972 2167
11537 y Fe(behind)1072 2161 y Fp(\))f(\).)946 2574 y(199)p eop
11539 200 201 bop 262 357 a Fu(FUNCTION)p 262 364 309 2 v 262 457
11540 a(Wing)18 b(:)24 b(Square)19 b Ft(=)-8 b Fa(\))18 b Fu(Flank)262
11541 556 y Fl(Example)p 262 571 182 2 v 262 660 a Ft(Wing\(sq\))262
11542 759 y Fl(Descripti)o(on)p 262 774 241 2 v 321 860 a Fp(Returns)c(the)h
11543 (\015ank)e(the)i(square)g Fm(sq)e Fp(is)h(on.)946 2574 y(200)p
11546 201 202 bop 324 307 a Fp(Pre{De\014ned)15 b(t)o(yp)q(es)g(are)f(as)g(follo)o
11547 (ws)e(:)321 475 y(Bo)q(olean)90 b(:)18 b(TR)o(UE)13 b Ff(j)h
11548 Fp(F)-5 b(ALSE)321 525 y(Colour)113 b(:)18 b(White)13 b Ff(j)h
11549 Fp(Blac)o(k)321 575 y(Con)o(troller)52 b(:)18 b(White)13 b
11550 Ff(j)h Fp(Blac)o(k)g Ff(j)f Fp(None)321 625 y(File)167 b(:)18
11551 b(Cardinal)13 b(Range)g(1)h(to)f(8)321 675 y(Flank)131 b(:)18
11552 b(QueenSide)d Ff(j)e Fp(KingSide)321 725 y(In)o(teger)110 b(:)18
11553 b(In)o(teger)d(Range)321 774 y(Piece)142 b(:)18 b(P)o(a)o(wn)13
11554 b Ff(j)h Fp(Knigh)o(t)f Ff(j)h Fp(Bishop)g Ff(j)f Fp(Ro)q(ok)g
11555 Ff(j)g Fp(Queen)i Ff(j)f Fp(King)f Ff(j)h Fp(An)o(y)321 824
11556 y(PieceList)72 b(:)18 b(Set)c(of)g(Piece)321 874 y(Rank)139
11557 b(:)18 b(Cardinal)13 b(Range)g(1)h(to)f(8)321 924 y(Square)113
11558 b(:)18 b(Cardinal)13 b(Range)g(1)h(to)f(64)321 1023 y(Note:)18
11559 b(An)o(y)c(is)g(a)f('wild)g(card')h(piece.)946 2574 y(201)p
11562 202 203 bop 262 654 a Fn(App)s(endix)33 b(C)262 897 y Fo(Time)40
11563 b(Allo)s(catio)q(n)i(Graphs)262 1148 y Fp(This)13 b(app)q(endix)g(con)o
11564 (tains)g(the)g(time)f(allo)q(cation)g(graphs)h(for)g(Kasparo)o(v)g(and)g
11565 (Karp)q(o)o(v)g(in)262 1198 y(their)h(1986)f(w)o(orld)g(c)o(hampionship)f
11566 (matc)o(h.)946 2574 y(202)p eop
11568 203 204 bop 526 2156 a Fp(Figure)14 b(C.1:)j(Time)c(Allo)q(cation,)f(Kasparo)
11569 o(v)i(as)g(White.)946 2574 y(203)p eop
11571 204 205 bop 532 2156 a Fp(Figure)14 b(C.2:)j(Time)12 b(Allo)q(cation,)g
11572 (Kasparo)o(v)i(as)g(Blac)o(k.)946 2574 y(204)p eop
11574 205 206 bop 544 2156 a Fp(Figure)14 b(C.3:)j(Time)c(Allo)q(cation,)f(Karp)q
11575 (o)o(v)i(as)g(White.)946 2574 y(205)p eop
11577 206 207 bop 550 2156 a Fp(Figure)14 b(C.4:)j(Time)12 b(Allo)q(cation,)g(Karp)
11578 q(o)o(v)i(as)g(Blac)o(k.)946 2574 y(206)p eop
11580 207 208 bop 401 2156 a Fp(Figure)14 b(C.5:)j(Time)c(Allo)q(cation,)f(Kasparo)
11581 o(v)i(and)f(Karp)q(o)o(v)h(Com)o(bined.)946 2574 y(207)p eop
11583 208 209 bop 262 654 a Fn(App)s(endix)33 b(D)262 897 y Fo(Bratk)m(o-Kop)s(ec)
11584 40 b(T)-10 b(est)262 1021 y(P)m(ositions)946 2574 y Fp(208)p
11587 209 210 bop 641 301 673 5 v 641 965 5 665 v 646 384 a Fg(0j0s0Z0Z)646
11588 467 y(opZbZRZ0)646 550 y(0Z0l0Zpo)646 633 y(Z0Z0o0Z0)646 716
11589 y(0ZBZ0Z0Z)646 799 y(Z0Z0L0Z0)646 882 y(POPZ0A0Z)646 965 y(Z0J0Z0Z0)p
11590 1310 965 V 641 969 673 5 v 423 1087 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(1)e(\(T\):)h
11591 Fm(A)o(ndersson)h(v)g(Knuttson)p Fp(,)f(Blac)o(k)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11592 Fl(...)22 b(Qd1+)p Fp(.)p 641 1450 V 641 2114 5 665 v 646 1533
11593 a Fg(0Z0s0j0Z)646 1616 y(Z0Z0mpo0)646 1699 y(0ops0Z0o)646 1782
11594 y(o0Z0Z0ZP)646 1865 y(PZ0OPOPZ)646 1948 y(ZNS0Z0Z0)646 2031
11595 y(0Z0Z0J0Z)646 2114 y(Z0S0Z0Z0)p 1310 2114 V 641 2118 673 5
11596 v 467 2237 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(2)g(\(L\):)f Fm(Bo)n(golyub)n(ow)j(v)f
11597 (Spielmann)p Fp(,)f(White)f(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(d5)p Fp(.)946
11600 210 211 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0ZqZrs0j)646
11601 482 y(Z0Zbanmp)646 565 y(pZ0o0opZ)646 648 y(Z0oPo0Z0)646 731
11602 y(PoPZPZPZ)646 814 y(ZPZ0ANMP)646 897 y(0ZBL0ORJ)646 980 y(Z0Z0Z0ZR)p
11603 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 500 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(3)g(\(L\):)g
11604 Fm(Evans)h(v)g(R)n(ossolimo)p Fp(,)f(Blac)o(k)f(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11605 Fl(...)22 b(f5)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548
11606 a Fg(rmblka0s)646 1631 y(o0Z0opop)646 1714 y(0o0Z0Z0Z)646 1797
11607 y(Z0opO0Z0)646 1880 y(0Z0M0Z0Z)646 1963 y(Z0O0Z0Z0)646 2046
11608 y(POPZQOPO)646 2129 y(S0A0JBZR)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5
11609 v 511 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(4)g(\(L\):)g Fm(Spielmann)h(v)g(Walter)p
11610 Fp(,)e(White)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(e6)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(210)p
11613 211 212 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZbZ0skZ)646
11614 482 y(Z0l0a0op)646 565 y(pZ0opm0Z)646 648 y(ZpZ0Z0Z0)646 731
11615 y(0Z0LPZ0Z)646 814 y(ZBM0A0Z0)646 897 y(POPZ0ZPO)646 980 y(S0Z0ZRJ0)p
11616 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 492 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(5)g(\(T\):)f
11617 Fm(R)n(o)n(golewicz)i(v)g(Jar)n(e)n(cz)p Fp(,)e(White)g(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11618 Fl(Nd5)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(0ZrZ0ZkZ)646
11619 1631 y(opoRZpo0)646 1714 y(0Z0ZpZ0Z)646 1797 y(Z0Z0O0O0)646
11620 1880 y(0Z0Z0O0Z)646 1963 y(ZPZ0Z0J0)646 2046 y(PZPZ0Z0Z)646
11621 2129 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 552 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(6)g
11622 (\(L\):)f Fm(Pachman)j(D222)p Fp(,)f(White)e(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11623 Fl(g6)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(211)p eop
11625 212 213 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0mkZrZrZ)646
11626 482 y(opZ0m0op)646 565 y(0Z0ZpZ0Z)646 648 y(l0ZpOpZN)646 731
11627 y(bZpO0O0Z)646 814 y(A0O0ZRZ0)646 897 y(0ZPZBZPO)646 980 y(S0ZQZ0J0)p
11628 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 524 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(7)g(\(T\):)f
11629 Fm(Golyak)j(v)e(Gaiduk)p Fp(,)g(White)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11630 Fl(Nf6)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(0Z0ZbZ0Z)646
11631 1631 y(o0Z0jpZ0)646 1714 y(0Z0Z0ZpZ)646 1797 y(Z0ZpO0Zp)646
11632 1880 y(0ZpO0O0Z)646 1963 y(Z0Z0J0O0)646 2046 y(PZ0ZNZ0O)646
11633 2129 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 544 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(8)g
11634 (\(L\):)g Fm(A)o(lekhine)g(v)h(Y)m(ates)p Fp(,)e(White)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11635 Fl(f5)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(212)p eop
11637 213 214 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0Zks0ans)646
11638 482 y(oboqZ0Z0)646 565 y(0onZpo0Z)646 648 y(Z0ZpZ0Zp)646 731
11639 y(0Z0O0O0A)646 814 y(Z0M0ZNZQ)646 897 y(POPZ0ZPO)646 980 y(Z0JRZBZR)p
11640 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 539 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(9)e(\(L\):)h
11641 Fm(Jansa)h(v)g(Ornstein)p Fp(,)e(White)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11642 Fl(f5)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(0Z0srZkZ)646
11643 1631 y(opZ0Zpo0)646 1714 y(0lnZ0mpZ)646 1797 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646
11644 1880 y(0Z0o0Z0Z)646 1963 y(OPZRZPZ0)646 2046 y(0ZPZNLPO)646
11645 2129 y(S0A0Z0J0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 427 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(10)f
11646 (\(T\):)h Fm(Kab)n(adzjan)i(v)e(Cib)n(elasvili)p Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)i(to)g(Pla)o
11647 (y)m(,)e Fl(...)22 b(Ne5)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(213)p eop
11649 214 215 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0ZrZnskZ)646
11650 482 y(o0ZqZpop)646 565 y(bo0o0Z0Z)646 648 y(m0oPo0Z0)646 731
11651 y(PZPZPZ0Z)646 814 y(Z0OBA0M0)646 897 y(0Z0ZQOPO)646 980 y(S0Z0ZRJ0)p
11652 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 552 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(11)e(\(L\):)h
11653 Fm(Byrne)h(v)g(Kotov)p Fp(,)e(White)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(f4)p
11654 Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(rZ0ZrZkZ)646
11655 1631 y(oplbZpop)646 1714 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1797 y(Z0Z0o0MQ)646
11656 1880 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1963 y(Z0O0Z0Z0)646 2046 y(PO0Z0OPO)646
11657 2129 y(S0Z0S0J0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 523 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(12)g
11658 (\(T\):)f Fm(Pachman)j(D3)p Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11659 Fl(...)22 b(Bf5)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(214)p eop
11661 215 216 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZ0l0skZ)646
11662 482 y(Z0Z0apop)646 565 y(pZ0o0Z0Z)646 648 y(Z0oPZ0Z0)646 731
11663 y(0Z0oPZ0Z)646 814 y(Z0ZQZ0Z0)646 897 y(PO0A0OPO)646 980 y(S0Z0S0J0)p
11664 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 483 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(13)g(\(L\):)f
11665 Fm(Pfei\013er)i(v)g(T)m(rifunovich)p Fp(,)e(White)g(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11666 Fl(b4)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(rmbZ0s0j)646
11667 1631 y(opZ0o0Zp)646 1714 y(0Zpo0ZpZ)646 1797 y(l0ZPZpZ0)646
11668 1880 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1963 y(ZPa0ZNO0)646 2046 y(PA0ZPOBO)646
11669 2129 y(S0ZQZRJ0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 425 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(14)f
11670 (\(T\):)h Fm(R)n(ob)n(atsch)h(v)g(Jansa)p Fp(,)f(White)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11671 Fl(Qd2)j(or)g(Qe1)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(215)p eop
11673 216 217 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0ZrZ0ZkZ)646
11674 482 y(ZpZ0l0op)646 565 y(0ZbZps0Z)646 648 y(o0opZ0Z0)646 731
11675 y(0Z0Z0ZQZ)646 814 y(ZPZPO0S0)646 897 y(PZPM0ZPO)646 980 y(Z0Z0ZRJ0)p
11676 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 464 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(15)e(\(T\):)g
11677 Fm(Fischer)i(v)g(Me)n(cking)p Fp(,)f(White)g(to)f(Pla)o(y)m(,)g
11678 Fl(Qxg7+)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(rZblka0s)646
11679 1631 y(Z0Z0mpo0)646 1714 y(pZpZ0Z0o)646 1797 y(ZpZpO0A0)646
11680 1880 y(0Z0Z0Z0Z)646 1963 y(ZBZ0Z0Z0)646 2046 y(POPM0OPO)646
11681 2129 y(S0ZQZRJ0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 448 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)h(16)f
11682 (\(T\):)h Fm(V)m(asilchuk)h(v)g(Bob)n(olovitch)p Fp(,)e(White)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)
11683 m(,)e Fl(Ne4)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(216)p eop
11685 217 218 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZ0l0skZ)646
11686 482 y(Zponapop)646 565 y(pZ0o0mbZ)646 648 y(Z0ZPo0Z0)646 731
11687 y(0ZPZPZPZ)646 814 y(Z0M0ZNZP)646 897 y(POBZQO0Z)646 980 y(S0A0ZRJ0)p
11688 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 517 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(17)e(\(L\):)h
11689 Fm(Bisch)h(v)g(Kmo)n(ch)p Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11690 Fl(...)22 b(h5)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548
11691 a Fg(rZbl0skZ)646 1631 y(opZ0opap)646 1714 y(0Zno0ZpZ)646 1797
11692 y(Z0m0Z0Z0)646 1880 y(PZ0ZPO0Z)646 1963 y(M0O0ZNZ0)646 2046
11693 y(0OBZ0ZPO)646 2129 y(S0A0LRJ0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5
11694 v 488 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(18)g(\(T\):)f Fm(Maric)i(v)g(Fischer)p
11695 Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(...)22 b(Nb3)p Fp(.)946
11698 218 219 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0Z0srZ0Z)646
11699 482 y(Z0oqZ0ok)646 565 y(pZ0o0ono)646 648 y(Z0Z0Z0Z0)646 731
11700 y(0ZQAPO0Z)646 814 y(ZPZ0Z0Z0)646 897 y(PZ0Z0ZPO)646 980 y(Z0Z0SRJ0)p
11701 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 500 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(19)f(\(T\):)h
11702 Fm(Euwe)h(v)g(Ker)n(es)p Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)g(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11703 Fl(...)22 b(Rxe4)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548
11704 a Fg(rZ0Z0j0Z)646 1631 y(obZ0apZr)646 1714 y(0o0lpZ0o)646 1797
11705 y(Z0ZpMpZ0)646 1880 y(0Z0O0O0Z)646 1963 y(Z0M0Z0O0)646 2046
11706 y(POPZQZ0O)646 2129 y(Z0JRS0Z0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5
11707 v 559 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(20)f(\(L\):)h Fm(Euwe)h(v)g(Flohr)p
11708 Fp(,)e(White)g(to)h(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(g4)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(218)p
11711 219 220 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(0Z0snZ0j)646
11712 482 y(opa0Zrop)646 565 y(0Zpoqo0Z)646 648 y(Z0Z0ZNZ0)646 731
11713 y(0ZPZPZ0Z)646 814 y(ZPZ0Z0ZQ)646 897 y(PA0Z0OPO)646 980 y(Z0ZRS0J0)p
11714 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 454 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(21)g(\(T\):)f
11715 Fm(T)m(arr)n(asch)h(v)h(Blackburne)p Fp(,)f(White)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11716 Fl(Nh6)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548 a Fg(0ZrZ0skZ)646
11717 1631 y(Zblnapo0)646 1714 y(0o0opm0o)646 1797 y(oPZ0Z0Z0)646
11718 1880 y(NZPZPZ0Z)646 1963 y(O0ZBZNZP)646 2046 y(0A0ZQOPZ)646
11719 2129 y(S0ZRZ0J0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5 v 442 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)i(22)f
11720 (\(T\):)h Fm(Najdorf)g(v)h(R)n(eshevsky)p Fp(,)f(Blac)o(k)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)
11721 e Fl(...)22 b(Bxe4)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(219)p eop
11723 220 221 bop 641 315 673 5 v 641 980 5 665 v 646 399 a Fg(rZblkZ0s)646
11724 482 y(opZ0apop)646 565 y(0ZpZ0Z0Z)646 648 y(Z0ZpO0Z0)646 731
11725 y(PZ0L0O0Z)646 814 y(Z0M0A0Z0)646 897 y(0OPZ0ZPO)646 980 y(S0Z0ZRJ0)p
11726 1310 980 V 641 984 673 5 v 512 1102 a Fp(T)m(est)14 b(23)g(\(L\):)f
11727 Fm(Jansa)j(v)f(Kavalek)p Fp(,)e(Blac)o(k)h(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e
11728 Fl(...)22 b(f6)p Fp(.)p 641 1465 V 641 2129 5 665 v 646 1548
11729 a Fg(rZ0lnsnj)646 1631 y(o0ZbZ0a0)646 1714 y(0o0o0Zpo)646 1797
11730 y(Z0oPopZ0)646 1880 y(0OPZPZ0Z)646 1963 y(ORMBA0Z0)646 2046
11731 y(0Z0LNOPO)646 2129 y(Z0Z0ZRJ0)p 1310 2129 V 641 2133 673 5
11732 v 563 2252 a Fp(T)m(est)15 b(24)e(\(L\):)h Fm(Szab)n(o)h(v)g(Ivkov)p
11733 Fp(,)f(White)g(to)g(Pla)o(y)m(,)e Fl(f4)p Fp(.)946 2574 y(220)p
11736 221 222 bop 262 654 a Fn(App)s(endix)33 b(E)262 897 y Fo(T)-10
11737 b(est)39 b(Games)h(Pla)m(y)m(ed)262 1148 y Fp(This)19 b(app)q(endix)h(con)o
11738 (tains)f(the)i(test)g(games)d(pla)o(y)o(ed)h(b)o(y)h(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0.)35
11739 b(The)20 b(matc)o(h)262 1198 y(scores)15 b(w)o(ere)g(as)f(follo)o(ws:)p
11740 324 1416 977 2 v 323 1466 2 50 v 349 1451 a Fm(Players)p 724
11741 1466 V 267 w(1)p 795 1466 V 50 w(2)p 866 1466 V 50 w(3)p 937
11742 1466 V 50 w(4)p 1008 1466 V 50 w(5)p 1079 1466 V 53 w(6)p 1156
11743 1466 V 53 w(T)m(otal)p 1299 1466 V 324 1468 977 2 v 323 1518
11744 2 51 v 349 1503 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0)p 724 1518 V 174 w(1)p
11745 795 1518 V 50 w(1)p 866 1518 V 50 w(1)p 937 1518 V 50 w(1)p
11746 1008 1518 V 50 w(1)p 1079 1518 V 1110 1487 a Fk(1)p 1110 1494
11747 17 2 v 1110 1517 a(2)p 1156 1518 2 51 v 1205 1503 a Fp(5)1231
11748 1487 y Fk(1)p 1230 1494 17 2 v 1230 1517 a(2)p 1299 1518 2
11749 51 v 324 1520 977 2 v 323 1570 2 51 v 349 1555 a Fp(Mephisto)h(Exclusiv)o(e)p
11750 724 1570 V 50 w(0)p 795 1570 V 50 w(0)p 866 1570 V 50 w(0)p
11751 937 1570 V 50 w(0)p 1008 1570 V 50 w(0)p 1079 1570 V 1110 1538
11752 a Fk(1)p 1110 1545 17 2 v 1110 1569 a(2)p 1156 1570 2 51 v
11753 1220 1538 a(1)p 1220 1545 17 2 v 1220 1569 a(2)p 1299 1570
11754 2 51 v 324 1571 977 2 v 324 1790 589 2 v 323 1839 2 50 v 349
11755 1825 a Fm(Players)p 627 1839 V 169 w(1)p 698 1839 V 50 w(2)p
11756 769 1839 V 50 w(T)m(otal)p 912 1839 V 324 1841 589 2 v 323
11757 1891 2 50 v 349 1876 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0)p 627 1891 V 77 w(1)p
11758 698 1891 V 50 w(0)p 769 1891 V 86 w(1)p 912 1891 V 324 1893
11759 589 2 v 323 1942 2 50 v 349 1927 a(Mark)h(Uniac)o(k)o(e)p 627
11760 1942 V 50 w(0)p 698 1942 V 50 w(1)p 769 1942 V 86 w(1)p 912
11761 1942 V 324 1944 589 2 v 324 2163 826 2 v 323 2212 2 50 v 349
11762 2197 a Fm(Players)p 716 2212 V 261 w(1)p 792 2212 V 53 w(2)p
11763 863 2212 V 50 w(3)p 934 2212 V 50 w(4)p 1005 2212 V 50 w(T)m(otal)p
11764 1148 2212 V 324 2214 826 2 v 323 2264 2 51 v 349 2249 a Fp(HIAR)o(CS)f(5.0,)g
11765 (3)g(ply)p 716 2264 V 747 2233 a Fk(1)p 747 2240 17 2 v 747
11766 2263 a(2)p 792 2264 2 51 v 818 2249 a Fp(0)p 863 2264 V 50
11767 w(0)p 934 2264 V 50 w(1)p 1005 2264 V 73 w(1)1080 2233 y Fk(1)p
11768 1080 2240 17 2 v 1080 2263 a(2)p 1148 2264 2 51 v 324 2266
11769 826 2 v 323 2316 2 51 v 349 2301 a Fp(NOKNO)o(W,)h(6)f(ply)p
11770 716 2316 V 747 2284 a Fk(1)p 747 2291 17 2 v 747 2315 a(2)p
11771 792 2316 2 51 v 818 2301 a Fp(1)p 863 2316 V 50 w(1)p 934 2316
11772 V 50 w(0)p 1005 2316 V 73 w(2)1080 2284 y Fk(1)p 1080 2291
11773 17 2 v 1080 2315 a(2)p 1148 2316 2 51 v 324 2317 826 2 v 946
11774 2574 a Fp(221)p eop
11776 222 223 bop 262 307 a Fr(E.1)69 b(HIAR)n(CS)22 b(5.0)i(v)n(ersus)f(Mephisto)g
11777 (Exclusiv)n(e)262 442 y Fu(E.1.1)55 b(Game)17 b(1)321 604 y
11778 Fp(White)77 b(:)18 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 654
11779 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 703 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
11780 b(:)18 b(Kings)13 b(Gam)o(bit)f(Accepted)415 803 y(1.)62 b(e4)102
11781 b(e5)552 b(31.)40 b(Qc2)71 b(Qf4)415 853 y(2.)62 b(f4)107 b(ef)560
11782 b(32.)40 b(Nf2)77 b(g3)415 903 y(3.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(d6)547 b(33.)40
11783 b(Nd3)67 b(gh+)14 b(\(mate)f(in)g(5\))415 952 y(4.)62 b(Bc4)73
11784 b(Be6)523 b(34.)40 b(Kh1)66 b(Rxf1+)415 1002 y(5.)c(Bxe6)51
11785 b(fe)560 b(35.)40 b(Rxf1)55 b(Qxf1+)415 1052 y(6.)62 b(d4)97
11786 b(Qf6)525 b(36.)40 b(Kxh2)k(Qg1+)415 1102 y(7.)62 b(o-o)85
11787 b(Nc6)521 b(37.)40 b(Kh3)66 b(Qg3+)14 b(mate)415 1152 y(8.)62
11788 b(Nc3)71 b(Nge7)618 b(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)415 1201 y(9.)62
11789 b(Nb5)k(o-o-o)415 1251 y(10.)41 b(a4)99 b(a6)415 1301 y(11.)41
11790 b(Nc3)71 b(e5)415 1351 y(12.)41 b(d5)97 b(Nb4)415 1401 y(13.)41
11791 b(Bd2)68 b(Qg6)415 1451 y(14.)41 b(Nh4)66 b(Qh6)415 1500 y(15.)41
11792 b(Qg4+)35 b(Kb8)415 1550 y(16.)41 b(Rac1)50 b(g5)415 1600 y(17.)41
11793 b(Nf3)76 b(Rg8)415 1650 y(18.)41 b(Nd1)66 b(a5)415 1700 y(19.)41
11794 b(Bxb4)46 b(ab)415 1749 y(20.)41 b(a5)99 b(Qg6)415 1799 y(21.)41
11795 b(Nd2)66 b(Bg7)415 1849 y(22.)41 b(c4)102 b(h5)415 1899 y(23.)41
11796 b(Qf3)75 b(g4)415 1949 y(24.)41 b(Qe2)70 b(f3)415 1998 y(25.)41
11797 b(Qf2)75 b(Bh6)415 2048 y(26.)41 b(Ne3)71 b(fg)415 2098 y(27.)41
11798 b(Kxg2)k(Rdf8)415 2148 y(28.)c(Qe2)70 b(Rf3)415 2198 y(29.)41
11799 b(Nd1)66 b(Bxd2)415 2248 y(30.)41 b(Qxd2)i(Qxe4)946 2574 y(222)p
11802 223 224 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.1.2)55 b(Game)17 b(2)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11803 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18
11804 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
11805 b(:)18 b(Bogo{Indian)415 668 y(1.)62 b(d4)97 b(Nf6)526 b(31.)40
11806 b(Rc8)72 b(Rdd8)415 718 y(2.)62 b(c4)102 b(e6)552 b(32.)40
11807 b(Rc6)72 b(Qh6)415 768 y(3.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Bb4)518 b(33.)40
11808 b(Qe2)71 b(Rf6)415 818 y(4.)62 b(Bd2)68 b(Bxd2)496 b(34.)40
11809 b(h3)98 b(Qg5)415 868 y(5.)62 b(Qxd2)43 b(o-o)535 b(35.)40
11810 b(Qb5)66 b(Qh4)415 917 y(6.)c(Nc3)71 b(d5)547 b(36.)40 b(Rxb6)45
11811 b(Nxb6)415 967 y(7.)62 b(e3)102 b(Ne4)521 b(37.)40 b(Qxb6)k(Rc8)415
11812 1017 y(8.)62 b(Nxe4)49 b(de)550 b(38.)40 b(Rxa5)47 b(Rc1+)415
11813 1067 y(9.)62 b(Ng1)68 b(Nc6)521 b(39.)40 b(Kh2)66 b(Rc2)415
11814 1117 y(10.)41 b(Ne2)71 b(Rb8)516 b(40.)40 b(Ra8)69 b(Kf7)415
11815 1166 y(11.)41 b(Ng3)68 b(f5)557 b(41.)40 b(Ra7)69 b(Kg6)415
11816 1216 y(12.)41 b(Be2)73 b(b6)547 b(42.)40 b(Re7)72 b(Rxf2)415
11817 1266 y(13.)41 b(o-o)85 b(Bb7)518 b(43.)40 b(Rxe6)50 b(Kf7)415
11818 1316 y(14.)41 b(Rac1)50 b(Ne5)521 b(44.)40 b(d5)98 b(Qh6)415
11819 1366 y(15.)41 b(Qc2)70 b(Nc6)521 b(45.)40 b(Kg1)68 b(Rd2)415
11820 1416 y(16.)41 b(c5)102 b(Nb4)516 b(46.)40 b(Nxf5)55 b(Rd1+)415
11821 1465 y(17.)41 b(Qb3)65 b(Nd5)516 b(47.)40 b(Kh2)66 b(Rxe6)415
11822 1515 y(18.)41 b(c6)102 b(Ba8)520 b(48.)40 b(Qb7+)34 b(Kf8)415
11823 1565 y(19.)41 b(Qa4)67 b(a5)549 b(49.)40 b(Qb4+)34 b(Kf7)415
11824 1615 y(20.)41 b(Qb3)65 b(Qh4)515 b(50.)40 b(Nxh6+)13 b(Rxh6)415
11825 1665 y(21.)41 b(Rfd1)53 b(Rb)q(d8)492 b(51.)40 b(Qxe4)49 b(Rd2)415
11826 1714 y(22.)41 b(a4)99 b(Rd6)516 b(52.)40 b(b4)98 b(Rg6)415
11827 1764 y(23.)41 b(Bb5)68 b(Nb4)516 b(53.)40 b(a5)100 b(Ra2)415
11828 1814 y(24.)41 b(Rd2)66 b(Bxc6)501 b(54.)40 b(d6)98 b(Rxd6)415
11829 1864 y(25.)41 b(Bxc6)51 b(Nxc6)499 b(55.)40 b(Qc4+)f(Re6)415
11830 1914 y(26.)i(Rdc2)48 b(Ne7)521 b(56.)40 b(Qxa2)46 b(Kf6)415
11831 1963 y(27.)41 b(Rxc7)49 b(Nd5)516 b(57.)40 b(Qxe6+)17 b(Kxe6)415
11832 2013 y(28.)41 b(Ra7)68 b(Qd8)515 b(58.)40 b(a6)100 b(Resigns)415
11833 2063 y(29.)41 b(Qb5)65 b(Qg5)635 b(1)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(0)415
11834 2113 y(30.)41 b(Qa6)67 b(Qh4)946 2574 y(223)p eop
11836 224 225 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.1.3)55 b(Game)17 b(3)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11837 b(:)18 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88
11838 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36 b(:)18
11839 b(Ruy)13 b(Lop)q(ez,)h(exc)o(hange)h(v)n(ariation)415 668 y(1.)62
11840 b(e4)102 b(e5)552 b(31.)40 b(Qf3)76 b(Red8)415 718 y(2.)62
11841 b(Nf3)76 b(Nc6)521 b(32.)40 b(Qg4)68 b(Rd3)415 768 y(3.)62
11842 b(Bb5)68 b(a6)549 b(33.)40 b(Ne2)72 b(Rb3)415 818 y(4.)62 b(Bxc6)51
11843 b(dc)550 b(34.)40 b(g3)100 b(Rd2)415 868 y(5.)62 b(d3)97 b(Bg4)520
11844 b(35.)40 b(h5)98 b(Ke7)415 917 y(6.)62 b(h3)97 b(Bxf3)506 b(36.)40
11845 b(h6)98 b(Rbb2)415 967 y(7.)62 b(Qxf3)53 b(Nf6)526 b(37.)40
11846 b(Qf3)76 b(Rxe2)415 1017 y(8.)62 b(o-o)85 b(Qd4)515 b(38.)40
11847 b(Qa3)68 b(Ke6)415 1067 y(9.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Qb4)515 b(39.)40
11848 b(Qxb2)k(Bxb2)415 1117 y(10.)d(Qf5)75 b(Bd6)518 b(40.)40 b(h7)98
11849 b(f5)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(Qg5)67 b(o-o)535 b(41.)40 b(Resigns)415
11850 1216 y(12.)h(Rb1)66 b(Rfe8)626 b(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)415
11851 1266 y(13.)41 b(a3)99 b(Qc5)415 1316 y(14.)41 b(Be3)73 b(Qa5)415
11852 1366 y(15.)41 b(b4)97 b(h6)415 1416 y(16.)41 b(Qg3)67 b(Qxa3)415
11853 1465 y(17.)41 b(Rb3)66 b(Qxb3)415 1515 y(18.)41 b(cb)100 b(Bxb4)415
11854 1565 y(19.)41 b(Na2)68 b(Bf8)415 1615 y(20.)41 b(f4)107 b(ef)415
11855 1665 y(21.)41 b(Bxf4)56 b(Bc5+)415 1714 y(22.)41 b(Kh1)65 b(Nh5)415
11856 1764 y(23.)41 b(Qg4)67 b(Nxf4)415 1814 y(24.)41 b(Rxf4)54 b(Bd6)415
11857 1864 y(25.)41 b(Rf6)76 b(h5)415 1914 y(26.)41 b(Qxh5)i(gf)415
11858 1963 y(27.)e(h4)97 b(Rad8)415 2013 y(28.)41 b(Nc3)71 b(Be5)415
11859 2063 y(29.)41 b(Qg4)67 b(Kf8)415 2113 y(30.)41 b(d4)97 b(Rxd4)946
11862 225 226 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.1.4)55 b(Game)17 b(4)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11863 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18
11864 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
11865 b(:)18 b(Catalan)415 668 y(1.)62 b(d4)97 b(Nf6)526 b(31.)40
11866 b(Kg2)68 b(Nb4)415 718 y(2.)62 b(c4)102 b(e6)552 b(32.)40 b(Rxa5)47
11867 b(Na6)415 768 y(3.)62 b(g3)99 b(d5)547 b(33.)40 b(Rad5)46 b(g6)415
11868 818 y(4.)62 b(Bg2)70 b(dc)550 b(34.)40 b(a4)100 b(Nb8)415 868
11869 y(5.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Nb)q(d7)492 b(35.)40 b(Rf7)77 b(Na6)415
11870 917 y(6.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Bb4)518 b(36.)40 b(Rd7)67 b(Re6)415
11871 967 y(7.)62 b(Bd2)68 b(o-o)535 b(37.)40 b(Rxh7+)13 b(Resigns)415
11872 1017 y(8.)62 b(o-o)85 b(Be7)617 b(\(mate)13 b(in)h(3\))415
11873 1067 y(9.)62 b(Bf4)78 b(c5)670 b(1)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(0)415
11874 1117 y(10.)41 b(e3)102 b(cd)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(Qxd4)i(Qb6)415
11875 1216 y(12.)e(Rb1)66 b(Qxd4)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(Nxd4)j(Nc5)415
11876 1316 y(14.)d(Bc7)73 b(Bd7)415 1366 y(15.)41 b(Rfd1)53 b(Ng4)415
11877 1416 y(16.)41 b(h3)97 b(Rfc8)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Ndb5)i(Bxb5)415
11878 1515 y(18.)e(Nxb5)j(Nh6)415 1565 y(19.)d(Bd6)68 b(Bxd6)415
11879 1615 y(20.)41 b(Nxd6)j(Rcb8)415 1665 y(21.)d(Nxc4)49 b(a5)415
11880 1714 y(22.)41 b(Rb)q(c1)47 b(Nf5)415 1764 y(23.)41 b(e4)102
11881 b(Ne7)415 1814 y(24.)41 b(Nb6)66 b(Ra6)415 1864 y(25.)41 b(Rxc5)49
11882 b(Rxb6)415 1914 y(26.)41 b(Rd7)66 b(Nc6)415 1963 y(27.)41 b(b3)97
11883 b(e5)415 2013 y(28.)41 b(Bf1)78 b(f6)415 2063 y(29.)41 b(Bb5)68
11884 b(Ra8)415 2113 y(30.)41 b(Bc4+)g(Kh8)946 2574 y(225)p eop
11886 226 227 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.1.5)55 b(Game)17 b(5)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11887 b(:)18 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88
11888 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36 b(:)18
11889 b(Sicilian)12 b(Dragon,)g(early)i(white)g(div)o(ergence)415
11890 668 y(1.)62 b(e4)102 b(c5)552 b(31.)40 b(Rb)q(c1)48 b(Rd2)415
11891 718 y(2.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(d6)547 b(32.)40 b(R1c2)51 b(Rxc2)415
11892 768 y(3.)62 b(Bc4)73 b(Nc6)521 b(33.)40 b(Rxc2)50 b(Rxa3)415
11893 818 y(4.)62 b(d4)97 b(Nf6)526 b(34.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(Kf7)415 868
11894 y(5.)62 b(d5)97 b(Na5)518 b(35.)40 b(Re2)72 b(Kf6)415 917 y(6.)62
11895 b(Bb5+)36 b(Bd7)518 b(36.)40 b(h3)98 b(Kf5)415 967 y(7.)62
11896 b(Bxd7+)14 b(Qxd7)493 b(37.)40 b(Ke1)71 b(h5)415 1017 y(8.)62
11897 b(Qd2)j(Nc4)521 b(38.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(Ra4)415 1067 y(9.)62 b(Qc3)70
11898 b(Nb6)516 b(39.)40 b(Rd2)67 b(Ke5)415 1117 y(10.)41 b(Nfd2)53
11899 b(e6)552 b(40.)40 b(Re2)72 b(Kd5)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(de)100
11900 b(fe)560 b(41.)40 b(Rd2)67 b(Rd4)415 1216 y(12.)41 b(o-o)85
11901 b(d5)547 b(42.)40 b(Ke3)71 b(Rxd2)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(ed)100
11902 b(Nb)o(xd5)472 b(43.)40 b(Kxd2)k(h4)415 1316 y(14.)d(Qh3)65
11903 b(Nf4)526 b(44.)40 b(Ke3)71 b(Ke5)415 1366 y(15.)41 b(Qe3)70
11904 b(Nf6d5)482 b(45.)40 b(Kd3)66 b(Kf4)415 1416 y(16.)41 b(Qe4)70
11905 b(Bd6)518 b(46.)40 b(Ke2)71 b(b5)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Nc4)71
11906 b(o-o)535 b(47.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(a5)415 1515 y(18.)41 b(Nxd6)j(Qxd6)493
11907 b(48.)40 b(Ke2)71 b(b4)415 1565 y(19.)41 b(Na3)68 b(Qc6)520
11908 b(49.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(a4)415 1615 y(20.)41 b(Re1)71 b(g5)549
11909 b(50.)40 b(g3+)68 b(hg+)415 1665 y(21.)41 b(Bxf4)56 b(Rxf4)504
11910 b(51.)40 b(Ke2)71 b(a3)415 1714 y(22.)41 b(Qxe6+)16 b(Qxe6)498
11911 b(52.)40 b(h4)98 b(b3)415 1764 y(23.)41 b(Rxe6)49 b(Raf8)505
11912 b(53.)40 b(h5)98 b(ba)415 1814 y(24.)41 b(c4)102 b(Nb6)516
11913 b(54.)40 b(h6)98 b(a1\(Q\))415 1864 y(25.)41 b(Re5)71 b(h6)547
11914 b(55.)40 b(h7)98 b(a2)13 b(\(mate)g(in)h(7\))415 1914 y(26.)41
11915 b(f3)107 b(Nxc4)499 b(56.)40 b(h8\(Q\))34 b(Qxh8)415 1963 y(27.)41
11916 b(Rxc5)49 b(Nxa3)496 b(57.)40 b(Resigns)415 2013 y(28.)h(ba)97
11917 b(Ra4)636 b(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)415 2063 y(29.)41 b(Rb1)66
11918 b(b6)415 2113 y(30.)41 b(Rc3)71 b(Rd8)946 2574 y(226)p eop
11920 227 228 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.1.6)55 b(Game)17 b(6)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11921 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18
11922 b Fl(Mephisto)13 b(Exclusiv)o(e)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
11923 b(:)18 b(P)o(etro\013)c(Defence)415 668 y(1.)62 b(e4)102 b(e5)552
11924 b(31.)40 b(Qd4)66 b(Qxd4)415 718 y(2.)c(Nf3)76 b(Nf6)526 b(32.)40
11925 b(Rxd4)45 b(Kg7)415 768 y(3.)62 b(Nxe5)49 b(d6)547 b(33.)40
11926 b(Kf1)76 b(Bb6)415 818 y(4.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Nxe4)499 b(34.)40
11927 b(Rd5)67 b(f5)415 868 y(5.)62 b(d4)97 b(d5)547 b(35.)40 b(Ke2)71
11928 b(h6)415 917 y(6.)62 b(Bd3)68 b(Be7)523 b(36.)40 b(h5)98 b(Kf6)415
11929 967 y(7.)62 b(o-o)85 b(Nc6)521 b(37.)40 b(hg)98 b(f4)415 1017
11930 y(8.)62 b(Re1)71 b(Bf5)528 b(38.)40 b(Kf3)76 b(Bc7)415 1067
11931 y(9.)62 b(Nb)q(d2)42 b(Nd6)516 b(39.)40 b(Kg4)68 b(Kxg6)415
11932 1117 y(10.)41 b(Nb3)66 b(o-o)535 b(40.)40 b(Bf5+)47 b(Kf6)415
11933 1166 y(11.)41 b(Nc5)71 b(b6)547 b(41.)40 b(Rxd8)45 b(Bxd8)415
11934 1216 y(12.)c(Bf4)78 b(b)q(c)549 b(42.)40 b(Kxf4)54 b(Be7)415
11935 1266 y(13.)41 b(Bxd6)46 b(Qxd6)493 b(43.)40 b(a4)100 b(Bc5)415
11936 1316 y(14.)41 b(Bxf5)56 b(Qf6)525 b(44.)40 b(f3)108 b(a5)415
11937 1366 y(15.)41 b(Qd3)65 b(g6)549 b(45.)40 b(Ke4)71 b(h5)415
11938 1416 y(16.)41 b(Bd7)68 b(Nxd4)494 b(46.)40 b(f4)108 b(h4)415
11939 1465 y(17.)41 b(Nxd4)j(cd)550 b(47.)40 b(Bc8)74 b(Bf2)415 1515
11940 y(18.)41 b(Rad1)k(Bb4)518 b(48.)40 b(Kf3)76 b(Bg3)415 1565
11941 y(19.)41 b(Re2)71 b(c5)552 b(49.)40 b(Kg4)68 b(Ke7)415 1615
11942 y(20.)41 b(c3)102 b(dc)550 b(50.)40 b(Kg5)68 b(Kd6)415 1665
11943 y(21.)41 b(a3)99 b(Ba5)520 b(51.)40 b(f5)108 b(Ke7)415 1714
11944 y(22.)41 b(Qxd5)i(cb)550 b(52.)40 b(f6+)76 b(Kf7)415 1764 y(23.)41
11945 b(Qxc5)48 b(Qc3)520 b(53.)40 b(Kf5)76 b(Kf8)415 1814 y(24.)41
11946 b(Re5)71 b(f6)557 b(54.)40 b(Be6)74 b(Ke8)415 1864 y(25.)41
11947 b(Qd5+)33 b(Kh8)515 b(55.)40 b(Bd5)69 b(Kf8)415 1914 y(26.)41
11948 b(Re3)71 b(Qc7)520 b(56.)40 b(f7)108 b(Ke7)415 1963 y(27.)41
11949 b(h4)97 b(Rab8)495 b(57.)40 b(Kg6)68 b(Kf8)415 2013 y(28.)41
11950 b(Rb3)66 b(Rxb3)494 b(58.)40 b(Dra)o(wn)415 2063 y(29.)h(Qxb3)i(Rd8)1365
11951 2047 y Fk(1)p 1365 2054 17 2 v 1365 2078 a(2)1422 2063 y Ff(\000)1507
11952 2047 y Fk(1)p 1507 2054 V 1507 2078 a(2)415 2113 y Fp(30.)e(Qxb2)i(Qf4)946
11955 228 229 bop 262 307 a Fr(E.2)69 b(HIAR)n(CS)22 b(5.0)i(v)n(ersus)f(Mark)i
11956 (Uniac)n(k)n(e)262 442 y Fu(E.2.1)55 b(Game)17 b(1)321 604
11957 y Fp(White)77 b(:)18 b Fl(Mark)e(Uniac)o(k)o(e)321 654 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88
11958 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 703 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36 b(:)18
11959 b(Queens)d(Gam)o(bit)c(Declined)415 803 y(1.)62 b(d4)97 b(d5)547
11960 b(31.)40 b(ed)101 b(Qc5)415 853 y(2.)62 b(c4)102 b(e6)552 b(32.)40
11961 b(Kh2)66 b(Qxd5)415 903 y(3.)c(Nc3)71 b(Nf6)526 b(33.)40 b(Qxd5)k(Bxd5)415
11962 952 y(4.)62 b(Bg5)70 b(Be7)523 b(34.)40 b(Bd3)69 b(b5)415 1002
11963 y(5.)62 b(e3)102 b(o-o)535 b(35.)40 b(Kg1)68 b(h5)415 1052
11964 y(6.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Nb)q(d7)492 b(36.)40 b(Be2)74 b(g6)415 1102
11965 y(7.)62 b(Bd3)68 b(dc)550 b(37.)40 b(a4)100 b(ba)415 1152 y(8.)62
11966 b(Bxc4)51 b(b6)547 b(38.)40 b(Bxa6)49 b(Bc6)415 1201 y(9.)62
11967 b(o-o)85 b(Bb7)518 b(39.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(Ke7)415 1251 y(10.)41
11968 b(Rc1)71 b(c5)552 b(40.)40 b(Be2)74 b(Kf6)415 1301 y(11.)41
11969 b(Re1)71 b(Rc8)521 b(41.)40 b(Bc4)74 b(h4)415 1351 y(12.)41
11970 b(Bd3)68 b(cd)550 b(42.)40 b(Be2)74 b(Ke5)415 1401 y(13.)41
11971 b(Nxd4)j(Ne5)521 b(43.)40 b(Bf3)79 b(Bxf3)415 1451 y(14.)41
11972 b(Bb1)68 b(Nfg4)505 b(44.)40 b(Kxf3)54 b(Kf5)415 1500 y(15.)41
11973 b(Bxe7)51 b(Qxe7)498 b(45.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(Ke4)415 1550 y(16.)41
11974 b(h3)97 b(Nf6)526 b(46.)40 b(Ke2)71 b(f5)415 1600 y(17.)41
11975 b(Qe2)70 b(Rfd8)503 b(47.)40 b(Kf2)76 b(Kd3)415 1650 y(18.)41
11976 b(Red1)48 b(Rc5)521 b(48.)40 b(Kf3)76 b(g5)415 1700 y(19.)41
11977 b(e4)102 b(a6)549 b(49.)40 b(Resigns)415 1749 y(20.)h(f4)107
11978 b(Ng6)636 b(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)415 1799 y(21.)41 b(Qf2)75
11979 b(Qc7)415 1849 y(22.)41 b(Nde2)48 b(Rc4)415 1899 y(23.)41 b(Rxd8)j(Qxd8)415
11980 1949 y(24.)d(Rd1)66 b(Qc7)415 1998 y(25.)41 b(Rd4)66 b(Rxd4)415
11981 2048 y(26.)41 b(Qxd4)i(Nxf4)415 2098 y(27.)e(Nxf4)54 b(e5)415
11982 2148 y(28.)41 b(Qd2)65 b(ef)415 2198 y(29.)41 b(a3)99 b(Kf8)415
11983 2248 y(30.)41 b(Nd5)66 b(Nxd5)946 2574 y(228)p eop
11985 229 230 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.2.2)55 b(Game)17 b(2)321 469 y Fp(White)77
11986 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18
11987 b Fl(Mark)e(Uniac)o(k)o(e)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36 b(:)18
11988 b(Pirc)c(Defence)415 668 y(1.)62 b(e4)102 b(d6)547 b(31.)40
11989 b(b3)98 b(Nb6)415 718 y(2.)62 b(d4)97 b(Nf6)526 b(32.)40 b(h4)98
11990 b(a5)415 768 y(3.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(g6)549 b(33.)40 b(h5)98 b(Na6)415
11991 818 y(4.)62 b(f4)107 b(Bg7)520 b(34.)40 b(hg)98 b(hg)415 868
11992 y(5.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(o-o)535 b(35.)40 b(Rh1+)35 b(Kg7)415 917
11993 y(6.)62 b(Be3)73 b(Ng4)518 b(36.)40 b(Kc1)71 b(a4)415 967 y(7.)62
11994 b(Bd2)68 b(c5)552 b(37.)40 b(ba)98 b(Nxa4)415 1017 y(8.)62
11995 b(dc)100 b(dc)550 b(38.)40 b(Qc2)71 b(Qc6)415 1067 y(9.)62
11996 b(e5)102 b(a6)549 b(39.)40 b(Rh3)67 b(ba)415 1117 y(10.)41
11997 b(h3)97 b(Nh6)516 b(40.)40 b(Nxa3)47 b(Nb4)415 1166 y(11.)41
11998 b(Be3)73 b(Qa5)517 b(41.)40 b(Rxd8)45 b(Nxc2)415 1216 y(12.)c(Qd5)65
11999 b(Nd7)516 b(42.)40 b(Rxe8)50 b(Qxe8)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(g4)99
12000 b(Kh8)515 b(43.)40 b(Kxc2)49 b(Qc6)415 1316 y(14.)41 b(o-o-o)50
12001 b(e6)552 b(44.)40 b(Bd2)69 b(Qe4+)415 1366 y(15.)41 b(Qd6)65
12002 b(Re8)521 b(45.)40 b(Kb3)66 b(Qe2)415 1416 y(16.)41 b(Ng5)68
12003 b(Bf8)528 b(46.)40 b(Kc2)71 b(Qxg4)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Qd2)65
12004 b(Be7)523 b(47.)40 b(Rb3)67 b(Qf5+)415 1515 y(18.)41 b(Nge4)50
12005 b(b5)547 b(48.)40 b(Kc1)71 b(Qe4)415 1565 y(19.)41 b(Nd6)66
12006 b(Bxd6)496 b(49.)40 b(Kd1)66 b(Qd4)415 1615 y(20.)41 b(Qxd6)i(Bb7)518
12007 b(50.)40 b(Kc2)71 b(g5)415 1665 y(21.)41 b(Rh2)66 b(Rad8)495
12008 b(51.)40 b(Rg3)69 b(Kf8)415 1714 y(22.)41 b(Bg2)70 b(Bxg2)498
12009 b(52.)40 b(fg)108 b(Qxe5)415 1764 y(23.)41 b(Rxg2)46 b(b4)547
12010 b(53.)40 b(Rd3)67 b(Qe4)415 1814 y(24.)41 b(Nb1)66 b(Ng8)518
12011 b(54.)40 b(Be3)74 b(Nb2)415 1864 y(25.)41 b(a3)99 b(Ne7)521
12012 b(55.)40 b(Kxb2)k(Qxd3)415 1914 y(26.)d(c4)102 b(Nc8)521 b(56.)40
12013 b(Bxc5+)20 b(Kg7)415 1963 y(27.)41 b(Qc6)70 b(Ncb6)498 b(57.)40
12014 b(Be7)74 b(Kg6)415 2013 y(28.)41 b(Qe4)70 b(Nb8)516 b(58.)40
12015 b(Bf6)79 b(e5)415 2063 y(29.)41 b(Rgg1)47 b(Na4)518 b(59.)40
12016 b(Be7)74 b(e4)415 2113 y(30.)41 b(Kc2)70 b(Qc7)520 b(60.)40
12017 b(Nc2)72 b(Qxc4)946 2574 y(229)p eop
12019 230 231 bop 415 357 a Fp(61.)41 b(Bf6)78 b(Qd3)415 407 y(62.)41
12020 b(Nb4)66 b(Qd2+)415 457 y(63.)41 b(Nc2)71 b(e3)415 506 y(64.)41
12021 b(Bc3)73 b(Qd3)415 556 y(65.)41 b(Bd4)68 b(e2)415 606 y(66.)41
12022 b(Bf6)78 b(Qd2)415 656 y(67.)41 b(Kb1)65 b(e1\(Q\)+)415 706
12023 y(68.)41 b(Nxe1)49 b(Qxe1+)415 756 y(69.)41 b(Kc2)70 b(Qf2+)415
12024 805 y(70.)41 b(Kd3)65 b(Qf4)415 855 y(71.)41 b(Ke2)70 b(Qxf6)415
12025 905 y(72.)41 b(gf)107 b(Kxf6)415 955 y(73.)41 b(Kf2)75 b(Kf5)415
12026 1005 y(74.)41 b(Kf3)75 b(f6)415 1054 y(75.)41 b(Kg3)67 b(Ke4)415
12027 1104 y(76.)41 b(Kf2)75 b(Kf4)415 1154 y(77.)41 b(Kg2)67 b(Ke3)415
12028 1204 y(78.)41 b(Kg3)67 b(f5)415 1254 y(79.)41 b(Kg2)67 b(f4)415
12029 1303 y(80.)41 b(Kf1)75 b(Kf3)415 1353 y(81.)41 b(Ke1)70 b(Kg2)415
12030 1403 y(82.)41 b(Resigns)533 1453 y(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)946
12033 231 232 bop 262 307 a Fr(E.3)69 b(HIAR)n(CS)22 b(5.0)i(v)n(ersus)f(NOKNO)n(W)
12034 262 442 y Fu(E.3.1)55 b(Game)17 b(1)321 604 y Fp(White)77 b(:)18
12035 b Fl(NOKNO)o(W,)f(6)e(ply)321 654 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18 b
12036 Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0,)i(3)e(ply)321 703 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36 b(:)18
12037 b(Queens)d(Gam)o(bit)c(Declined)415 803 y(1.)62 b(d4)97 b(d5)547
12038 b(31.)40 b(Qa7)68 b(Qxe5)415 853 y(2.)62 b(c4)102 b(e6)552
12039 b(32.)40 b(Rb1)67 b(Qe4)415 903 y(3.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Nf6)526
12040 b(33.)40 b(a5)100 b(Rc2)415 952 y(4.)62 b(Bg5)70 b(Be7)523
12041 b(34.)40 b(a6)100 b(ba)415 1002 y(5.)62 b(e3)102 b(o-o)535
12042 b(35.)40 b(Qxa6)46 b(Kh7)415 1052 y(6.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(h6)547
12043 b(36.)40 b(Qd6)66 b(Rc6)415 1102 y(7.)c(Bxf6)56 b(Bxf6)506
12044 b(37.)40 b(Qd1)66 b(Rcc7)415 1152 y(8.)c(Qb3)j(c6)552 b(38.)40
12045 b(Rb6)67 b(Rcd7)415 1201 y(9.)62 b(Rd1)k(Nd7)516 b(39.)40 b(Rd6)67
12046 b(Qf5)415 1251 y(10.)41 b(Bd3)68 b(g6)549 b(40.)40 b(Rxd7)45
12047 b(Rxd7)415 1301 y(11.)c(cd)100 b(ed)550 b(41.)40 b(Qe2)71 b(Qc5)415
12048 1351 y(12.)41 b(e4)102 b(de)550 b(42.)40 b(Kg2)68 b(Qd5+)415
12049 1401 y(13.)41 b(Nxe4)49 b(Nb6)516 b(43.)40 b(f3)108 b(Qd4)415
12050 1451 y(14.)41 b(Nxf6)54 b(Qxf6)503 b(44.)40 b(f4)108 b(Qc3)415
12051 1500 y(15.)41 b(Be4)73 b(Bf5)528 b(45.)40 b(Kh3)66 b(Qd2)415
12052 1550 y(16.)41 b(Bxf5)56 b(Qxf5)503 b(46.)40 b(Qxd2)k(Rxd2)415
12053 1600 y(17.)d(o-o)85 b(Rde8)498 b(47.)40 b(Rh1)67 b(Kg7)415
12054 1650 y(18.)41 b(Ne5)71 b(Kg7)517 b(48.)40 b(Kg4)68 b(Kf6)415
12055 1700 y(19.)41 b(Qa3)67 b(f6)557 b(49.)40 b(Kf3)76 b(Rc2)415
12056 1749 y(20.)41 b(Qxa7)k(fe)560 b(50.)40 b(Ke4)71 b(Re2+)415
12057 1799 y(21.)41 b(Qxb6)i(Rf7)526 b(51.)40 b(Kd3)66 b(Rb2)415
12058 1849 y(22.)41 b(Qc5)70 b(Qf4)525 b(52.)40 b(Kc3)71 b(Rf2)415
12059 1899 y(23.)41 b(a4)99 b(Ree7)503 b(53.)40 b(Kd4)66 b(Rd2+)415
12060 1949 y(24.)41 b(b4)97 b(Ree8)503 b(54.)40 b(Kc4)71 b(Rc2+)415
12061 1998 y(25.)41 b(b5)97 b(Rf6)526 b(55.)40 b(Kd5)66 b(Rd2+)415
12062 2048 y(26.)41 b(Qa7)67 b(Re7)521 b(56.)40 b(Kc6)71 b(g5)415
12063 2098 y(27.)41 b(b)q(c)99 b(Rxc6)499 b(57.)40 b(fg+)76 b(Kxg5)415
12064 2148 y(28.)41 b(Qb8)65 b(Rc4)521 b(58.)40 b(h3)98 b(Rc2+)415
12065 2198 y(29.)41 b(g3)99 b(Qf5)525 b(59.)40 b(Kd5)66 b(Rg2)415
12066 2248 y(30.)41 b(de)100 b(Rc8)521 b(60.)40 b(g4)100 b(Kh4)946
12069 232 233 bop 415 357 a Fp(61.)41 b(Ke4)70 b(Rg3)415 407 y(62.)41
12070 b(Kf4)75 b(Rxh3)415 457 y(63.)41 b(Rg1)68 b(Rd3)415 506 y(64.)41
12071 b(Kf5)75 b(Rd5+)415 556 y(65.)41 b(Kf6)75 b(Rd2)415 606 y(66.)41
12072 b(Ke5)70 b(Kg5)415 656 y(67.)41 b(Rh1)66 b(Re2+)415 706 y(68.)41
12073 b(Kd5)65 b(Re3)415 756 y(69.)41 b(Rh5+)34 b(Kxg4)415 805 y(70.)41
12074 b(Rxh6)510 855 y(Dra)o(wn)538 889 y Fk(1)p 538 896 17 2 v 538
12075 919 a(2)595 905 y Ff(\000)680 889 y Fk(1)p 680 896 V 680 919
12076 a(2)946 2574 y Fp(232)p eop
12078 233 234 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.3.2)55 b(Game)17 b(2)321 469 y Fp(White)77
12079 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0,)i(3)e(ply)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88
12080 b(:)18 b Fl(NOKNO)o(W,)f(6)e(ply)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
12081 b(:)18 b(Ruy)13 b(Lop)q(ez)415 668 y(1.)62 b(e4)102 b(e5)415
12082 718 y(2.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(Nc6)415 768 y(3.)62 b(Bb5)68 b(a6)415
12083 818 y(4.)62 b(Ba4)70 b(Nf6)415 868 y(5.)62 b(o-o)85 b(Be7)415
12084 917 y(6.)62 b(Re1)71 b(b5)415 967 y(7.)62 b(Bb3)68 b(d6)415
12085 1017 y(8.)62 b(c3)102 b(o-o)415 1067 y(9.)62 b(h3)97 b(Bb7)415
12086 1117 y(10.)41 b(d4)97 b(Re8)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(Ng5)68 b(Rf8)415
12087 1216 y(12.)41 b(f4)107 b(ed)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(cd)100 b(h6)415
12088 1316 y(14.)41 b(Nf3)76 b(d5)415 1366 y(15.)41 b(ed)100 b(Na5)415
12089 1416 y(16.)41 b(Bc2)73 b(Bxd5)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Nc3)71 b(Bxf3)415
12090 1515 y(18.)41 b(gf)107 b(c5)415 1565 y(19.)41 b(Be3)73 b(Nc4)415
12091 1615 y(20.)41 b(dc)100 b(Nxe3)415 1665 y(21.)41 b(Rxe3)49 b(Bxc5)415
12092 1714 y(22.)41 b(Qe1)70 b(Qd4)415 1764 y(23.)41 b(Nd1)66 b(Nd5)415
12093 1814 y(24.)41 b(Resigns)533 1864 y(0)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(1)946
12096 234 235 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.3.3)55 b(Game)17 b(3)321 469 y Fp(White)77
12097 b(:)18 b Fl(NOKNO)o(W,)f(6)e(ply)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88 b(:)18
12098 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0,)i(3)e(ply)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
12099 b(:)18 b(Reti)13 b(\(irregular\))415 668 y(1.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(d5)547
12100 b(31.)40 b(Ra1)69 b(Nb4)415 718 y(2.)62 b(Na3)68 b(Nc6)521
12101 b(32.)40 b(Rxa7)47 b(b6)415 768 y(3.)62 b(c4)102 b(e5)552 b(33.)40
12102 b(Rc7)72 b(c5+)415 818 y(4.)62 b(cd)100 b(Qxd5)493 b(34.)40
12103 b(Kc4)71 b(Nc2)415 868 y(5.)62 b(d3)97 b(Bb4+)486 b(35.)40
12104 b(Rb7)67 b(Nd4)415 917 y(6.)62 b(Bd2)68 b(Bg4)520 b(36.)40
12105 b(f4)108 b(Ne6)415 967 y(7.)62 b(Bxb4)46 b(Bxf3)506 b(37.)40
12106 b(Rxb6)45 b(g6)415 1017 y(8.)62 b(ef)110 b(Nxb4)494 b(38.)40
12107 b(f3)108 b(Ke7)415 1067 y(9.)62 b(Nc4)71 b(Nf6)526 b(39.)40
12108 b(Kd5)66 b(h5)415 1117 y(10.)41 b(Qe2)70 b(o-o)535 b(40.)40
12109 b(Ke4)71 b(Ng7)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(Nxe5)49 b(Nxd3+)462 b(41.)40
12110 b(Ke5)71 b(Nf5)415 1216 y(12.)41 b(Qxd3)i(Qxe5+)466 b(42.)40
12111 b(Rb7)67 b(Ke8)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(Qe2)70 b(Qc5)520 b(43.)40
12112 b(Kf6)76 b(Nxh4)415 1316 y(14.)41 b(Qd2)65 b(Rfe8+)476 b(44.)40
12113 b(Re7+)g(Kd8)415 1366 y(15.)h(Be2)73 b(Rad8)495 b(45.)40 b(Rxf7)55
12114 b(Nxf3)415 1416 y(16.)41 b(Qc1)70 b(Qb5)515 b(46.)40 b(Kxg6)46
12115 b(Nd4)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Qc2)70 b(Rxe2+)467 b(47.)40 b(Rb7)67
12116 b(h4)415 1515 y(18.)41 b(Qxe2)48 b(Re8)521 b(48.)40 b(Kg5)68
12117 b(Kc8)415 1565 y(19.)41 b(Qxe8+)16 b(Qxe8+)466 b(49.)40 b(Rh7)67
12118 b(Nxb3)415 1615 y(20.)41 b(Kd2)65 b(Qe5)520 b(50.)40 b(Kxh4)k(c4)415
12119 1665 y(21.)d(b3)97 b(Qg5+)485 b(51.)40 b(Kg5)68 b(Nd4)415 1714
12120 y(22.)41 b(Ke2)70 b(Qxg2)495 b(52.)40 b(Kf6)76 b(c3)415 1764
12121 y(23.)41 b(h4)97 b(Nd5)516 b(53.)40 b(Rh5)67 b(Kb7)415 1814
12122 y(24.)41 b(Rag1)47 b(Nc3+)489 b(54.)40 b(Rc5)72 b(c2)415 1864
12123 y(25.)41 b(Ke3)70 b(Qxh1)493 b(55.)40 b(Ke5)71 b(Nc6+)415 1914
12124 y(26.)41 b(Rxh1)j(c6)552 b(56.)40 b(Kd6)66 b(Nb4)415 1963 y(27.)41
12125 b(Kd4)65 b(Nb5+)484 b(57.)40 b(f5)108 b(c1\(Q\))415 2013 y(28.)41
12126 b(Kc5)70 b(Nc3)521 b(58.)40 b(Rxc1)50 b(Resigns)415 2063 y(29.)41
12127 b(Re1)71 b(Kf8)643 b(1)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(0)415 2113 y(30.)41
12128 b(Kd4)65 b(Nxa2)946 2574 y(234)p eop
12130 235 236 bop 262 307 a Fu(E.3.4)55 b(Game)17 b(4)321 469 y Fp(White)77
12131 b(:)18 b Fl(HIAR)o(CS)d(5.0,)i(3)e(ply)321 519 y Fp(Blac)o(k)88
12132 b(:)18 b Fl(NOKNO)o(W,)f(6)e(ply)321 569 y Fp(Op)q(ening)36
12133 b(:)18 b(Alekhines)c(Defence)415 668 y(1.)62 b(e4)102 b(Nf6)526
12134 b(31.)40 b(Rb6)67 b(Rac8)415 718 y(2.)62 b(e5)102 b(Nd5)516
12135 b(32.)40 b(Rd4)67 b(Bc6)415 768 y(3.)62 b(d4)97 b(e6)552 b(33.)40
12136 b(Ra6)69 b(a4)415 818 y(4.)62 b(c4)102 b(Bb4+)486 b(34.)40
12137 b(Ra5)69 b(g6)415 868 y(5.)62 b(Bd2)68 b(Bxd2+)464 b(35.)40
12138 b(h5)98 b(Ke6)415 917 y(6.)62 b(Qxd2)43 b(Ne7)521 b(36.)40
12139 b(hg)98 b(hg)415 967 y(7.)62 b(Nc3)71 b(Nb)q(c6)497 b(37.)40
12140 b(Nh4)67 b(Rg7)415 1017 y(8.)62 b(Nf3)76 b(d6)547 b(38.)40
12141 b(f4)108 b(Ra8)415 1067 y(9.)62 b(o-o-o)50 b(o-o)535 b(39.)40
12142 b(Rc5)72 b(Ra6)415 1117 y(10.)41 b(Bd3)68 b(Nf5)526 b(40.)40
12143 b(Rd2)67 b(Be4)415 1166 y(11.)41 b(Bxf5)56 b(ef)560 b(41.)40
12144 b(Nf3)77 b(Rg8)415 1216 y(12.)41 b(ed)100 b(cd)550 b(42.)40
12145 b(Nd4+)35 b(Ke7)415 1266 y(13.)41 b(Rde1)48 b(b6)547 b(43.)40
12146 b(Rc7+)g(Ke8)415 1316 y(14.)h(Nd5)66 b(Be6)523 b(44.)40 b(Nb5)67
12147 b(Ra8)415 1366 y(15.)41 b(Ne3)71 b(Bd7)518 b(45.)40 b(Nd6+)35
12148 b(Kd8)415 1416 y(16.)41 b(h4)97 b(a5)549 b(46.)40 b(Rf7)77
12149 b(Bc6)415 1465 y(17.)41 b(Nd5)66 b(Be6)523 b(47.)40 b(Nxf5+)23
12150 b(Ke8)415 1515 y(18.)41 b(Nxb6)j(Qxb6)493 b(48.)40 b(Nd6+)35
12151 b(Kd8)415 1565 y(19.)41 b(d5)97 b(Qc5)520 b(49.)40 b(Nb5+)35
12152 b(Ke8)415 1615 y(20.)41 b(b3)97 b(Bd7)518 b(50.)40 b(Rxf6)55
12153 b(Bxb5)415 1665 y(21.)41 b(dc)100 b(Bxc6)501 b(51.)40 b(cb)101
12154 b(Ke7)415 1714 y(22.)41 b(Re7)71 b(d5)547 b(52.)40 b(Rfd6)54
12155 b(Rgf8)415 1764 y(23.)41 b(Re5)71 b(Qa3+)485 b(53.)40 b(g3)100
12156 b(Rf6)415 1814 y(24.)41 b(Qb2)65 b(Qxb2+)461 b(54.)40 b(Rd7+)35
12157 b(Ke8)415 1864 y(25.)41 b(Kxb2)i(dc)550 b(55.)40 b(Kb4)66 b(Re6)415
12158 1914 y(26.)41 b(b)q(c)99 b(Be4)523 b(56.)40 b(R7d6)46 b(Ke7)415
12159 1963 y(27.)41 b(Rd1)66 b(f6)557 b(57.)40 b(Rxe6+)18 b(Kxe6)415
12160 2013 y(28.)41 b(Re7)71 b(Rf7)526 b(58.)40 b(b6)98 b(Rb8)415
12161 2063 y(29.)41 b(Re6)71 b(Rc7)521 b(59.)40 b(Kc5)71 b(Rc8+)415
12162 2113 y(30.)41 b(Kc3)70 b(Kf7)525 b(60.)40 b(Kb5)66 b(a3)946
12165 236 237 bop 415 357 a Fp(61.)41 b(Rd3)66 b(Ra8)415 407 y(62.)41
12166 b(b7)97 b(Rb8)415 457 y(63.)41 b(Kb6)65 b(Rg8)415 506 y(64.)41
12167 b(Rxa3)46 b(Rd8)415 556 y(65.)41 b(Re3+)e(Kf6)415 606 y(66.)i(Kc7)70
12168 b(Rf8)415 656 y(67.)41 b(b8\(Q\))33 b(Rxb8)415 706 y(68.)41
12169 b(Kxb8)i(g5)415 756 y(69.)e(fg+)75 b(Kxg5)415 805 y(70.)41
12170 b(a4)99 b(Resigns)533 855 y(1)35 b Ff(\000)54 b Fp(0)946 2574
12174 userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
projects / typhoon-papers.git / blob